AfghanlsLan ubllc ollcy 8esearch CrganlzaLlon

March 2014

ro[ecL 8eporL

Imp|ementat|on of the Nat|ona| Act|on
|an for Women |n Afghan|stan

An Assessment

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Acknow|edgements

A consorLlum of Lhree organlzaLlons commlssloned Lhls assessmenL lnlLlaLlve of Lhe
lmplemenLaLlon of Lhe naLlonal AcLlon lan for Women of AfghanlsLan (nAWA): Cxfam C8,
AcLlonAld wlLh supporL from Lhe lLallan CooperaLlon, and Lhe Lmbassy of Canada ln AfghanlsLan.
1he purpose of Lhls assessmenL was Lo Lake sLock of Lhe progress made ln Lhe lmplemenLaLlon
of nAWA slnce lLs raLlflcaLlon, ldenLlfy Lhe key challenges, and suggesL posslble ways forward.


About the kesearchers
1he A8C research Leam responslble for Lhls assessmenL are (ln alphabeLlcal order): Ahmad
Shaheer Anll, nafasgul karlml, Mellke karlldag, larld nasery, Saeed arLo, Lhsan SaadaL,
Mohammad Sablr and Zarghona Salfl.

Ahmad Shaheer Anll, Mellke karlldag, and Saeed arLo auLhored Lhls reporL.

A8C ls graLeful Lo all governmenLal and non-governmenLal lndlvlduals who agreed Lo be
lnLervlewed for Lhls research and/or parLlclpaLed ln Lhe focus group dlscusslons. A8C ls
parLlcularly lndebLed Lo nurla 8enelLez of AcLlonAld for her supporL and Llreless lnpuL lnLo Lhe
varlous verslons of Lhls reporL and naLhalle 8eser for Lhe flnal edlL and formaLLlng.


About AkC
AfghanlsLan ubllc ollcy 8esearch CrganlzaLlon (A8C) ls an lndependenL soclal research
organlzaLlon promoLlng soclal and pollcy learnlng Lo beneflL developmenL and reconsLrucLlon
efforLs ln AfghanlsLan. A8C ls a non-proflL, non-governmenL organlzaLlon, headquarLered ln
kabul, AfghanlsLan. A8C's mlsslon ls Lo measure developmenL progress agalnsL sLraLeglc
reconsLrucLlon ob[ecLlves Lo provlde lnslghLs on how Lo lmprove performance agalnsL Lhe
developmenL mllesLones seL by Lhe Afghan governmenL and lnLernaLlonal donors. A8C
conducLs applled research, carrles ouL evaluaLlons, and provldes Lralnlng on pollcy analysls,
research meLhods, MonlLorlng and LvaluaLlons, and research meLhods.

lor more lnformaLlon, see: www.appro.org.af
ConLacL: mall[appro.org.af


A8C Lakes full responslblllLy for all omlsslons and errors.



2014. AfghanlsLan ubllc ollcy 8esearch CrganlzaLlon. Some rlghLs reserved. 1hls publlcaLlon
may be reproduced, sLored ln a reLrleval sysLem or LransmlLLed only for non-commerclal
purposes and wlLh wrlLLen credlL Lo A8C and Lhe auLhors. Where Lhls publlcaLlon ls
reproduced, sLored or LransmlLLed elecLronlcally, a llnk Lo A8C's webslLe aL www.appro.org.af
should be provlded. Any oLher use of Lhls publlcaLlon requlres prlor wrlLLen permlsslon whlch
may be obLalned by wrlLlng Lo: mall[appro.org.af
www.appro.org.af

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L|st of Abbrev|at|ons


AnuS AfghanlsLan naLlonal uevelopmenL SLraLegy
An Afghan naLlonal ollce
A8 AfghanlsLan eace and 8elnLegraLlon rogram
AWn Afghan Women's neLwork
8PC 8aslc PealLh CenLer
8PS 8aslc ackage of PealLh Servlces
CLuAW ConvenLlon on Lhe LllmlnaLlon of All forms of ulscrlmlnaLlon AgalnsL Women
CPC Comprehenslve PealLh CenLer
CSC CenLral SLaLlsLlcal CrganlzaLlon
uoWA ueparLmenL of Women's Affalrs
LvAW LllmlnaLlon of vlolence AgalnsL Women law
P PealLh osL
PSC PealLh Sub CenLer
MuCs Mlllennlum uevelopmenL Coals
MoL MlnlsLry of LducaLlon
Mol MlnlsLry of llnance
Mo! MlnlsLry of !usLlce
MoLSAMu MlnlsLry of Labor, Soclal Affalrs, MarLyrs and Lhe ulsabled
MoP MlnlsLry of ubllc PealLh
MoWA MlnlsLry of Women Affalrs
nAWA naLlonal AcLlon lan for Lhe Women of AfghanlsLan
nLS 1he naLlonal LducaLlon SLraLeglc lan
11C 1eacher 1ralnlng CenLer
unAMA unlLed naLlons AsslsLance Mlsslon Lo AfghanlsLan



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1ab|e of Contents
Lxecut|ve Summary......................................................................................................S
2. Cb[ect|ves ................................................................................................................9
3. Methodo|ogy ...........................................................................................................9
4. I|nd|ngs from Document kev|ew............................................................................12
4.1 Lducat|on..................................................................................................................... 12
4.2 nea|th .......................................................................................................................... 12
4.3 Access to Work............................................................................................................. 13
4.4 Access to Iust|ce........................................................................................................... 14
S. Women's Access to Lducat|on................................................................................16
S.1 key Accomp||shments .................................................................................................. 16
S.2 ers|st|ng Cha||enges.................................................................................................... 22
S.3 Lducat|on |n Afghan|stan |n a keg|ona| Context ............................................................ 23
S.4 MoL's 8udget A||ocat|on and Lxpend|ture.................................................................... 2S
S.6 NAWA's ke|evance and Lffect|veness |n Lducat|on..................................................... 26
S.7 kecommendat|ons ....................................................................................................... 27
6. Women's Access to nea|thcare...............................................................................29
6.1 key Accomp||shments .................................................................................................. 29
6.2 ers|st|ng Cha||enges.................................................................................................... 32
6.3 nea|th |n Afghan|stan |n keg|ona| Context.................................................................... 34
6.4 Mon's 8udget A||ocat|on and Lxpend|ture ................................................................. 3S
6.S NAWA's ke|evance and Lffect|veness |n nea|th.......................................................... 36
6.6 kecommendat|ons ....................................................................................................... 37
7. Women's Access to Work.......................................................................................39
7.1 key Accomp||shments .................................................................................................. 39
7.2 ers|st|ng Cha||enges.................................................................................................... 42
7.3 Women's Access to Work |n a keg|ona| Context ........................................................... 4S
7.4 MoLSAMD's 8udget A||ocat|on and Lxpend|ture........................................................... 47
7.S NAWA's ke|evance and Lffect|veness |n Women's Access to Work............................. 47
7.6 kecommendat|ons ....................................................................................................... 48
8. Women's Access to Iust|ce .....................................................................................S0
8.1 key Accomp||shments .................................................................................................. S0
8.2 ers|st|ng Cha||enges.................................................................................................... S1
8.3 Women's Access to Iust|ce |n a keg|ona| Context ......................................................... S3
8.4 M|n|stry of Iust|ce's 8udget A||ocat|on and Lxpend|ture............................................... S4
8.S NAWA's ke|evance and Lffect|veness |n Access to Iust|ce........................................... S4
8.6 kecommendat|ons ....................................................................................................... SS
9. Conc|us|on .............................................................................................................S7
10. kecommendat|ons ...............................................................................................60
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Women's Access to Lducat|on............................................................................................ 60
Women's Access to nea|thcare .......................................................................................... 61
Women's Access to Work................................................................................................... 62
Women's Access to Iust|ce................................................................................................. 63
8|b||ography...............................................................................................................6S
Annexes 1 - 12: M|n|ster|a| 8udgets...........................................................................68
ANNLk 13 - L|st of kespondents .................................................................................77
ANNLk 14 - Schoo|s Check||st .....................................................................................81
ANNLk 1S - nea|th C||n|cs Check||st ............................................................................82
ANNLk 16 - key Informant Interv|ew Gu|des ..............................................................83
ANNLk 17 - Commun|ty Iocus Group D|scuss|on Gu|des.............................................84
ANNLk 18 - Soc|o-econom|c rof||e of Women ..........................................................8S

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Lxecut|ve Summary
1hls sLudy was underLaken Lo examlne and documenL Lhe exLenL Lo whlch Lhe naLlonal AcLlon
lan for Lhe Women of AfghanlsLan (nAWA) has been lmplemenLed slnce comlng Lo effecL ln
2008 unLll 2013. 1he flndlngs from Lhls assessmenL are lnLended Lo conLrlbuLe Lo Lhe broader
dlscusslon on Lhe LranslLlon planned for 2014 and provlslons made Lo proLecL women's rlghLs ln
AfghanlsLan. 1he flndlngs are also almed aL asslsLlng Lhe CovernmenL of AfghanlsLan and lLs
lnLernaLlonal donors ln how Lo besL serve Lhe many needs of Afghan women Lhrough
developmenL programmlng.

1he scope of Lhls sLudy does noL cover all Lhree plllars of Lhe nAWA documenL. 1hls research
focuses on plllars 2 and 3: access Lo [usLlce under plllar 2 and access Lo educaLlon, healLhcare
and work under plllar 3 of nAWA. 1hese key areas were selecLed as proxles Lo esLabllsh
successes, fallures and mlssed opporLunlLles LhaL have Lransplred ln Lhe pasL 3 years slnce
nAWA's endorsemenL. lllar 1, SecurlLy, was noL lncluded ln Lhe scope of Lhls assessmenL due
Lo Llme and resource consLralnLs.

Access Lo educaLlon and healLhcare has lmproved slgnlflcanLly for women ln AfghanlsLan slnce
2008. numerous schools and healLh faclllLles have been bullL and sLaffed wlLh Lralned personnel,
resulLlng ln lmproved overall access Lo essenLlal servlces. 1hls has led Lo slgnlflcanL, Lhough
lnsufflclenL, galns ln Lerms of quanLlLy. 1he galns ln quallLy are much less evldenL, however.

uesplLe Lhe lncreased numbers, Lhere remalns a noLable shorLage of female Leachers and healLh
sLaff, whlch conLlnues Lo hlnder women's access Lo educaLlonal and healLhcare servlces. Women
from boLh rural and urban communlLles feel LhaL schools and cllnlcs are lacklng compeLenL sLaff.
Many Leachers are under quallfled wlLh only a 12
Lh
grade cerLlflcaLe and are lacklng formal
Leachers' Lralnlng. Slmllarly, lL ls noL uncommon for baslc healLh faclllLles Lo be shorL on
compeLenL sLaff, equlpmenL, and sufflclenL medlclne Lo provlde saLlsfacLory care for women.
CommunlLles across AfghanlsLan conLlnue Lo be ln need of school bulldlngs, faclllLles and
learnlng maLerlal. Lack of proper classrooms and equlpmenL compel schoolLeachers Lo Leach ln
open alr, whlch creaLes ma[or lmpedlmenLs Lo learnlng, parLlcularly durlng Lhe colder monLhs.

Women have a hlgher degree of access Lo work ln urban areas as compared Lo rural areas. ln
more general Lerms, Afghan famllles have grown more accepLlng of glrls' educaLlon and of
women worklng ln publlc spaces. Powever, Lhere conLlnues Lo be a general lack of work
opporLunlLles for all, affecLlng women much more Lhan men. 1here ls also a concern among
women LhaL Lhe avallablllLy of vocaLlonal Lralnlng has decreased as compared Lo prevlous years.

1he recrulLmenL process ln mosL work places, lncludlng governmenL offlces and vocaLlonal
Lralnlng courses, ls far from equlLable and prone Lo cllenLellsm.

Whlle awareness ralslng campalgns by Lhe MlnlsLry of !usLlce and clvll socleLy organlzaLlons have
been effecLlve ln lmprovlng women's awareness of Lhelr rlghLs, law enforcemenL lnsLlLuLlons
responslble for proLecLlng women's rlghLs and enabllng Lhem Lo exerclse Lhese rlghLs remaln
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weak. LlLLle progress has been made ln Lerms of lncreaslng women's access Lo [usLlce servlces
and Lhe proLecLlon of Lhelr rlghLs wlLhln Lhe formal [usLlce sysLem.

A key deLerrenL Lo women exerclslng Lhelr rlghLs ls Lhe weak formal [usLlce sysLem suscepLlble Lo
corrupL pracLlces and lnsufflclenLly senslLlzed Lo women's speclal needs. 1he lncapaclLy of Lhe
[usLlce sysLem Lo proLecL and serve Lhe mosL vulnerable leaves women wlLh no opLlon oLher
Lhan relylng on LradlLlonal forms of [usLlce.

1he sLaLed lnLenLlon of nAWA ls Lo bulld on Lhe CovernmenL's commlLmenLs Lo meeL Lhe
AfghanlsLan Mlllennlum uevelopmenL Coals and Lhe ob[ecLlves seL ouL ln Lhe AfghanlsLan
CompacL and AnuS. 1he sLeps, resources , and Llmeframes requlred Lo meeL Lhese goals and
ob[ecLlves are absenL, however. nAWA sLaLes a commlLmenL Lo work Lowards dlsmanLllng
lndlvldual and lnsLlLuLlonal gender blases and paLLerns of lnequallLy wlLhouL provldlng a deLalled
descrlpLlon of Lhe means Lo overcome Lhese challenges.

uesplLe Lhe clalms abouL nAWA belng a ma[or pollLlcal accompllshmenL, ln pracLlcal Lerms lL
remalns a well-lnLended sLaLemenL of goals and ob[ecLlves on women's many needs. As a pollcy
documenL nAWA ls unclear on Lhe scale(s) aL whlch acLlons need Lo be Laken, who or whaL ls
supposed Lo Lake Lhem, Lhe resources and Llme requlred, Lhe manner ln whlch coordlnaLlon wlLh
slmllar ob[ecLlves ln dlfferenL programs wlll be managed, and Lhe sequence of acLlons Lo be
Laken based on agreed upon prlorlLlzaLlon crlLerla.

llnally, nAWA's lmplemenLaLlon has been dlrecLly, and adversely, affecLed by developmenLs ln
Lhe MlnlsLry of Women's Affalrs (MoWA) as Lhe key agency charged wlLh Lhe overslghL of
nAWA's lmplemenLaLlon. Slnce belng founded ln 2002, Lhe MlnlsLry has sLruggled wlLh
shorLages of capaclLy and lack of access Lo adequaLe resources Lo lead ln Lhe lmplemenLaLlon of
nAWA and oLher women-cenLered programs.

1he securlLy slLuaLlon has been deLerloraLlng slnce 2006. A number of earller galns ln gender
malnsLreamlng have come lncreaslngly under Lhe LhreaL of belng rolled back. 1he sLeps Laken Lo
negoLlaLe seLLlemenLs wlLh armed opposlLlon groups, as parL of Lhe process Lo effecL a LranslLlon
of responslblllLles for naLlonal securlLy from lnLernaLlonal Lo naLlonal securlLy forces, carry Lhe
rlsk of furLher weakenlng Lhe galns made for and by women slnce 2001. 1hese developmenLs
add Lo Lhe urgency of Lhe flndlngs from Lhls and relaLed sLudles for women-cenLered
programmlng ln AfghanlsLan beyond 2014.
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1. 8ackground
1here has been slgnlflcanL progress for women ln AfghanlsLan slnce 2001. 1here also remaln
ma[or challenges ln susLalnlng and bulldlng on Lhe galns made, parLlcularly wlLh Lhe prospecL of
Lhe LranslLlon planned for 2014.

AfghanlsLan remalns Lhe mosL dangerous counLry for women and Lhe lowesL ranklng counLry ln
Lerms of healLh, non-sexual vlolence, and poor or lnadequaLe access Lo economlc resources.
1

lerLlllLy raLe was esLlmaLed aL 6.48 chlldren per woman ln 2009, along wlLh a maLernal morLallLy
raLe ranked as one of Lhe hlghesL ln Lhe world.
2
Access Lo prlmary educaLlon for glrls remalns a
ma[or lssue wlLh hlgh dropouL raLes and a shorLage of Leachers and oLher resources (see secLlon
on educaLlon). Afghan women's role ln and conLrlbuLlon Lo Lhe economy conLlnue Lo be
underesLlmaLed and unrecognlzed desplLe Lhe facL LhaL a slgnlflcanL porLlon of value addlng
acLlvlLles ln agrlculLural producLlon ls carrled ouL by women as free or exLremely cheap labor.
3

1he legal provlslons for women Lo have lnherlLance rlghLs over land and conLrol over lncome
remaln lll enforced aL besL and soclally and domesLlcally reslsLed.
4
1he courLs and Lhe socleLy aL
large conslsLenLly rely on ofLen arblLrary lnLerpreLaLlons of lslamlc Sharla Law Lo llmlL women's
rlghLs ln economlc and pollLlcal spheres desplLe a range of legal provlslons and pollcy documenLs
LhaL call for Lhe proLecLlon of Lhese rlghLs.
3


Cender ls a crosscuLLlng componenL ln mosL of AfghanlsLan's developmenL and reconsLrucLlon
plans and programs. 1he CovernmenL of AfghanlsLan, wlLh supporL from Lhe lnLernaLlonal
communlLy, malnLalns gender equallLy as one of lLs prlnclpal concerns. Cender equallLy ls
enshrlned ln Lhe ConsLlLuLlon whlle Lhe CovernmenL of AfghanlsLan has slgned a range of
lnLernaLlonal legal lnsLrumenLs almed aL proLecLlng gender equallLy, lncludlng Lhe ConvenLlon
on Lhe LllmlnaLlon of ulscrlmlnaLlon AgalnsL Women (CLuAW). Slnce Lhe 2001 8onn AgreemenL
naLlonal pollcy mechanlsms ln AfghanlsLan have formally embraced and promoLed gender
equallLy.
6
1hese mechanlsms have lncluded Lhe esLabllshmenL of Lhe MlnlsLry of Women's
Affalrs (MoWA) ln 2002, approval of Lhe AfghanlsLan naLlonal uevelopmenL SLraLegy (AnuS) ln
2008, endorsemenL of Lhe naLlonal AcLlon lan for Lhe Women of AfghanlsLan (nAWA) ln 2008,
and Lhe slgnlng of Lhe LllmlnaLlon of vlolence AgalnsL Women Law (LvAW) by Lhe resldenL ln
2009.
7
Lach of Lhese mechanlsms emphaslzes gender malnsLreamlng as a crosscuLLlng Lheme ln
all governmenL acLlvlLles and pollcles.


1
1homson 8euLers loundaLlons (2011), avallable aL: hLLp://www.LrusL.org/lLem/?map=facLsheeL-Lhe-
worlds-mosL-dangerous-counLrles-for-women
2
1he World 8ank, avallable aL: hLLp://daLa.worldbank.org/daLa-caLalog/world-developmenL-
lndlcaLors?cld=Cu_Wul
3
arLo, S. A. Pozyalnova, and 8. Mlhran (2011). Cender and Lhe AgrlculLural lnnovaLlon SysLem ln 8ural
AfghanlsLan: 8arrlers and 8rldges. (kabul: A8C), avallable from:
hLLp://www.appro.org.af/ubllcaLlons.hLml
4
Akbar, S. and 1. lrzad (2011). Women's Access 1o roperLy ln AfghanlsLan: Law, LnforcemenL and
8arrlers. (kabul: Cara ConsulLlng lnc.)
3
A number of legal ald and women's rlghLs nCCs. lnLervlews conducLed by A8C ln !une 2011.
6
kandlyoLl, u. (2003). 1he ollLlcs of Cender and 8econsLrucLlon ln AfghanlsLan. (Ceneva: un8lSu).
7
1hough Lhere have been serlous LhreaLs Lo Lhls decree from wlLhln Lhe arllamenLary process slnce May
2013 wlLh Lhe ouLcome as yeL unclear.
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1he declaraLlon LhaL women and men are equal ln rlghLs and duLles ln Lhe ConsLlLuLlon, Lhe
approval of AnuS and nAWA, Lhe promoLlon of female leadershlp opporLunlLles, Lhe
proLecLlon of women agalnsL dlscrlmlnaLlon Lhrough CLuAW, and Lhe slgnlng of Lhe LvAW law
by Lhe resldenL are formal expresslons of accepLance by Lhe CovernmenL of women's rlghLs ln
AfghanlsLan. 1he exlsLence of a mlnlsLry wlLh Lhe sole responslblllLy for women's affalrs, MoWA,
ls slgnlflcanL ln and by lLself desplLe lLs weak poslLlon ln Lhe sLlll predomlnanLly paLrlarchal
sysLem of governmenL.

nAWA ls formally Lhe key mechanlsm for Lhe promoLlon of women's advancemenL ln
AfghanlsLan. lL ls a pollcy documenL formulaLed under AnuS and ln llne wlLh Lhe CovernmenL's
commlLmenL Lo gender equallLy and women's empowermenL. nAWA ls a Len-year acLlon plan
Lo guaranLee conLlnulLy and conslsLency ln Lhe CovernmenL's efforLs Lo proLecL women's equal
clLlzenshlp rlghLs.
8
WlLh supporL from unllLM/un Women, MoWA was a key acLor ln
formulaLlng nAWA and ls expecLed Lo monlLor and gulde lLs lmplemenLaLlon.
9
nAWA ls Lo:

[A]cLlvely promoLe lnsLlLuLlons and lndlvlduals Lo be responslble lmplemenLers of
women's empowermenL and gender equallLy by provldlng clear focus and dlrecLlon,
coordlnaLed acLlon, and shared commlLmenL Lo Lhe CovernmenL's vlslon. . 1he full
lmplemenLaLlon of nAWA ls Lhe maln measurable benchmark Lhrough whlch
governmenL seeks Lo reallze lLs Lhree-pronged goal on gender equlLy and Lhus address
Lhe dlfflculL slLuaLlon of women.
10


1he Lhree goals speclfled under nAWA are Lhe ellmlnaLlon of dlscrlmlnaLlon agalnsL women,
developmenL of women's human caplLal and promoLlon of women's leadershlp.
1he pollcy documenL focuses on seven secLors percelved as crlLlcal ln acceleraLlng Lhe
lmprovemenL of women's sLaLus ln Lhe counLry. 1hese are: SecurlLy, Legal roLecLlon and
Puman 8lghLs, Leadershlp and ollLlcal arLlclpaLlon, Lconomy, Work and overLy, PealLh, and
LducaLlon.

Slnce 2006 securlLy has sLeadlly deLerloraLed and a number of earller galns ln gender
malnsLreamlng have come under serlous LhreaL, parLlcularly ln more remoLe areas. 1he sLeps
Laken Lo negoLlaLe seLLlemenLs wlLh armed opposlLlon groups, as parL of Lhe process Lo effecL a
LranslLlon of responslblllLles for naLlonal securlLy from lnLernaLlonal Lo naLlonal securlLy forces,
rlsk furLher weakenlng Lhe galns made slnce 2001. A round of lnLervlews conducLed by A8C ln
!une 2011 revealed LhaL women's rlghLs groups ln AfghanlsLan felL excluded from and uneasy
abouL [olnlng Lhe peace negoLlaLlons. 1he women expressed concerns LhaL Lhere was a serlous
lack of Lransparency ln Lhe peace negoLlaLlons, reconclllaLlon Lalks, Lhe 8onn ll Conference and
Lhe varlous dlalogues abouL LranslLlon. 1hey also felL LhaL MoWA had been marglnallzed and noL
sufflclenLly empowered Lo represenL women's lnLeresL and LhaL nAWA remalned a documenL
wlLh no pracLlcal lmpllcaLlons for proLecLlng and lmprovlng women's condlLlons ln AfghanlsLan.
11


8
WordsworLh, A. (2007). A MaLLer of lnLeresLs: Cender and Lhe ollLlcs of resence ln AfghanlsLan's
Wolesl !lrga. (kabul: AfghanlsLan 8esearch and LvaluaLlon unlL).
9
Larson, A. (2008). A MandaLe Lo MalnsLream: romoLlng Cender LquallLy ln AfghanlsLan. kabul:
AfghanlsLan 8esearch and LvaluaLlon unlL.
10
nAWA (2009).
11
1wenLy-Lhree women's rlghLs organlzaLlon were lnLervlewed by A8C as a parL of Cxfam's romoLlng
CommunlLy eace 8ulldlng 1hrough MoblllzaLlon and CapaclLy 8ulldlng of Clvll SocleLy lnsLlLuLlons"
ro[ecL lmplemenLed ln PeraL, 8alkh, ualkundl, kandahar, and kabul provlnces.
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1here have been no publlcly avallable evaluaLlons of nAWA's lmpacL ln Lhe proLecLlon of
women's rlghLs. 1here ls a general worry LhaL Lhe lack of coherenL acLlon Lo serve women's
needs as sLaLed ln nAWA wlll resulL ln removlng women's rlghLs from Lhe reconsLrucLlon
agenda, parLlcularly ln Lhe posL-2014 perlod. Clven Lhe prospecL of Lhe 2014 LranslLlon,
assessmenL needs Lo be made of Lhe adequacy of Lhe pollcy documenL and Lhe ablllLy of MoWA
Lo lmplemenL lL. 1he assessmenL of nAWA ln Lhls reporL ls lnLended Lo serve as Lhe basls on
whlch Lo supporL MoWA ln Laklng Lhe lead on lmplemenLlng nAWA as a cruclal cornersLone of
gender malnsLreamlng ln AfghanlsLan.
2. Cb[ect|ves
1hls research was underLaken Lo examlne Lhe governance dynamlcs of servlce provlslon ln Lhe
key areas of healLh, educaLlon, women's access Lo work and [usLlce as a proxy for esLabllshlng
success, mlssed opporLunlLles, and fuLure posslblllLles for gender malnsLreamlng ln AfghanlsLan.
1he flndlngs from Lhls research are expecLed Lo conLrlbuLe Lo Lhe broader dlscusslon on
LranslLlon, women's rlghLs, and Lhe 8onn process Lo ensure hlgher lnvesLmenL and prlorlLlzaLlon
of women's rlghLs and for Lhe effecLlve lmplemenLaLlon of nAWA. 1o Lhls end, Lhe followlng
ob[ecLlves were seL for Lhls research:

1. uocumenL progress made ln Lhe lmplemenLaLlon of nAWA.
2. LsLabllsh Lhe role MoWA does and can play ln Lhe lmplemenLaLlon of nAWA.
3. Assess Lhe consequences of noL supporLlng Lhe lmplemenLaLlon of nAWA, wlLh a focus
on Lhe avallablllLy of, access Lo, and use of baslc servlces ln healLh, educaLlon, publlc llfe,
and [usLlce.
4. ldenLlfy Lhe key barrlers Lo Lhe full lmplemenLaLlon of nAWA and generaLe a serles of
recommendaLlons Lo feed lnLo evldence-based advocacy by sLakeholders engaged ln Lhe
promoLlon and proLecLlon of women's rlghLs ln AfghanlsLan.
3. Methodo|ogy
1he provlnces lncluded ln Lhls assessmenL are 8adakhshan, 8amyan, !awz[an, PeraL, kabul, and
kandahar. A Leam of elghL researchers collecLed prlmary daLa whlle Lwo researchers conducLed
a revlew of Lhe avallable llLeraLure lncludlng:

1. key pollcy and sLraLegy documenLs
2. uevelopmenL plans aL Lhe dlsLrlcL and provlnclal levels
3. 1hemaLlc reporLs relevanL Lo Lhe focus of Lhls research, and
4. SLaLlsLlcal daLa from Lhe CenLral SLaLlsLlcal CrganlzaLlon and Lhe World 8ank Lo generaLe
graphs for lllusLraLlve purposes.

rlmary daLa was collecLed Lhrough lnLervlews and focus group dlscusslons, held wlLh
communlLy members, dlsLrlcL offlces of relevanL llne mlnlsLrles, and key lnformanLs. 1he
research Leam also conducLed spoL checks on Lhe baslc servlces avallable for women ln Lhe
www.appro.org.af

10
areas of healLh, educaLlon, and access Lo [usLlce.
12
128 key lnformanLs were lnLervlewed and 93
slLe vlslLs were made as follows:
- 36 lnLervlews wlLh governmenL offlclals
- 8 lnLervlews wlLh 3 mlnlsLrles ln kabul (MoL, MoP, MoLSAMu, Mo! and Mol)
- 84 lndlvldual lnLervlews wlLh women worklng ln Lhe publlc sphere lncludlng women's
rlghLs advocaLes.
- 30 vlslLs Lo glrls' hlgh schools
- 33 vlslLs Lo cllnlcs
- 3 vlslLs Lo provlnclal hosplLals (only kandahar was noL vlslLed)

ln addlLlon, 384 women were engaged ln focus group dlscusslons. A LoLal of 12 focus group
dlscusslons were conducLed ln each of Lhe provlnces - slx ln urban seLLlngs and slx ln rural areas
(1able 1).

1ab|e 1: Iocus group d|scuss|ons per prov|nce
kura| Urban Grand 1ota|

rov|nce
Women Iocus Group
D|scuss|ons
Women Iocus Group
D|scuss|ons
Women Iocus Group
D|scuss|ons
8adakhshan 39 6 43 6 104 12
8amlyan 31 6 47 6 98 12
PeraL 44 6 49 6 93 12
!awz[an 26 6 70 6 96 12
kabul 33 6 41 6 96 12
kandahar 32 6 43 6 97 12
Grand 1ota| 287 36 297 36 384 72

Women lnLervlewed were drawn from Lwo age caLegorles - Lhose old enough Lo remember Lhe
1allban's rule (roughly over 30 years old) and Lhose who had llLLle or no memory of llvlng under
Lhe 1allban (roughly under 23 years old). 1hls dlvlslon ln age groups was made Lo allow for
comparlng Lhe percepLlons and expecLaLlons of women ln dlfferenL age groups of Lhe roles of
Lhe governmenL and Lhe lnLernaLlonal communlLy. 1he segregaLlon accordlng Lo Lhe ablllLy Lo
work also helped ln esLabllshlng wheLher soclo-economlc sLaLus had a vlslble lmpacL on Lhe
percepLlons and expecLaLlons.

1ab|e 1: Categor|es of focus group d|scuss|ons
Category
kespondents
Urban Area kura| Area
under 23 years of age:
1
llllLeraLe women (homemakers, farmers)
1 1
2
LlLeraLe women (homemakers, farmers)
1 1
3
LlLeraLe women, worklng
1 1
Cver 30 years of age:
4
llllLeraLe women (homemakers, farmers)
1 1
S
LlLeraLe women (homemakers, farmers)
1 1
6
LlLeraLe women, worklng
1 1
1ota| 6 6

1he remalnder of Lhls reporL ls organlzed as follows. 1he nexL secLlon presenLs Lhe key flndlngs
from a revlew of Lhe relevanL documenLs and reporLs. SecLlons 3-8 evaluaLe achlevemenLs made

12
lor Lhe full llsL lnLervlewees and vlslLs see Annex 13.
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11
slnce nAWA's endorsemenL ln 2008 and hlghllghL some of Lhe remalnlng challenges faced by
women ln Lerms of access Lo educaLlon, healLhcare , work and publlc llfe, and [usLlce. SecLlon 9
concludes whlle SecLlon 10 provldes Lhe recommendaLlons.
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12


4. I|nd|ngs from Document kev|ew
4.1 Lducat|on
1he naLlonal LducaLlon SLraLeglc lan ll (nLS ll) deflnes speclflc benchmarks Lo be achleved
beLween 2008-2014 whlle emphaslzlng Lhe need for lmprovlng opporLunlLles for glrls and
women. key naLlonal LargeLs ln nLS ll are lmproved educaLlon quallLy Lhrough beLLer-Lralned
Leachers, lmproved school lnfrasLrucLure, and lncreased glrls' enrollmenL by 2014.
13
lncreased
access Lo educaLlon ls a funcLlon of Lwo processes. 1he flrsL ls Lhe supply of educaLlonal servlces,
such as avallablllLy of school bulldlngs, baslc amenlLles on Lhe school premlses, Leachlng
maLerlals, and quallfled and professlonal Leachers. 1he second process lnvolves Lhe
esLabllshmenL of LrusL and cooperaLlon beLween schools and Lhe communlLles. 1hls second
process also enLalls engaglng wlLh communlLles Lhrough awareness ralslng lnlLlaLlves and
creaLlon of school !"#$%!, boLh of whlch are Lo serve as Lools Lo lncrease undersLandlng abouL
Lhe value and lmporLance of glrls' educaLlon ln AfghanlsLan.

uesplLe slgnlflcanL progress ln access Lo educaLlon, AfghanlsLan sLlll has one of Lhe lowesL
llLeracy raLes ln Lhe world, wlLh a 26 percenL overall llLeracy raLe among Lhe LoLal adulL
populaLlon (12 percenL for women and 39 percenL for men) whlle glrls and women wanLlng
educaLlon conLlnue faclng ma[or challenges.
14
ln 2012, 31 percenL of Lhe Leachers ln AfghanlsLan
were female whlle glrls' enrollmenL ln general educaLlon reached 39 percenL Lhe same year
(Craphs 2-3). ln Lhe meanLlme, Lhe quallLy of educaLlon ln AfghanlsLan remalns low wlLh poor
school faclllLles, lack of learnlng maLerlals, hlgh sLudenL Leacher raLlos, lnsufflclenL number of
female Leachers, and under quallfled Leachlng sLaff.
13

4.2 nea|th
AfghanlsLan ranks as one of Lhe lowesL ln Lhe world ln Lerms of healLhcare servlces and human
developmenL, poslLloned as 173 ouL of a LoLal of 187 counLrles ranked ln 2012.
16
uecades of
armed confllcL along wlLh droughL and populaLlon dlsplacemenL have lefL AfghanlsLan wlLh a
shaLLered healLh lnfrasLrucLure and some of Lhe worsL healLh lndlces ln Lhe world. 1he poor
healLh slLuaLlon of women was addlLlonally exacerbaLed durlng Lhe 1allban rule, followlng Lhe
clvll war from 1996 Lo 2001. uurlng Lhe 1allban rule resLrlcLlons were puL on women's freedom
of movemenL, employmenL, and educaLlon. A large number of female healLh professlonals fled

13
MoL, naLlonal LducaLlon SLraLeglc lan ll (nLS ll), 2010-2014, avallable aL:
hLLp://planlpolls.llep.unesco.org/formaL_llsLe1_en.php?Chp2=AfghanlsLan
14
See MlnlsLry of LducaLlon, naLlonal LducaLlon SLraLeglc lan, 2010-2014, p. 2-3 and Luropean unlon,
naLlonal 8lsk and vulnerablllLy AssessmenL 2007/2008
13
!olnL 8rleflng aper (2011), Plgh SLakes, Clrls' LducaLlon ln AfghanlsLan", avallable aL:
hLLp://www.oxfam.org/slLes/www.oxfam.org/flles/afghanlsLan-glrls-educaLlon-022411.pdf
16
Puman uevelopmenL 8eporL (Pu8) (2013), avallable aL:
hLLp://hdr.undp.org/en/reporLs/global/hdr2013/
www.appro.org.af

13
Lhe counLry whlle Lhose who remalned were llmlLed ln Lhelr ablllLy Lo work and offer Lhelr
servlces. 1hese developmenLs serlously undermlned women's access Lo healLhcare, as women
were noL permlLLed Lo see male physlclans. 8y Lhe Llme Lhe 1allban's rule ended ln 2001, Lhe
maLernal morLallLy raLe ln AfghanlsLan had reached a record level wlLh an esLlmaLed 13,000
women dylng every year due Lo pregnancy relaLed healLh compllcaLlons. ln 2002, Lhe lnfanL
morLallLy raLe was esLlmaLed as hlgh as 163 per 1,000 llve blrLhs and only 23 percenL of Lhe
populaLlon had access Lo clean waLer, wlLh serlous healLh lmpllcaLlons for Lhe very young and
elderly.
17


Much progress has been made slnce 2001 ln lmprovlng Lhe avallablllLy of healLhcare ln
AfghanlsLan. Some of Lhe mosL noLeworLhy accompllshmenLs are Lhe lmproved coverage of
baslc healLh care and reduced chlld morLallLy.
18
Powever, desplLe slgnlflcanL advancemenLs ln
Lhe healLh secLor, ma[or challenges remaln. Cne of Lhe mosL crlLlcal shorLcomlngs of Lhe currenL
healLhcare sysLem ls poor and uneven quallLy ln servlce, caused malnly by lnsufflclenL numbers
of physlclans, mldwlves and oLher Lralned professlonals and lack of medlclne. Comblned, Lhese
shorLcomlngs have serlous repercusslons on women.
19


1he MlnlsLry of ubllc PealLh's (MoP) naLlonal Cender SLraLegy of 2012 sLaLes LhaL lLs goal ls
Lo lmprove Lhe healLh and nuLrlLlon sLaLus of women and men equlLably and Lo lmprove gender
equlLy wlLhln Lhe healLh secLor." 1o Lhls end, Lhe SLraLegy ouLllnes four sLraLeglc ob[ecLlves: Lo
lncorporaLe a gender perspecLlve ln all MoP's programs, Lo promoLe gender senslLlvlLy ln all
Lhe admlnlsLraLlve pollcles and procedures of MoP, Lo ensure equal access for women Lo
healLh servlces, and Lo creaLe a gender senslLlve monlLorlng and evaluaLlon sysLem.
20

4.3 Access to Work
AfghanlsLan's ConsLlLuLlon and AfghanlsLan naLlonal uevelopmenL SLraLegy (AnuS) boLh make
expllclL references Lo gender equallLy as a crosscuLLlng Lheme under whlch commlLmenL ls made
Lo ensure women's access Lo work and publlc llfe. AnuS's Cender LqulLy Cross CuLLlng
SLraLegy" provldes guldance on lmprovlng condlLlons for women as an lnLegraLed componenL of
developmenL programmlng ln AfghanlsLan and ln llne wlLh AfghanlsLan's Mlllennlum
uevelopmenL Coals (MuCs). 1he lmplemenLaLlon of Lhe sLraLegy for gender equallLy ls
consldered as a shared responslblllLy among Lhe dlfferenL enLlLles of Lhe governmenL aL Lhe
naLlonal and sub-naLlonal levels.
21


17
un (2002), avallable aL: www.un.org/evenLs/women/2002/ecn620023eng.pdf
18
AfghanlsLan MorLallLy Survey (2010), avallable aL: hLLp://measuredhs.com/pubs/pdf/l8248/l8248.pdf
19
Coleman and Lemmon (SepLember 2011), MaLernal healLh ln AfghanlsLan: lmprovlng healLh and
sLrengLhenlng socleLy", avallable aL: hLLp://www.cfr.org/afghanlsLan/maLernal-healLh-
afghanlsLan/p23913
20
MoP (2012). naLlonal Cender SLraLegy 2012-2016, avallable aL:
hLLp://moph.gov.af/ConLenL/Medla/uocumenLs/MoP_naLlonal_Cender_SLraLegy_llnal_Lngllsh_201216
4201212934246333323323.pdf
21
CovernmenL of AfghanlsLan (2008), AnuS, LxecuLlve Summary, avallable aL:
hLLps://www.llo.org/dyn/naLlex/docs/MCnCC8AP/79333/83234/l436373039/AlC79333.pdf
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14
4.4 Access to Iust|ce
ln addlLlon Lo Lhe ConsLlLuLlon and AnuS Lhere are a number of oLher sLraLegles and pollcles
under whlch women's rlghLs are promoLed and proLecLed, and Lo whlch Lhe CovernmenL of
AfghanlsLan has commlLLed. 1hese lnclude Lhe unlLed naLlons SecurlLy Councll 8esoluLlon 1323
(unSC8 1323), Lhe ConvenLlon on LllmlnaLlon of All lorms of ulscrlmlnaLlon AgalnsL Women
(CLuAW), and Lhe LllmlnaLlon of vlolence AgalnsL Women (LvAW) law.

unSC8 1323, adopLed by Lhe un SecurlLy Councll ln CcLober 2000 supporLs and encourages
women's parLlclpaLlon ln peace-bulldlng efforLs ln counLrles undergolng posL-confllcL
reconsLrucLlon. Slnce women and chlldren make up Lhe ma[orlLy of Lhe vlcLlms of war, Lhe
resoluLlon relLeraLes Lhe lmporLance of women's equal parLlclpaLlon ln Lhe peace-bulldlng
process as a means Lo ensure long-Lerm securlLy and Lhe prevenLlon of recurrlng confllcL. 1he
resoluLlon calls for lnsLlLuLlonal arrangemenLs Lo proLecL women and glrls and Lo ensure Lhelr
full parLlclpaLlon and conLrlbuLlon Lo Lhe peace process.

unSC8 1323 sLresses Lhe need for lncreaslng women's represenLaLlon aL all declslon maklng
levels for effecLlng peace. lL also calls for relnLegraLlon and reconsLrucLlon programs Lo
lncorporaLe Lhe speclal needs of women whlle efforLs are made Lo lnclude local women's peace
lnlLlaLlves ln Lhe peace process. Women's parLlclpaLlon would ensure Lhe proLecLlon of women's
rlghLs as arLlculaLed ln Lhe ConsLlLuLlon, Lhe elecLoral sysLem, Lhe law enforcemenL mechanlsms,
and Lhe [udlclary as a whole.
22
unSC8 1323 was flrsL lnLroduced ln AfghanlsLan ln Lhe early days
of Lhe peace process along wlLh Lhe 8onn AgreemenL ln 2002, wlLh Lhe unlLed naLlons
AsslsLance Mlsslon Lo AfghanlsLan (unAMA) Lasked wlLh overseelng lLs lmplemenLaLlon.
23


Women's represenLaLlon ln areas such as Lhe [usLlce and securlLy secLors, and Lhe governmenL,
remalns relaLlvely llmlLed ln AfghanlsLan. ln Lhe [usLlce and securlLy secLors, for example,
women rarely have declslon-maklng roles or senlor poslLlons whlle wlLhln Lhe relevanL mlnlsLrles
conservaLlve elemenLs have quesLloned women's ablllLy Lo make sound declslons, declarlng
women as unflL for acLlng as [udges.
24


ln pracLlcal Lerms, women's represenLaLlon ln Lhe relnLegraLlon and peace-bulldlng efforLs
remalns very weak. 1he Plgh eace Councll, Lasked wlLh overseelng Lhe AfghanlsLan eace and
8elnLegraLlon rogram (A8), has only nlne women ouL of 70 members. AlLhough aLLempLs Lo
lmplemenL unSC8 1323 have been made, sufflclenL efforL and commlLmenL by Lhe [usLlce and
securlLy lnsLlLuLlons remaln lacklng.

CLuAW ls an lnLernaLlonal agreemenL adopLed by Lhe un ln uecember 1979. CLuAW was
endorsed ln AfghanlsLan ln 2003, obllgaLlng Lhe governmenL and relaLed acLors Lo ensure LhaL
women en[oy equal rlghLs as clLlzens and LhaL no laws dlscrlmlnaLe agalnsL women and glrls on

22
unlLed naLlons SecurlLy Councll 8esoluLlon 1323, avallable aL:
hLLp://www.un.org/evenLs/res_1323e.pdf
23
Worklng Croup 1323 8eporL (uecember 2008), avallable aL:
hLLp://www.womenpeacemakersprogram.org/newslLems/llnal_8eporL_Lval_nA_1323_12uec2008.pdf
24
lbld.
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13
Lhe basls of gender.
23
Powever, desplLe Lhe raLlflcaLlon of CLuAW, Lhere remalns a lack of
allocaLed responslblllLy and acLlons Lo proLecL women agalnsL vlolence and assaulL, dlrecLly
undermlnlng women's equal access Lo [usLlce.
26
Accordlng Lo some of Lhe sLrlcLer lnLerpreLaLlons
of Lhe Sharla, women cannoL work and Lhelr access Lo educaLlon and healLh servlces should noL
be allowed wlLhouL Lhelr husbands' consenL.
27


LvAW crlmlnallzes bruLal acLs agalnsL women such as forced marrlages, rape, and forced self-
lmmolaLlon along wlLh oLher harmful pracLlces agalnsL women. A recenL monlLorlng sLudy by
unAMA on LvAW flnds LhaL alLhough Lhere are noLlceable lmprovemenLs due Lo Lhe
lmplemenLaLlon of Lhe law by prosecuLors and prlmary courLs ln Lhelr handllng of vlolence
agalnsL women cases, Lhe appllcaLlon of LvAW remalns llmlLed.
28


A key flndlng of Lhe unAMA reporL was Lhe lncreased number of women LhaL reporL vlolence
crlmes. Whlle Lhls flndlng lndlcaLes a poslLlve developmenL, lL has Lo be noLed LhaL ln mosL cases
Lhe crlmes reporLed by women Lo Lhe provlnclal ueparLmenLs of Women's Affalrs (uoWAs) and
Afghan naLlonal ollce (An) never reach Lhe prosecuLors or Lhe courLs because Lhey are
resolved Lhrough LradlLlonal medlaLlon. 1radlLlonal medlaLlon ls noL based on gender equallLy
and Lhus llkely Lo be blased agalnsL women's equal rlghLs. uesplLe Lhls, mosL women and
famllles prefer noL Lo go Lhrough Lhe formal [usLlce sysLem due Lo lack of famlllarlLy wlLh formal
procedures and someLlmes fear of becomlng vlcLlms of exLorLlon. 1he sLudy also flnds LhaL Lhe
pollce ls heslLanL Lo arresL people accused of harmlng women lf Lhey are lnfluenLlal lndlvlduals ln
Lhe communlLles. CorrupLlon, lmpunlLy, and general dlscrlmlnaLlon agalnsL women or dlsmlssal
of Lhelr complalnLs by male pollce allow Lhe perpeLraLors of vlolence agalnsL women Lo remaln
ouL of Lhe reach of Lhe formal [usLlce sysLem and Lhe pollce.
29






23
unllLM, CLuAW 8rleflng klL, avallable aL: hLLp://cedaw-
seasla.org/docs/general/CLuAW_8rleflng_klL.pdf
26
Puman 8lghLs WaLch (P8W) (!uly 2013), avallable aL:
hLLp://www.hrw.org/news/2013/07/11/afghanlsLan-falllng-commlLmenLs-proLecL-womens-rlghLs
27
1he 1elegraph (March 2009), avallable aL:
hLLp://www.Lelegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asla/afghanlsLan/3080797/Pamld-karzal-slgns-law-
legallslng-rape-ln-marrlage.hLml
28
unAMA (uecember 2012), avallable aL:
hLLp://unama.unmlsslons.org/LlnkCllck.aspx?flleLlckeL=Cy9mulLa38w3u&La
29
lbld.
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16

S. Women's Access to Lducat|on
8ox 1: NAWA on Women's Access to Lducat|on

Goa|:
1o lncrease Lhe enrollmenL and reLenLlon raLes of glrls and women aL all levels of educaLlon, lncludlng
vocaLlonal and non-formal educaLlon, and Lo creaLe an enabllng envlronmenL where glrls and women have
equal access Lo all levels of educaLlon, equal LreaLmenL ln Lhe classroom and equal opporLunlLy Lo compleLe
Lhe hlghesL posslble level and quallLy of educaLlon wlLhln Lhe approprlaLe Llme perlod.


key Ind|cators:
- 30 lncrease ln glrls' enrollmenL share ln prlmary, secondary and LerLlary schools
- AL leasL 70 neL enrollmenL ln prlmary schools for glrls
- 30 female neL enrolmenL ln unlverslLles
- 30 lncrease ln reLenLlon raLe of females ln educaLlon
- 30 reducLlon ln female llllLeracy
- 30 represenLaLlon of women ln Leachlng and non- Leachlng poslLlons lncludlng pollcy and declslon-maklng


key Cb[ect|ves:
a) 8educlng Lhe consLralnLs Lo glrls' and women's access Lo educaLlon, wlLh speclal emphasls on early chlld
marrlages, sexual harassmenL, and physlcal access,
b) lncreaslng glrls' and women's access Lo quallLy educaLlon ln rural and urban areas,
c) lmplemenLlng a publlc ouLreach campalgn Lo ralse awareness ln communlLles of Lhe lmporLance of
female educaLlon Lo Lhe well-belng of glrls and women, famllles and Lhe developmenL of AfghanlsLan,
d) ALLalnlng equal parLlclpaLlon of women ln all poslLlons and levels of Lhe educaLlon sysLem, from Leachlng
Lo pollcy maklng,
e) AdopLlng and lmplemenLlng afflrmaLlve acLlon pollcles for Lhe recrulLmenL of female Leachers and for Lhe
enLrance examlnaLlon of glrls and women ln LerLlary educaLlon, and
f) SLrengLhenlng Lhe quallLy and quanLlLy of ln-servlce Lralnlng for Leachers, especlally female Leachers

S.1 key Accomp||shments
1he MlnlsLry of LducaLlon (MoL) has made slgnlflcanL sLrldes ln worklng Loward meeLlng lLs
ob[ecLlves slnce 2008, whlch appear Lo be conslsLenL wlLh nAWA's educaLlon sLraLegy. 1he
women lncluded ln Lhls sLudy (wlLh Lhe excepLlon of kandahar) conflrm LhaL Lhere have been
vlslble lmprovemenLs ln Lhe educaLlon sysLem lncludlng Lhe consLrucLlon and renovaLlon of
school faclllLles and classrooms. 1hey also conflrm LhaL Lhe number of glrls enrolled ln schools
has lncreased:

8efore glrls were noL golng Lo schools, buL slnce awareness abouL educaLlon has been
ralsed, more famllles allow Lhelr glrls Lo go Lo schools now, compared Lo flve years ago.
- lCu, llllLeraLe women under 23 ln cenLral !awz[an

lL has Lo be noLed, however, LhaL Lhe progress ln Lhe avallablllLy of glrls' schools ls more
prevalenL ln Lhe provlnclal cenLers as compared Lo rural dlsLrlcLs.

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17
A recurrlng commenL volced by women ln all slx provlnces was LhaL Lhe percepLlon of glrls'
educaLlon had changed ln Lhelr communlLles for Lhe beLLer. More parenLs now recognlze Lhe
value of educaLlon for Lhelr daughLers and Lhe facL LhaL educaLlon lncreases Lhe llkellhood of
securlng employmenL and Lhus addlLlonal lncome for Lhelr household. LducaLed young women
ofLen flnd employmenL as Leachers or as healLh sLaff, boLh vlewed as respecLable professlons
among Lhe communlLles. ln Lhe less conservaLlve and more secure provlnces such as 8amyan
and PeraL, parenLs encourage Lhelr chlldren (glrls and boys) Lo pursue furLher educaLlon by
sendlng Lhem Lo prlvaLe classes ln Lhe clLles Lo enhance Lhelr chances of passlng unlverslLy enLry
exams.

Some of Lhe focus group parLlclpanLs lndlcaLed LhaL parenLs who are able Lo read and wrlLe are
more llkely Lo value educaLlon and Lhus are more llkely Lo have a poslLlve vlew of glrls'
schoollng. 1he women ln Lhe provlnces frequenLly sLaLed LhaL lL had become more common for
glrls Lo compleLe Lhelr educaLlon up Lo grade 12 and Lo conLlnue Lhelr educaLlon aL 1eachers'
1ralnlng CenLers as prospecLlve new Leachers.

ln Lhe clLy of lalzabad, Lhere are prlvaLe courses where our daughLers go Lo sLrengLhen
Lhelr school sub[ecLs and Lo do well Lo enLer unlverslLy.now people have become smarL
and know Lhe beneflLs of educaLlon, so Lhey push Lhelr chlldren for educaLlon.
- lCu, llllLeraLe women over 30 ln cenLral 8adakhshan

lmproved lnfrasLrucLure, Llmely and sufflclenL dlsLrlbuLlon of school LexLbooks, and lncreased
number of quallfled Leachers have also conLrlbuLed Lo Lhe successes ln Lhe educaLlon secLor.
numerous female focus group dlscusslon parLlclpanLs sLaLed LhaL asphalLed roads made lL easler
for sLudenLs Lo access schools on fooL from remoLe vlllages. More LexLbooks have been made
avallable aL schools, enhanclng Lhe learnlng ablllLy of Lhe sLudenLs. MoL's ablllLy Lo pay Lhe
Leachers' salarles on a regular basls along wlLh lLs efforLs Lo fund Lhe consLrucLlon and
renovaLlon of school faclllLles were also clLed as poslLlve developmenLs by Lhose consulLed for
Lhls evaluaLlon.

www.appro.org.af

18


Accordlng Lo Lhe sLaLlsLlcs from MoL, female school enrollmenL ln 2010 reached 40 percenL aL
Lhe prlmary level, 34 percenL aL Lhe lower secondary level and 30 percenL aL Lhe hlgher
secondary level (Craph 1). Conslderlng LhaL Lhe maln LargeL of MoL ls Lo reach a 30 percenL
female enrollmenL ln general educaLlon, Lhese percenLages represenL slgnlflcanL lmprovemenLs
ln glrls' enrollmenL.

1he overall enrollmenL of female sLudenLs ln general educaLlon has lncreased from 37 percenL ln
2008 Lo 39 percenL ln 2010. A slmllar Lrend can be observed ln Lhe case of male sLudenLs (Craph
2). WlLh regard Lo reLenLlon raLes, prlmary school compleLlon raLe for glrls ls reporLed as 13
percenL, whlle 32 percenL of Lhe boys manage Lo compleLe Lhelr prlmary educaLlon. Accordlng
Lo some sources, only 30 percenL of Lhe female sLudenLs reach up Lo 3
Lh
grade.
30


30
unLSCC (2010), 1he LducaLlon lor All, avallable aL:
hLLp://unama.unmlsslons.org/LlnkCllck.aspx?llnk=Afghan+updaLe2lAu+LducaLlon+Lngllsh+no.+23.pdf
&Labld=12321&mld=13818&language=en-uS
www.appro.org.af

19
Graph 2: Lnro||ment, Genera| Lducat|on - 2008 - 2012


MoL's sLaLlsLlcal daLa shows LhaL 1eachers' 1ralnlng CenLers (11Cs) have been esLabllshed ln
provlnclal caplLals slnce 2008 ln an aLLempL Lo lncrease Lhe number of female schoolLeachers
and Lo lmprove Lhe quallLy ln Lhe educaLlon sysLem. 1he number of Lralned male and female
Leachers has gradually lncreased from 2008 Lo 2012 (Craph 3).

Graph 3: 1eachers, Genera| Lducat|on - 2008 - 2012


ln 2008, MoL had 102,312 male and 44,231 female Leachers on Lhelr payroll. 8y 2012, Lhe
number of male and female Leachers had lncreased Lo 124,210 and 33,804 respecLlvely (Craph
3). 1he ma[orlLy of newly recrulLed Leachers were reporLed as belng grade 14 graduaLes whlle
some are sLlll graduaLes of grade 12. ln addlLlon, more ln-servlce Lralnlngs are belng offered Lo
Leachers already ln Lhe Leachlng workforce.

www.appro.org.af

20
uaLa from MoL show LhaL Lhe glrls' enrollmenL Lrend ls hlgher Lhan Lhe permanenL absence
Lrend (Craph 4). lmproved llLeracy among adulLs Lhrough llLeracy courses may be a conLrlbuLlng
facLor Lo Lhelr lncreased approval of Lhelr daughLers golng Lo school.

Graph 4: Iema|e Lnro||ment and ermanent Absence - 2008 - 2011



1he llLeracy raLe among adulL women ln AfghanlsLan ls esLlmaLed Lo be 12 percenL.
31
1hls flgure
ls conslderably lower Lhan Lhe llLeracy raLes ln AfghanlsLan's nelghborlng counLrles. lor
example, ln lran and aklsLan Lhe llLeracy raLes of adulL women are 81 and 42 percenL,
respecLlvely.
32


Craphs 3-6 show LhaL Lhe number of llLeracy courses and Lhe avallablllLy of female llLeracy
Leachers lncreased sLeadlly beLween 2008-2012 buL, noLably, decreased beLween 2010 and
2011. 1he reason for Lhls ls unclear, buL may be relaLed Lo a lack of fundlng.
33



31
un (!uly 2013), unCLuAW AfghanlsLan Shadow 8eporL, avallable aL:
hLLp://LblnLerneL.ohchr.org/1reaLles/CLuAW/Shared20uocumenLs/AlC/ln1_CLuAW_nCC_AlC_14232
_L.pdf
32
1he World 8ank SLaLlsLlcs, avallable aL: hLLp://daLa.worldbank.org/lndlcaLor/SL.Au1.Ll18.lL.ZS and
Aroosa ShaukaL, LducaLlon for all: llLeracy raLe rlslng buL aklsLan needs Lo do more, 1he Lxpress 1rlbune,
CcLober 23, 2012, avallable aL: hLLp://Lrlbune.com.pk/sLory/436401/educaLlon-for-all-llLeracy-raLe-rlslng-
buL-paklsLan-needs-Lo-do-more/
33
1he MoL's ueparLmenL of LlLeracy was unable Lo provlde an explanaLlon for Lhls decllne.
www.appro.org.af

21




1o address Lhe shorLage of female Leachers, especlally ln Lhe rural parLs of Lhe counLry, MoL has
adopLed an afflrmaLlve acLlon pollcy Lo provlde urban female Leachers wlLh lncenLlves Lo work ln
rural dlsLrlcLs. 1he lannlng ueparLmenL of MoL sLaLed LhaL marrled female Leachers LhaL agree
Lo move Lo rural locaLlons are currenLly permlLLed Lo move LogeLher wlLh Lhelr spouses, where
[ob opporLunlLles for Lhe husbands are also made avallable.
www.appro.org.af

22
S.2 ers|st|ng Cha||enges
uesplLe Lhe progress made ln lncreaslng women's access Lo educaLlon ln AfghanlsLan, a number
of challenges remaln. 1he mosL slgnlflcanL challenge ldenLlfled ln Lhe fleld vlslLs and accordlng Lo
Lhose consulLed was poor or non-exlsLenL bulldlngs and amenlLles. Many of Lhe schools,
especlally ln Lhe rural parLs of Lhe counLry, sLlll conslsL of LenLs and plasLlc rugs LhaL Leachers lay
under Lrees for sLudenLs Lo slL on. 1here ls also a serlous lack of sanlLary faclllLles for boys and
glrls, wlLh Lhe glrls belng mosL affecLed. ln many of Lhe schools Lhe classrooms lack baslc
provlslons such as chalrs and desks.
?es, Lhere ls a school here, buL lL has no classrooms for Lhe flrsL, second and Lhlrd grades.
1hey slL ln LenLs. 1hey have no chalrs or desks and Lhey have Lo slL on Lhe ground for
wrlLlng, whlch ls dlfflculL.
- lCu, llLeraLe women over 30 ln rural 8adakhshan

AlLhough road condlLlons ln Lhe cenLers are reporLed as havlng lmproved, chlldren from Lhe
remoLe vlllages sLlll walk long dlsLances on poorly malnLalned or unpaved roads Lo access
schools.

SecurlLy condlLlons have a dlrecL lnfluence on glrls' access Lo educaLlon ln AfghanlsLan. ln areas
where Lhere has been a surge ln lnsecurlLy, Lhe wllllngness of Lhe parenLs Lo send Lhelr chlldren,
parLlcularly Lhe glrls, Lo school has decllned slgnlflcanLly.
34
1eaLchers also Lend Lo be relucLanL Lo
work ln provlnces and dlsLrlcLs where armed confllcL ls prevalenL, and where educaLlon for glrls
ls a conLenLlous lssue, maklng lL dlfflculL for MoL Lo deploy Leachlng sLaff, especlally female
Leachers, ln Lhose locaLlons.

More generally, Lhere ls a perslsLenL shorLage of female Leachers ln Lhe educaLlon sysLem. uue
Lo culLural senslLlvlLles, parenLs are less wllllng Lo send glrls Lo school when Lhe Leachers are
male. 1he quallLy of educaLlon also remalns low, as newly recrulLed Leachers are ofLen fresh
hlgh school graduaLes wlLhouL sufflclenL knowledge of Leachlng or handllng groups of sLudenLs.
Some of Lhe focus group parLlclpanLs sLaLed LhaL Lhe recrulLmenL process for Leachers operaLed
based on personal relaLlons and noL quallflcaLlons. eople wlLh personal connecLlons were sald
Lo be favored ln Lhe recrulLmenL process, resulLlng ln unquallfled Leachers belng recrulLed and
perpeLuaLlng Lhe low quallLy sLandard of educaLlon belng provlded. 1he parenLs also complaln
LhaL low quallLy of educaLlon dlscourages many parenLs from conLlnulng Lo send Lhelr chlldren
Lo school.

Low wages acL as a deLerrenL Lo recrulLlng sufflclenLly quallfled female Leachers. LducaLed
women ofLen opL for non-Leachlng [obs, as Lhe pay ls ofLen hlgher Lhan ln Leachlng [obs. A
Leacher's salary ls around 3,000 AlA (approx. 100 uSu) per monLh. 1he Leachers are expecLed Lo
cover Lhelr LransporLaLlon and lunch cosLs. ln some cases, Lhe parenLs offer Lo pay for Lhe
LransporLaLlon fees of Leachers and send Lhem lunches Lo keep encourage Lhem Lo conLlnue
Leachlng ln Lhelr communlLles. uesplLe Lhese efforLs, Lhere ls hlgh absenLeelsm among
schoolLeachers ln some schools:


34
A8C (!une 2013) AfghanlsLan: MonlLorlng Women's SecurlLy ln 1ranslLlon", commlssloned by AWn
and Cordald, avallable aL: hLLp://www.cordald.org/en/publlcaLlons/
www.appro.org.af

23
Cur daughLers go Lo Zarghona Ana hlgh school, buL Lhelr school has a loL of problems, llke
one day Lhe Leacher ls noL comlng, anoLher day Lhere ls no lesson, and Lhe Lhlrd day
school ls closed due Lo securlLy lssues. SLudenLs also complaln abouL noL havlng chalrs
and desks.
- lCu, llLeraLe women over 23 ln cenLral kandahar

1he shorLage of LexLbooks ln Lhe provlnces conLlnues Lo be a ma[or challenge. 1he lnablllLy of
Lhe educaLlon deparLmenLs Lo dellver LexLbooks ln a Llmely manner causes lrregularlLy ln Lhe
learnlng process of Lhe school chlldren. ln some cases, 30 sLudenLs end up sharlng 10 LexLbooks,
whlle ln oLher cases half Lhe sLudenLs ln a classroom do noL have Lhelr own books.
33
SomeLlmes
parenLs Lry Lo solve Lhls problem by purchaslng books from local bazaars. 1he books from Lhe
bazaars do noL have Lhe same conLenL as Lhe ones dlsLrlbuLed by MoL and such efforLs ofLen
creaLe furLher confuslon and lnconslsLency ln Lhe learnlng process.

overLy also plays a ma[or role ln prevenLlng glrls from aLLendlng school. 1wo of Lhe ma[or
adverse lmpacLs of poverLy on glrls are early marrlages and chlld labor.
36
Lven lf Lhe declslon ls
made Lo allow young glrls Lo go Lo school, mosL are dlscouraged from conLlnulng Lo hlgher levels
of educaLlon afLer Lhey compleLe prlmary school. Many of Lhe women engaged for Lhls
assessmenL sLaLed LhaL lncreased awareness had resulLed ln fewer early marrlages, buL LhaL
early marrlages and chlld labor sLlll remalned very common. no references were made by Lhe
women Lo awareness ralslng campalgns by MoL or oLher governmenLal enLlLles Lo promoLe glrls'
educaLlon or reduce absenLeelsm, however.

1here ls sLrong evldence of demand among some young glrls Lo conLlnue Lhelr educaLlon aL Lhe
unlverslLy level. Powever, Lhe glrls' ablllLy Lo succeed ln unlverslLy enLry exams ls undermlned by
Lhe poor sLandard of educaLlon ln schools due Lo ongolng lack of quallfled Leachers, faclllLles and
LexLbooks, especlally ln Lhe rural areas. 1he geographlcal dlsLance Lo unlverslLles and Lhe
unwllllngness of famllles Lo send Lhelr glrls away from home ls also a crlLlcal obsLacle Lo glrls'
access Lo hlgher educaLlon.

S.3 Lducat|on |n Afghan|stan |n a keg|ona| Context
AfghanlsLan ls conslderably behlnd lLs reglonal nelghbors ln almosL every aspecL ln Lhe
educaLlon fleld. uesplLe Lhe noLable efforLs and slgnlflcanL progress havlng been made so far Lo
lmprove access and quallLy of educaLlon ln AfghanlsLan, Lhe number of female Leachers remalns
relaLlvely low compared Lo aklsLan, 1a[lklsLan, and nepal.


33
lL ls also Lelllng LhaL ln Lhe annual budgeL of MoL, only one year has speclflc allocaLed funds for books
whlle oLher years do noL. See Annex 1.
36
lamllles llvlng ln very poor condlLlons are ofLen forced Lo marry off Lhelr young daughLers ln reLurn for
dowry and fewer mouLhs Lo feed. Also, poor famllles ln rural areas have Lo carefully conslder Lhe Lrade off
beLween sendlng chlldren Lo school (and cosLlng Lhe famlly money) versus uslng chlldren as domesLlc
helpers and/or earners of lncome Lhrough a varleLy of pald occupaLlons lncludlng carpeL weavlng,
llvesLock keeplng, and agrlculLural work.
www.appro.org.af

24

Source: World 8ank


AddlLlonally, Lhe Leacher-pupll raLlo appears Lo have cllmbed for AfghanlsLan from 43 Lo 44
sLudenLs per Leacher beLween 2007 and 2010 (Craph 8). 1hls lndlcaLes LhaL Lhe enrollmenL raLe
ls rlslng fasLer Lhan Leacher recrulLmenL and LhaL efforLs musL be lnLenslfled Lo Lraln and recrulL
more Leachers. Craphs 9 and 10 dlsplay a correspondlng lmage. Whlle mosL of Lhe counLrles ln
Lhe reglon have reached Lhe ldeal Lhreshold of 30 percenL female sLudenLs aL Lhe prlmary and
secondary levels, AfghanlsLan ls sLlll a long way from caLchlng up wlLh lLs reglonal peers.
Moreover, a closer look aL Craph 10 reveals LhaL glrls are even less enrolled aL Lhe secondary
level of educaLlon. 8oys' enrollmenL aL Lhe secondary school level conLlnues Lo remaln hlgh as
glrls drop ouL early afLer Lhe lnlLlal years of Lhe prlmary school.


Source: World 8ank

www.appro.org.af

23

Source: World 8ank
S.4 MoL's 8udget A||ocat|on and Lxpend|ture
Accordlng Lo MoL's lannlng ueparLmenL, Lhe mlnlsLry does noL exerclse women-cenLered
budgeLlng ln complllng lLs annual budgeL. 1he raLlonale glven ls LhaL 39 percenL of MoL's
beneflclarles are women and LhaL women beneflL from MoL's plannlng and budgeLlng by
defaulL.

A closer examlnaLlon of MoL's annual budgeLs beLween 2010-2013 (Annex 1-3) conflrms LhaL
very few pro[ecLs are gender expllclL. MoL's budgeL beLween 2010-2013 does noL lnclude
speclflc allocaLlons for awareness ralslng or communlLy engagemenL acLlons. Cne of Lhe
concerns frequenLly ralsed by Lhe women durlng Lhe focus group dlscusslons was Lhe need for
more awareness ralslng efforLs Lo reduce early marrlages of glrls and permanenL absenLeelsm
from schools.

ln 2010, MoL spenL close Lo 12.3 mllllon uSu ln pro[ecLs LhaL beneflLed women by defaulL, ouL
of a LoLal annual budgeL of around 166.3 mllllon uSu. ln 2011, roughly 1.3 mllllon uSu appears
Lo have been spenL on pro[ecLs relaLed Lo llLeracy, lnformal educaLlon and vocaLlonal Lralnlng,
desplLe Lhe facL LhaL close Lo 16 mllllon uSu was avallable for such pro[ecL LhaL year (see Annex
2 for deLalls). ln 2012, Lhe expendlLure on pro[ecLs such as female employmenL opporLunlLles,
llLeracy and vocaLlonal Lralnlng lncreased Lo approxlmaLely 8 mllllon uSu.

MoL's LoLal budgeL for 2013 ls close Lo 277 mllllon uSu, whlch ls a slgnlflcanL lncrease compared
Lo prevlous annual budgeLs ln 2010, 2011 and 2012. 42.6 mllllon ouL of 277 mllllon uSu ls
earmarked for llLeracy and lnformal Lralnlng, baslc educaLlon and llLeracy, female employmenL
Lralnlng, supporL Lo glrls' hlgh schools ln rural areas and vocaLlonal Lralnlng amongsL oLher
relaLed pro[ecLs (Annex 3).

ro[ecLs such as baslc educaLlon and llLeracy, lnformal educaLlon and vocaLlonal Lralnlng, female
employmenL Lralnlng, and funds allocaLed Lo glrls' hlgh schools ln rural areas no doubL beneflL
www.appro.org.af

26
women and glrls. Whlle efforLs Lo lncrease access Lo schools and lmprove Lhe quallLy of
educaLlon beneflL women and men, wlLhouL gender-senslLlve budgeLlng and plannlng, Lhe soclal
facLors LhaL lmpede women's equal opporLunlLles are llkely Lo be lefL unchallenged.
S.6 NAWA's ke|evance and Lffect|veness |n Lducat|on
MoL has Lhe responslblllLy for Lhe provlslon of prlmary and secondary educaLlon servlces ln
AfghanlsLan. 1he MlnlsLry of Women's Affalrs (MoWA) ls mandaLed Lo advlse and supporL MoL
ln Lhe provlslon of gender senslLlve educaLlon servlces. Accordlng Lo nAWA, MoL ls responslble
for lmplemenLlng pro[ecLs and programs Lo reduce and ulLlmaLely ellmlnaLe Lhe dlsparlLles
beLween men and women ln access Lo educaLlon, whlle lncreaslng Lhe quallLy of educaLlon.
Accordlng Lo Lhls dlvlslon of roles, MoWA should provlde leadershlp and pollcy advlce on gender
malnsLreamlng, coordlnaLlng acLlons beLween relevanL mlnlsLrles, and encouraglng Lhe adopLlon
of afflrmaLlve pollcles. Accordlng Lo nAWA, MoWA's Lask llsL also lncludes Lhe lnlLlaLlon of Lhe
plannlng process of Lhe lmplemenLaLlon of nAWA by lssulng plannlng guldellnes and holdlng
consulLaLlons wlLh Lhe relevanL deparLmenLs of Lhe mlnlsLrles and oLher sLakeholders, Lo make
sure LhaL annual prlorlLles and LargeLs are meL. MoWA ls also Lo monlLor progress agalnsL
nAWA ob[ecLlves.
37


1he key lnformanLs lnLervlewed sLaLed LhaL Lhe maln challenges for MoL are lnsecurlLy, early
marrlages, and Lhe lack of female Leachers. AlLhough MoL conslders nAWA as a useful pollcy,
Lhe mlnlsLry's own gender malnsLreamlng mechanlsms and efforLs predaLe nAWA by a few
years. nAWA's educaLlon secLlon ls ald Lo have been developed Lhrough consulLaLlons wlLh
MoL, lncreaslng nAWA's relevance and leglLlmacy as a pracLlcal pollcy lnsLrumenL.

AlLhough Lhe relevance, and ln Lhe case of educaLlon also Lhe leglLlmacy, of nAWA are dlsLlncL,
lLs effecL ln pracLlce ls uncerLaln. very few lndlvlduals wlLhln Lhe MoL are aware of Lhe exlsLence
of nAWA and even fewer know abouL lLs conLenL and purpose. lL appears LhaL Lhe progress
made Lo daLe by MoL ln reduclng gender dlsparlLles have been by defaulL raLher Lhan consclous
plannlng. lL also appears LhaL Lhere have noL been sufflclenL consulLaLlons, lnformaLlon sharlng,
and coordlnaLlon beLween MoWA and MoL ln Lhe pasL flve years on nAWA. Whlle guldellnes
for Lhe lmplemenLaLlon of nAWA has been shared wlLh Lhe gender unlL of MoL ln wrlLLen form,
no consulLaLlons have Laken place Lo dlscuss Lhe pracLlcal lmpllcaLlons of Lhe nAWA guldellnes
for educaLlon.



37
nAWA, p. 93, avallable aL: hLLp://www.unlfem.org/afghanlsLan/medla/pubs/08/nAWA_Ln.hLml?
www.appro.org.af

27

S.7 kecommendat|ons

1o the Government of Afghan|stan:

1. MoWA should be offered more supporL and encouragemenL from Lhe oLher mlnlsLrles Lo
asserL lLself as Lhe lead mlnlsLry responslble for Lhe lnsLlLuLlonallzaLlon of gender
malnsLreamlng and promoLlon of gender equallLy.

2. 1he MlnlsLry of 1ransporL and Clvll AvlaLlon should prlorlLlze and lncrease lLs efforLs Lo
provlde school LransporLaLlon for Leachers and sLudenLs.

3. 1he MlnlsLry of Pa[[ and 8ellglous Affalrs should play a cenLral role ln promoLlng women's
access Lo educaLlon and awareness ralslng agalnsL early marrlages.
1o the M|n|stry of Lducat|on:

4. 1he quallLy of educaLlon should be lmproved, malnly Lhrough Lhe recrulLmenL of well-
Lralned and professlonal Leachers, ralsed Leacher salarles and Lhe provlslon of sulLable
learnlng maLerlal Lo all schools.

3. MoL should publlsh school LexLbooks for every chlld/sLudenL and dellver Lhem Llmely,
before Lhe sLarL of Lhe school year Lo lncrease quallLy and conslsLency of educaLlon.

6. School LransporLaLlon ls an lmporLanL servlce wlLh a slgnlflcanL lmpacL on safe access Lo
school for glrls, parLlcularly ln Lhe remoLe areas. LfforLs should be made Lo provlde school
LransporLaLlon, parLlcularly for glrls.

7. Schoollng on human rlghLs, wlLh parLlcular emphasls on women's and chlld rlghLs, should be
lncluded ln Lhe naLlonal currlculum of AfghanlsLan.

8. More lncenLlves for deploylng female Leachers, especlally, ln remoLe areas should be
creaLed, by for example lncreaslng Lhe salarles of women who agree Lo Leach ln Lhe rural
areas and by supporLlng famlly posLlngs Lhrough work provlslon for husbands of female
Leachers.

9. CverslghL mechanlsms Lo monlLor Lhe recrulLmenL process of new Leachers and oLher sLaff
should be esLabllshed wlLh MoL Lo mlnlmlze recrulLmenL based on personal relaLlons raLher
Lhan quallflcaLlons.

10. More glrls' secondary and hlgh schools should be esLabllshed ln Lhe remoLe areas.

11. Awareness ralslng campalgns Lo promoLe glrls' educaLlon and Lo prevenL early marrlages
should be lmplemenLed ln Lhe remoLe areas ouLslde Lhe dlsLrlcL cenLers, especlally.

www.appro.org.af

28
12. MoL should esLabllsh closer cooperaLlon wlLh rellglous leaders for sLronger lmpacL ln ralslng
communlLy awareness abouL sendlng glrls Lo hlgh school and prevenLlng early marrlages of
young glrls.

13. More resources should be allocaLed Lo adulL llLeracy campalgns, as Lhere ls a hlgh demand
from women and glven LhaL Lhere ls a poslLlve correlaLlon beLween llLeracy among parenLs
and Lhe wllllngness Lo send glrls Lo school.

14. 1he mlnlsLry should adopL women-cenLered budgeLlng Lo have a sLronger lmpacL on
reduclng dlsparlLles beLween men and women ln educaLlon.

1o the M|n|stry of Women's Affa|rs:

13. SLronger collaboraLlon beLween MoL's gender unlL and MoWA should be esLabllshed for
lmproved efflclency ln Lhe lmplemenLaLlon of nAWA ln educaLlon.

16. MoWA should work wlLh MoL Lo deflne mllesLones and clear guldellnes for Lhe lndlvldual
deparLmenLs of MoL LhaL can play a role ln gender malnsLreamlng.

17. MoWA should conslder lnsLlLuLlonallzlng follow up and consulLaLlon meeLlngs wlLh MoL's
gender unlL Lo recelve progress updaLes on a regular basls.

1o Donors and Internat|ona| Commun|ty:

18. lncrease fundlng for school bulldlngs, equlpmenL, learnlng maLerlal, Leacher Lralnlngs and
school LransporL Lo lmprove Lhe quallLy level of and access Lo educaLlon, especlally for glrls.

19. 1he lnLernaLlonal communlLy should lncrease lLs supporL Lo MoWA by asslsLlng lL ln boosLlng
lLs lnLernal monlLorlng and evaluaLlon skllls.



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6. Women's Access to nea|thcare
8ox 2: NAWA on Women's Access to nea|th

Goa|:
1he CovernmenL alms Lo ensure women's emoLlonal, soclal, and physlcal wellbelng and Lo proLecL Lhelr
reproducLlve rlghLs.


key |nd|cators:
- 8educLlon from 1,600 Lo 400 maLernal deaLhs per 100,000 blrLhs by 2013
- lncreased reproducLlve healLh servlces ln counLry healLh faclllLles
- 30 lncrease ln parLlclpaLlon of women ln Lhe healLh secLor
- AL leasL 90 of women have access Lo Lhe 8aslc ackage of PealLh Servlces


key Cb[ect|ves:
a) SLrengLhenlng Lhe quallLy and lmprovlng women's access Lo Lhe 8aslc ackage of PealLh Servlces,
b) lncreased lnvesLmenL ln Lralnlng women healLh workers lncludlng docLors, nurses, and mldwlves,
c) lncreased resources for and effecLlve lmplemenLaLlon of Lhe naLlonal 8eproducLlve PealLh SLraLegy,
placlng parLlcular emphasls on reducLlon of ferLlllLy raLes, and
d) Lnforced pollcy of mandaLory capaclLy on reproducLlve healLh servlces, famlly plannlng and handllng of
vlolence agalnsL women cases ln all healLh faclllLles.

6.1 key Accomp||shments
1he 8aslc ackage of PealLh Servlces (8PS) ls ofLen referred Lo as one of Lhe mosL slgnlflcanL
accompllshmenLs of Lhe MlnlsLry of ubllc PealLh (MoP). 8PS ls a key plllar ln MoP's goal Lo
rebulld Lhe naLlonal healLh sysLem wlLh Lhe alm of ensurlng Lhe avallablllLy of quallLy baslc
healLh servlces naLlonwlde. 8CPS ls belng dellvered Lhrough four sLandardlzed healLh faclllLles:
PealLh osLs (P), 8aslc PealLh CenLers (8CPs), Comprehenslve PealLh CenLers (CPCs), and
ulsLrlcL PosplLals (uPs).

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Source: CenLral SLaLlsLlcs CrganlzaLlon

Accordlng Lo offlclal flgures, Lhe number of Lralned physlclans has lncreased by roughly 38
percenL beLween Lhe years 2008 and 2012 whlle Lhe number of Lralned mldwlves has gone up
by almosL 43 percenL (Craph 11). Also, Lhe denslLy of healLh personnel per 10,000 lndlvlduals
has gone up subsLanLlally (Craph 12).

1he focus group parLlclpanLs sLaLed LhaL Lhey felL Lhe avallablllLy of baslc healLh cenLers (8PCs)
had lncreased subsLanLlally ln Lhe pasL flve years. lL was also sLaLed LhaL LransporLaLlon and long
walklng dlsLances beLween seLLlemenLs and Lhe nearesL healLh cllnlc remalned as serlous
lmpedlmenLs Lo women's access Lo baslc healLhcare. Compared Lo Lhe years before 2008, mosL
women felL LhaL Lhe healLh sLaff had become more professlonal and Lhere was generally more
confldence wlLhln Lhe communlLles abouL Lhe ablllLy of Lhelr healLh sLaff.

We have good cllnlcs and physlclans where women are worklng. Mldwlves have
lncreased ln Lhe cllnlcs, women are beLLer LreaLed ln vacclnaLlon and medlcal servlces
and cllnlcs have been esLabllshed ln vlllages.
- lCu, llLeraLe women over 30 ln cenLral PeraL

1he number of PealLh Sub-CenLers (PSCs) ln Lhe rural areas, Lyplcally sLaffed by a male nurse
and a mldwlfe, has more Lhan doubled (Craph 13). 1he female focus group parLlclpanLs
conflrmed LhaL Lhere was lncreaslngly more preference for dellverlng under Lhe supervlslon of
skllled blrLh aLLendanLs now, compared Lo 2008. 1hls was due, accordlng Lo Lhe focus group
parLlclpanLs, Lo Lhe facL LhaL Lhere are now more faclllLles, buL also general accepLance by Lhe
communlLy aL large of Lhe beneflLs of recelvlng professlonal medlcal help ln chlld dellvery. 1he
parLlclpanLs also underllned Lhe lmporLance of pre- and posL-naLal care belng offered by Lhe
cllnlcs ln rural dlsLrlcLs and Lhe llfe savlng beneflLs of recelvlng professlonal care.

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Source: CenLral SLaLlsLlcs CrganlzaLlon

1he coverage of 8PS reached 73 percenL naLlonwlde by november 2011.
38
A key beneflL for
women from MoP's accompllshmenLs has been Lhe slgnlflcanL drop ln maLernal morLallLy raLe
from 1,000 deaLhs per 100,000 llve blrLhs ln Lhe year 2000 Lo 460 ln 2010 (Craph 14).


38
unlA (2011), avallable aL:
hLLp://counLryofflce.unfpa.org/afghanlsLan/2011/11/13/4190/reproducLlve_healLh_healLh_servlces_ln_r
emoLe_areas/
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Source: World 8ank

Conslderlng nAWA's LargeL of 90 percenL of women accesslng healLh servlces by 2017, MoP
appears Lo be well on Lrack Lo meeL Lhls LargeL.
6.2 ers|st|ng Cha||enges
Accordlng Lo Lhe CenLral SLaLlsLlcal CrganlzaLlon (CSC), Lhere where 930 8PCs, 383 CPC and 679
PSCs ln all of AfghanlsLan ln 2012.
39
AlLhough sLaLlsLlcal numbers lndlcaLe a sLeady lncrease ln
Lhe number of professlonal healLh sLaff (Craph 11), slow buL sLeady progress ln Lhe denslLy
(Craphs 12), and Lhe lncrease ln Lhe number of healLh faclllLles (Craph 13), much more progress
needs Lo be made Lo brlng AfghanlsLan's healLhcare sysLem on par or comparable wlLh lLs
reglonal nelghbors (Craph 14).

1he offlclal daLa lndlcaLe LhaL MoP has focused more on esLabllshlng PSCs ln recenL years. 1he
maln ob[ecLlve of PSCs ls Lo provlde baslc healLhcare Lo underserved populaLlons ln Lhe remoLe
areas. Powever, PSCs are noL as equlpped Lo deal wlLh serlous allmenLs and more compllcaLed
medlcal cases as CPCs.
40


1he emphasls place on lncreaslng Lhe number of PSCs, raLher Lhan CPCs and hosplLals, ls
pracLlcal, glven Lhe shorLage of more quallfled medlcal personnel. 1he emphasls on PSCs may
also be drlven by Lhe deslre Lo lncrease Lhe number of healLh faclllLles naLlonwlde regardless of
Lhe level and quallLy of Lhe servlce belng provlded. Whlle PSCs could serve as convenlenL means
of addresslng Lhe hlgh maLernal morLallLy raLe ln AfghanlsLan by lncreaslng Lhe physlcal

39
Accordlng Lo CSC, Lhere were less CPCs avallable ln 2012 compared Lo 2010 because some healLh
faclllLles were run as seml prlvaLe ln 2010, buL were laLer covered under publlc secLor ln 2012.
40
AfghanlsLan MorLallLy Survey (2010)
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33
ouLreach of baslc healLh servlces, Lhe necesslLy Lo address oLher serlous healLh relaLed lssues
remaln, lncludlng lncreaslng Lhe LrusL by Lhe communlLles ln Lhe healLh servlce:

MosL people do noL LrusL Lhe cllnlc sLaff because Lhe nurses and docLors are noL behavlng
klndly Loward Lhem. A loL of people are noL LreaLed well by Lhe cllnlc personnel.
- lCu, llLeraLe women under 23 ln cenLral kandahar

llndlngs from Lhe focus group dlscusslons and slLe vlslLs suggesL LhaL Lhere remaln serlous flaws
ln Lhe quallLy of Lhe healLhcare belng provlded. Cne of Lhe mosL crlLlcal deflclencles ln Lhe
healLhcare ls Lhe dlscrlmlnaLlon agalnsL Lhe poor by healLh sLaff. Women ln Lhe provlnces
repeaLedly reporLed lncldenLs of verbal lnsulL and, ln some exLreme cases, physlcal
mlsLreaLmenL of poor paLlenLs by cllnlc and hosplLal sLaff. lL was suggesLed LhaL Lhe
mlsLreaLmenL was a producL of paLlenLs Lravellng long dlsLances Lo geL Lo Lhe medlcal cenLers,
overcrowded cllnlcs, and overworked medlcal sLaff. lL ls, for example, noL uncommon for heavlly
pregnanL women Lo pass away whlle Lravellng long dlsLances Lo reach cllnlcs.

lL ls also noL unusual for women Lo walk long hours back home wlLhouL even seelng Lhe docLor
because Lhe cllnlcs are overcrowded and only open unLll lunch Llme. Many of Lhe docLors refer
paLlenLs Lo Lhelr own prlvaLe cllnlcs ln Lhe afLernoons where Lhey charge a fee for seelng
paLlenLs. Slnce mosL women cannoL afford even LransporLaLlon fees, Lhey slmply walk back
home wlLhouL recelvlng care and aLLempL Lo revlslL Lhe publlc cllnlc Lhe followlng day. Women
belleve LhaL Lhe maln reason behlnd Lhe lll LreaLmenL of paLlenLs ls Lhe poor worklng condlLlons
of Lhe docLors and healLh assoclaLes lncludlng belng underpald and havlng heavy workloads as a
resulL of undersLafflng. lL was also sLaLed LhaL cllnlcs are noL sufflclenLly equlpped Lo LreaL
compllcaLed healLh cases and LhaL Lhere ls a lack of hosplLals as well as hosplLal beds. Women
ofLen share beds aL Lhe hosplLals, whlch creaLes poor hyglene condlLlons and allow lllnesses Lo
be easlly LransmlLLed.

1ab|e 3: Number of pharmac|es and pharmac|sts
# Ind|cator 2008 2012
1 1oLal harmacles 9,018 10,602
2 CovernmenL harmacles 30 47
3 1oLal harmaclsLs 830 836
Source: CenLral SLaLlsLlcs CrganlzaLlon

ln addlLlon Lo Lhe shorLages ln Lhe varlous caLegorles of healLh faclllLy sLaff, Lhere ls a shorLage
of quallfled pharmaclsLs. Cf Lhe 10,602 pharmacles reglsLered ln 2012, only 836 had Lralned
pharmaclsLs (1able 3). 1here ls also a need for monlLorlng Lhe prescrlpLlon and sale of
pharmaceuLlcal producLs, Lo ensure LhaL medlclne ls used safely and does noL cause adverse
lmpacL on publlc healLh as a resulL of mlsuse.

Accordlng Lo Lhe accounLs glven by Lhe women, healLh workers have been acLlve for some years
now, ralslng awareness ln Lhe communlLles and lnformlng women abouL baslc hyglene and
reproducLlve healLh. uesplLe Lhls, Lhere appears Lo have been a drop ln Lhe usage of famlly
plannlng meLhods ln 2012, compared Lo 2008 (1able 4). 8PCs and PSCs reporLed LhaL Lhere
were adequaLe supplles of conLracepLlves ln Lhe faclllLles and Lhe reason for Lhe decrease was
noL known.

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1ab|e 4: Usage of fam||y p|ann|ng by method
# Ind|cator 2008 2012
1 SLerlllzaLlon 1,428 3,300
2 lnLrauLerlne uevlces (luus) 20,316 20,477
3 Condom 217,163 177,793
4 ln[ecLlon 337,333 198,382
3 lll 337,864 274,063
1C1AL 934,106 676,21S
Source: CenLral SLaLlsLlcs CrganlzaLlon
6.3 nea|th |n Afghan|stan |n keg|ona| Context
AfghanlsLan has undoubLedly made slgnlflcanL sLrldes ln decreaslng maLernal morLallLy and
general lmprovemenLs ln healLhcare provlslon. Powever, compared Lo Lhe oLher counLrles ln Lhe
reglon, such as kazakhsLan, kyrgyzsLan, 1urkmenlsLan, 1a[lklsLan, and uzbeklsLan, a dlscouraglng
plcLure emerges. 1he maLernal morLallLy ls sLlll slx Lo slxLeen Llmes hlgher ln AfghanlsLan
compared Lo counLrles such kyrgyzsLan and uzbeklsLan (Craph 14).

1hlrLy nlne percenL of women were esLlmaLed as dellverlng under Lhe supervlslon of
professlonal healLh sLaff ln 2011. 1hls compares Lo beLween 88 and 100 percenL of Lhe dellverles
ln some of Lhe nelghborlng counLrles (Craph 13).


Source: World 8ank

Accordlng Lo Lhe World 8ank Lhe average llfe expecLancy for boLh men and women ln
AfghanlsLan has lncreased by Lwo years slnce 2008, from 47 years ln 2006 Lo 49 years ln 2011.
1hls, however, ls slgnlflcanLly lower Lhan ln Lhe nelghborlng counLrles (Craph 16).

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Source: World 8ank
6.4 Mon's 8udget A||ocat|on and Lxpend|ture
MoP has very few pro[ecLs LhaL are budgeLed excluslvely for women (Annex 4-6). Powever, lL ls
also clear LhaL MoP's servlces dlrecLly beneflL women. Many of Lhe women who parLlclpaLed ln
Lhe focus group dlscusslons, for example, made references Lo cllnlcs LhaL had obsLeLrlc unlLs and
mldwlves, lndlcaLlng LhaL Lhe 8PS program ln AfghanlsLan prlorlLlzes women's reproducLlve
healLh. 8eLween 2010 and 2012, MoP was glven more Lhan 174 mllllon uSu by Lhe
lnLernaLlonal donors for Lhe lmplemenLaLlon of 8PS.

Women ln focus group dlscusslons sLressed Lhe need for addlLlonal hosplLals and hosplLal beds.
8eLween 2007 and 2010, hosplLals ln AfghanlsLan had 0.4 beds avallable per 1,000 people whlle
oLher counLrles such as uzbeklsLan and kazakhsLan had flve Lo elghL beds per 1,000 people. lraq,
whlch has a slmllar recenL hlsLory Lo AfghanlsLan's, had 1.3 beds per 1,000 people durlng Lhe
same Llme lnLerval (Craph 17).

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Source: World 8ank


6.S NAWA's ke|evance and Lffect|veness |n nea|th
Accordlng Lo Lhe key lnformanLs lnLervlewed aL MoP, Lhe mlnlsLry ls well aware of Lhe
lmporLance of nAWA as a pollcy for gender malnsLreamlng and for Lhe achlevemenL of Lhe
LargeLs seL Lo lmprove women's access Lo healLhcare ln AfghanlsLan. Whlle many of Lhe women-
cenLered programs aL MoP were lnlLlaLed before Lhe exlsLence of nAWA, nAWA has served
as an acceleraLor ln MoP's efforLs Lo achleve lLs gender malnsLreamlng LargeLs.

MoP has adopLed an afflrmaLlve acLlon sLraLegy Lo encourage female employmenL ln Lhe
healLh secLor by lncreaslng Lhe salarles of women, especlally of women who agree Lo serve ln
remoLe locaLlons. Accordlng Lo MoP's gender unlL, 26 percenL of all of Lhe mlnlsLry's currenL
employees are women. 1he key lnformanLs from MoP felL LhaL MoWA's role ln Lhe
lmplemenLaLlon of nAWA should be one of coordlnaLlng efforLs on promoLlng and proLecLlng
women's rlghLs among Lhe varlous mlnlsLrles and nCCs. lL was also suggesLed LhaL more
monlLorlng should be conducLed by MoWA Lo measure progress Loward nAWA's ob[ecLlves.
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6.6 kecommendat|ons

1o the Government of Afghan|stan:

1. 1he MlnlsLry of 1ransporL and Clvll AvlaLlon should lncrease lLs efforLs Lo provlde publlc
LransporLaLlon, especlally ln Lhe rural dlsLrlcLs Lo ease women's access Lo cllnlcs and
hosplLals.

1o the M|n|stry of ub||c nea|th:

2. 1he behavlor of physlclans and medlcal sLaff should be monlLored and dlsclpllnary acLlon
Laken as and when approprlaLe Lo ensure LhaL paLlenLs, especlally women and glrls, are noL
dlscrlmlnaLed agalnsL or LreaLed badly ln any way.

3. PealLh sLaff should recelve lmproved Lralnlng ln medlcal eLhlcs before belng sLaLloned ln
healLh posLs.

4. ollcles and regulaLlons should be puL ln place by MoP Lo prevenL docLors from closlng Lhe
cllnlcs aL lunchLlme.

3. A complalnL desk should be placed ln every deparLmenL of publlc healLh Lo accepL and
follow-up on complalnLs of lll LreaLmenL and lack of healLh servlce quallLy by paLlenLs Lo
lncrease accounLablllLy.

6. 1he pharmaceuLlcal sale and prescrlpLlon pracLlces of Lhe docLors should be closely
monlLored Lo prevenL harmful use of medlcal producLs.

7. All pharmacles should be llcensed and employ aL leasL one professlonal pharmaclsL.

8. More awareness ralslng campalgns abouL famlly plannlng, reproducLlve healLh, and general
hyglene ls needed, especlally ln Lhe rural areas.

9. PosplLal consLrucLlon ln rural AfghanlsLan should be prlorlLlzed and acceleraLed whlle Lhe
number of hosplLal beds should be lncreased.

10. MoP should ensure LhaL all 8PS faclllLles, especlally ln Lhe rural areas, are equlpped and
sLaffed wlLh enough human resources Lo meeL Lhe chlld and maLernal care needs of every
communlLy.

11. Salarles of docLors and healLh assoclaLes should be lncreased Lo meeL Lhe cosL of llvlng ln
AfghanlsLan as well as Lo lmprove Lhe [ob saLlsfacLlon of Lhe healLh sLaff.

1o the M|n|stry of Women's Affa|rs:

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38
12. SLronger coordlnaLlon beLween MoP's gender unlL and MoWA should be esLabllshed for
lmproved efflclency ln Lhe lmplemenLaLlon of nAWA ln healLh.

13. MoWA should supporL Lhe gender unlL of MoP ln lncreaslng awareness abouL nAWA
wlLhln Lhe oLher deparLmenLs of Lhe mlnlsLry.

14. MoWA should lncrease lLs efforLs Lo monlLor progress agalnsL key ob[ecLlves wlLhln MoP's
relevanL deparLmenLs and come up wlLh [olnL sLraLeglc soluLlons Lo posslble obsLacles Lo
women's access Lo quallLy healLhcare.

1o Donors and Internat|ona| Commun|ty:

13. 1he lnLernaLlonal communlLy should supporL MoP ln esLabllshlng an lnLernal monlLorlng
and overslghL mechanlsm Lo make sure LhaL Lhe healLh sLaff ls held accounLable for
uneLhlcal behavlor Lowards paLlenLs.

16. 1he lnLernaLlonal communlLy should acceleraLe Lhe esLabllshmenL of fully equlpped healLh
faclllLles Lo lmprove women's access Lo quallLy healLhcare, wlLh adequaLe overslghL Lo
ensure earmarked funds are approprlaLely allocaLed and accounLed for.

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7. Women's Access to Work
8ox 3: NAWA on Women's Access to Work

Goa|:
1o creaLe an enabllng economlc and soclal envlronmenL Lhrough conduclve Lo Lhe full developmenL and
reallzaLlon of women's economlc poLenLlal

key Ind|cators:
- A gender senslLlve leglslaLlve and regulaLory framework, lncludlng lnherlLance, properLy and labor
- LqulLable access of women Lo skllls developmenL programs and vocaLlonal Lralnlng
- rogresslve lncrease ln Lhe access of women Lo galnful employmenL
- rogresslve lncrease ln Lhe access of women Lo mlcro- flnance and buslness servlces

key Cb[ect|ves:
a) Cender analysls of macroeconomlc pollcles, lncludlng Lrade pollcles, Lo make Lhem responslve Lo
women's parLlcular needs as economlc agenLs,
b) AdopLlon of afflrmaLlve acLlon pollcles ln recrulLmenL and allocaLlon of opporLunlLles for sklll and
vocaLlonal Lralnlngs and provlslon of flnanclal and oLher buslness servlces Lo gradually brlng parlLy ln
Lerms of economlc opporLunlLles avallable Lo women and men,
c) uevelopmenL of gender senslLlve soclo-economlc surveys LhaL pay speclal aLLenLlon Lo sex
dlsaggregaLed daLa and unconvenLlonal deflnlLlons of work ln order Lo enable counLlng of women's
producLlve work and non-moneLlzed conLrlbuLlons Lo Lhe economy,
d) uevelopmenL and sLrengLhenlng of lnsLlLuLlonal mechanlsms and reform of pollcles, procedures and
laws Lo creaLe an envlronmenL more conduclve Lo women's economlc empowermenL, and
e) lncorporaLlon of crlLlcal gender concerns lnLo Lhe plannlng, programmlng, lmplemenLaLlon,
monlLorlng and evaluaLlon of all programs and acLlvlLles deslgned Lo lncrease women's access Lo
employmenL and lncome generaLlng acLlvlLles.

7.1 key Accomp||shments
uaLa collecLed durlng fleld vlslLs for Lhls assessmenL reveal LhaL people's percepLlons abouL
women worklng ouLslde Lhe home and ln publlc spaces have lmproved noLably slnce 2008. 1he
mosL wldely accepLed occupaLlon for women ls Leachlng ln glrls-only schools. 1he socleLy aL
large remalns skepLlcal of non-segregaLed worklng places where women and men share Lhe
same space. uesplLe Lhe general skepLlclsm, Lhere ls a sense of prlde among some of Lhe women
abouL Lhe changed sLaLus of women because of work. lor example:

. ln Lhe pasL women were washlng cloLhes ln nelghbors' houses or dolng Lhelr household work.
8uL now Lhey work for schools and organlzaLlons.
- lCu, housewlves under 23 ln rural kandahar

lacLors conLrlbuLlng Lo women's ablllLy Lo work ouLslde Lhe home lnclude Lhe varlous vocaLlonal
Lralnlng courses offered by a number of lnLernaLlonal donors. 1hese courses lnclude carpeL
weavlng, embroldery, Lallorlng, and [am and plckle maklng. 1allorlng seems Lo be Lhe mosL
popular among Lhe women, especlally Lhose who were provlded wlLh a sewlng machlne on
compleLlng Lhelr Lralnlng.

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ln kabul and !awz[an, women have recelved Lralnlng ln markeLlng, alongslde vocaLlonal Lralnlng
ln varlous skllls. Many of Lhe women lnLervlewed ln kabul and !awz[an expressed appreclaLlon
for Lhelr knowledge of markeLlng afLer Laklng Lhe courses and felL empowered Lo lndependenLly
generaLe lncomes for Lhelr famllles.



Source: CenLral SLaLlsLlcs CrganlzaLlon

Women's sLaLemenLs from focus group dlscusslons ln all slx provlnces, boLh ln rural and urban
areas, suggesL LhaL Lhe number of women who parLlclpaLe ln publlc llfe by worklng ouLslde Lhe
home has lncreased ln Lhe pasL flve years. lor example:

ln Lhe pasL people would cause problems and boLher Lhese [worklng] women. 8uL now Lhese
Lhlngs are consldered normal and people are proud of Lhe women worklng ln publlc and who
serve Lhelr communlLles.
- lCu, housewlves under 23 ln rural PeraL

1he number of chlldren enrolled ln klndergaLens and nurserles has more Lhan doubled from
around 12,000 ln 2006 Lo close Lo 26,000 ln 2012. 8uL, Lhe avallablllLy of Leachers and
klndergarLen faclllLles has noL kepL up wlLh Lhe enrollmenL levels, resulLlng ln overcrowded
klndergarLens. 1hls dlscrepancy ls lndlcaLlve of a sLrong demand for new faclllLles and Leachers
(Craph 18). 1he facL LhaL more women enroll Lhelr chlldren ln klndergarLens could be
lnLerpreLed as a conflrmaLlon of women's lncreased deslre Lo work ouLslde Lhe home slnce
2008.

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Slmllarly, Lhe male and female membershlp of unlons and assoclaLlons has lncreased
slgnlflcanLly slnce 2008. ln 2008, a LoLal of 22,333 women were unlon or assoclaLlon members ln
rural AfghanlsLan. 1hls number rose Lo around 33,000 ln 2012. Male membershlp lncreased
from around 60,000 ln 2008 Lo almosL 133,000 ln 2012 (Craphs 19 and 20).

Source: CenLral SLaLlsLlcs CrganlzaLlon

Male unlon membershlp has seen a sharper lncrease ln comparlson Lo women's membershlp,
lndlcaLlng LhaL more men have [olned Lhe work force ln AfghanlsLan compared Lo women. 1he
acLlvlLles, effecLlveness and lmpacL of unlons and assoclaLlons ln lncreaslng women's ablllLy Lo
work ouLslde Lhe home are unclear, however, and requlre furLher assessmenL.

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42
1ab|e S: Un|ons and Assoc|at|ons w|th Iema|e Members |n Afghan|stan
2008 2012
1. CenLral Councll of naLlonal unlon of AfghanlsLan's
Lmployees
2. AfghanlsLan !ournallsL unlon
3. AfghanlsLan CrafLsmen unlon
4. AfghanlsLan Women unlon
1. CenLral Councll of naLlonal unlon of AfghanlsLan's
Lmployees
2. AfghanlsLan !ournallsL unlon
3. AfghanlsLan CrafLsmen unlon
4. AfghanlsLan Women unlon
3. unlon of SolldarlLy for Lhe uefense of ulsabled &
MarLyrs
6. Afghan Women's Soclal and CulLural Servlces unlon
7. AfghanlsLan uocLors and PealLh SLaff unlon
8. AfghanlsLan unlon of 8eLlred ersons
Source: CenLral SLaLlsLlcs CrganlzaLlon
Note: Cnly unlons wlLh female members were lncluded ln Lhe graphs 20-21 and Lable above, whlle Lhe ?ouLh unlon
was excluded.
7.2 ers|st|ng Cha||enges
Lack of work opporLunlLles for men and women ls a general challenge for Lhe CovernmenL of
AfghanlsLan and lLs lnLernaLlonal donors. ln Lhe case of women, however, Lhe lmpllcaLlons of noL
belng able Lo flnd employmenL are dlfferenL. As Lhe number of educaLed women lncreases, Lhe
lack of work opporLunlLles can lead Lo a sense of frusLraLlon and desperaLlon. 1hls slLuaLlon also
weakens Lhe poslLlve percepLlon of Lhose who favor educaLlon and access Lo publlc spaces for
women.

1he mosL soclally accepLable employmenL for women ls Leachlng, followed by worklng as
medlcal personnel. AlLhough Lhere ls an lmproved lmage of women worklng ln governmenLal
offlces, a number of obsLacles remaln for women Lo play full roles ln Lhe workplace. 1wo of Lhe
maln obsLacles are clLed as dlscrlmlnaLory recrulLmenL processes favorlng men over women and
Lhe lack of promoLlon opporLunlLles for women once employed.

AnoLher serlous lmpedlmenL ls Lhe conLlnulng soclal sLlgmaLlzaLlon of women LhaL work ouLslde
Lhe home. 1he percepLlon of Lhe worklng-woman ls a funcLlon of famlly and communlLy
aLLlLudes and pressures. 1he women consulLed for Lhls assessmenL sLaLed LhaL Lhe famllles wlLh
some degree of educaLlon ofLen recognlze Lhe beneflL of allowlng Lhelr women and glrls Lo
work, as Lhls would brlng addlLlonal lncome Lo Lhe household lncome, whereas ln famllles and
communlLles wlLh relaLlvely less llLeracy women were prevenLed from leavlng home for
educaLlon or work.

Men who know LhaL women go Lo earn a lawful lncome, Lhey say lL ls good, buL Lhose who have
dlrLy hearLs Lalk badly abouL women who work. 1hey spread rumors abouL women who work
ouLslde home as havlng many boyfrlends.
- lCu, worklng women over 30 ln rural kabul

Low pay, lnferlor [obs, and lack of publlc LransporLaLlon also hlnder women from beneflLlng from
work opporLunlLles. Lven lf famllles are agreeable Lo female famlly members worklng ouLslde
Lhe home, Lhe lack of publlc and affordable LransporLaLlon, comblned wlLh oLher facLors, ls a
serlous lmpedlmenL:

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Women ln our dlsLrlcL do noL work for educaLlon deparLmenL or cllnlcs. 1hey also do noL go from
Lhe more remoLe locaLlons Lo Lhe cenLer for work because lL ls a long way and Lhe salary ls noL
enough for Lhem Lo pay for LransporLaLlon.
- lCu, worklng women over 30 ln rural kabul

1he avallablllLy of vocaLlonal Lralnlng courses for women aL Lhe communlLy level, especlally ln
Lhe rural areas, ls lnsufflclenL. 1here ls a hlgh demand among women ln rural areas LhaL ls
currenLly noL belng meL. Lven when Lhere are Lralnlng courses for women ln Lhe more remoLe
areas, Lhe dlsLrlbuLlon of opporLunlLles ls noL managed falrly. 1here are allegaLlons of local
commlLLees and shuras decldlng arblLrarlly on how Lo allocaLe Lralnlng resources Lo Lhe women
ln Lhe communlLy:

When sewlng machlnes came Lo our vlllage, Lhe heads of male and female shuras dlvlded all of
Lhe machlnes amongsL Lhemselves and reglsLered Lhelr relaLlves Lo Lhe pro[ecL as reclplenLs.
- lCu, housewlves over 30 ln cenLral !awz[an

Many of Lhe women who have Laken vocaLlonal Lralnlng courses feel LhaL Lhere ls lnsufflclenL
afLer-Lralnlng supporL for Lhem Lo uLlllze Lhelr new skllls. SupporL ls needed for acqulrlng sLarL-
up equlpmenL and maLerlal, for example:

ln our vlllage we need employmenL opporLunlLles. MosL women ln our vlllage know vocaLlons
such as Lallorlng, carpeL weavlng, and embroldery. 8uL Lhere are no markeLs for Lhem. Also, we
wanL a women's facLory where raw maLerlal ls provlded and where women can manufacLure
Lhelr own producLs.
- lCu, housewlves over 30 ln rural !awz[an


Source: CenLral SLaLlslcs CrganlzaLlon

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44
1here ls an evldenL gender dlsparlLy beLween Lhe number of male and female governmenL
employees. 1hls ls especlally Lhe case ln Lhe rural areas compared Lo urban cenLers. ln 2012, 30
percenL of urban clvll servanLs were women compared Lo 17 percenL ln rural areas. Also, Lhe
number of female clvll servanLs has lncreased by 6 percenL beLween Lhe years 2008 and 2012
(Craphs 21).

nAWA's key lndlcaLors Lo measure progress ln women's access Lo work make references Lo
progresslve lncrease" ln women's access Lo galnful employmenL" (8ox 3, above). A Lwo
percenL lncrease ln women's access Lo governmenL employmenL ln rural areas ln Lhe course of
flve years ls a relaLlvely low flgure, conslderlng LhaL Lhe ma[orlLy of Lhe populaLlon ls locaLed ln
rural areas.


Source: CenLral SLaLlsLlcs CrganlzaLlon
1he ma[orlLy of women employed as professlonals ln Lhe clvll servlce has hlgh school, college or
a bachelor's degree. 8eLween 2008 and 2012 Lhe porLlon of female employees ln Lhe mlnlsLrles
wlLh Lechnlcal and vocaLlonal school educaLlon has decreased vlslbly. ln 2008, 20 percenL of
offlclals wlLh Lechnlcal educaLlon level were women whlle Lhe share of women wlLh same
educaLlonal background dropped Lo 4 percenL ln 2012.
41



41
CenLral SLaLlsLlcs Cfflce.
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43

Source: CenLral SLaLlsLlcs CrganlzaLlon

Slmllarly, 13 percenL of governmenL employees wlLh vocaLlonal educaLlon were women ln 2008,
compared Lo only four percenL ln 2012 (Craphs 22 and 23). 1hls lndlcaLes LhaL Lhe dlsparlLy
beLween Lhe number of female and male employees has lncreased among governmenL
employees wlLh lower levels of educaLlon. Cverall, Lhe percenLage of women ln all caLegorles of
governmenL employmenL remalns low.

Lack of rlghL Lo properLy and lnherlLance conLlnues Lo presenL a challenge for women. AlLhough
Lhe ConsLlLuLlon of AfghanlsLan, Lhe clvll code, Lhe land law, and Lhe holy Curan (Al-nlsa, verse
12) recognlze women's rlghL Lo lnherlL, own and sell properLy, Lhe rlghL ls ofLen noL exerclsed
due Lo weak enforcemenL mechanlsms comblned wlLh soclal and culLural consLralnLs.
42

7.3 Women's Access to Work |n a keg|ona| Context
Women made up around 13 percenL of Lhe labor force ln AfghanlsLan ln 2011, compared Lo
around 40 percenL ln kyrgyzsLan, 1urkmenlsLan, and 1a[lklsLan. CLher counLrles ln Lhe reglon
such as lraq, lran, and aklsLan dlsplay slmllar dlfferences (Craph 24). ln parL, Lhe dlfference
beLween AfghanlsLan and Lhe oLher counLrles ln Lhe reglon can be explalned as a producL of a
hlgher degree of soclal conservaLlsm ln AfghanlsLan, comblned wlLh Lhe long-lasLlng confllcL and
lnsecurlLy.

42
ParakaL (2011), Women's Access Lo roperLy ln AfghanlsLan: Law, LnforcemenL and 8arrlers, avallable
aL: hLLp://www.harakaL.af/slLe_flles/13623034771.pdf
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46

Source: World 8ank

Women's represenLaLlon ln Lhe non-agrlculLural secLor ln AfghanlsLan ls lower compared Lo
some, buL noL all, of lLs reglonal nelghbors. 1he World 8ank's daLa lndlcaLes LhaL women
represenLed 18 percenL of Lhe non-agrlculLural labor force ln AfghanlsLan ln 2008. lran and
aklsLan had even lower percenLages (Craph 23).


Source: World 8ank

Accordlng Lo Lhese flgures, AfghanlsLan was ln a somewhaL beLLer poslLlon Lhan lran and
aklsLan wlLh regard Lo women's economlc parLlclpaLlon and conLrlbuLlon durlng Lhe years
2008-2010, albelL wlLh a small margln.
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47
7.4 MoLSAMD's 8udget A||ocat|on and Lxpend|ture
Compared Lo MoL and MoP, Lhe MlnlsLry of Labor, Soclal Affalrs, MarLyrs and Lhe ulsabled
(MoLSAMu) has recelved conslderably less fundlng durlng Lhe years 2010-2013. Accordlng Lo
Lhe MlnlsLry of llnance's naLlonal 8udgeL caLalogues for 2011, 2012 and 2013, MoLSAMu's
budgeL beLween 2010-2011 was close Lo 9 mllllon uSu. lLs budgeL almosL doubled beLween
2011-2012 Lo 17 mllllon uSu buL decreased agaln for 2013 Lo approxlmaLely 13.3 mllllon uSu.

ln Lhe budgeL allocaLed for Lhe flscal year 2010, only Lwo pro[ecLs were speclfled as women
orlenLed. 1hese were pro[ecLs on skllls developmenL/vocaLlonal Lralnlng for women and Lhe
consLrucLlon of klndergarLens. 1hese Lwo pro[ecLs had close Lo 870,000 uSu budgeLed. A slmllar
paLLern ls revealed ln Lhe subsequenL budgeLs of MoLSAMu. very few pro[ecLs are speclflcally
sLaLed as focuslng on Lhe needs of women. 1he ma[orlLy of MoLSAMu's pro[ecLs are relaLed Lo
skllls developmenL and vocaLlonal Lralnlng, whlch beneflL women by defaulL, buL Lhere are no
earmarked funds Lo supporL women ln speclflc pro[ecLs (Annex 7-9).
7.S NAWA's ke|evance and Lffect|veness |n Women's Access to Work
key lnformanLs lnLervlewed aL MoLSAMu sLaLed LhaL one of Lhe ma[or challenges women face ls
Lhe lack of work opporLunlLles, a general problem LhaL affecLs women more adversely Lhan men.
AlLhough some opporLunlLles Lo learn vocaLlons Lhrough Lralnlngs are made avallable for
women, posslblllLles Lo apply Lhe skllls learned and generaLe lncome remaln very llmlLed. 1here
are no known sLraLeglc guldellnes on how Lo creaLe work opporLunlLles for women afLer Lhey
quallfy from vocaLlonal Lralnlng. ln addlLlon, concern was expressed by some of Lhe key
lnformanLs abouL Lhe lack of culLural and conLexLual relevance of pollcy documenLs such as
nAWA, modeled on experlence from oLher counLrles, for Lhe Afghan conLexL.

1here ls lnsufflclenL awareness of nAWA and lLs purpose among offlclals aL MoLSAMu. Where
Lhere ls awareness, Lhere ls a lack of clarlLy abouL Lhe dlvlslon of roles and responslblllLles
beLween Lhe varlous deparLmenLs of Lhe mlnlsLry. 1he provlnclal deparLmenLs of MoLSAMu are
even less famlllar wlLh nAWA and lLs purpose. 1hls unfamlllarlLy wlLh nAWA comblned wlLh
Lhe lack of guldance from Lhe cenLer Lo Lhe provlnces was clLed as a key lmpedlmenL hlnderlng
Lhe lmplemenLaLlon of programs Lo lncrease women's access Lo work and economlc
empowermenL.

1he gender unlL aL MoLSAMu submlLs a quarLerly reporL on lLs gender malnsLreamlng acLlvlLles
Lo MoWA Lhough Lhere are no vlslLs or face-Lo-face meeLlngs on women's lssues beLween Lhe
Lwo mlnlsLrles.
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48

7.6 kecommendat|ons
1o the Government of Afghan|stan:

1. A more LransparenL recrulLmenL sysLem wlLh afflrmaLlve acLlon Lo supporL women's
employmenL ln Lhe mlnlsLerlal deparLmenLs ls needed Lo lncrease Lhe number of women
clvll servanLs ln all governmenL offlces.
2. 1he governmenL should promoLe women's employmenL ln Lhe prlvaLe secLor by creaLlng
lncenLlves for companles Lo glve preference Lo women ln Lhelr recrulLmenL pollcles.
3. Affordable women only publlc LransporLaLlon should be provlded ln Lhe rural parLs of
AfghanlsLan especlally, Lo encourage commuLlng Lo dlsLrlcL and provlnclal cenLers among
women llvlng ln remoLe areas.

4. luLure pollcy and plannlng should be more sysLemaLlcally gulded by Lhe flndlngs from Lhe
avallable research on Lhe speclflclLles and challenges of Lhe Afghan conLexL.

1o the M|n|stry of Labor, Soc|a| Affa|rs, Martyrs and the D|sab|ed:

3. More vocaLlonal Lralnlng cenLers/courses should be opened aL Lhe dlsLrlcL level Lo reach ouL
Lo women ln rural AfghanlsLan, as Lhere ls a hlgh demand, whlch ls currenLly noL meL.

6. LnrollmenL Lo vocaLlonal Lralnlngs and concurrenL resource dlsLrlbuLlon musL be monlLored
and checked Lo make sure LhaL Lhe mosL vulnerable women are enrolled ln a LransparenL
manner and cllenLallsm ls avolded.

7. 8uslness and markeLlng opporLunlLles should be creaLed for women Lo lmprove Lhelr access
Lo varlous markeLs.

8. MoLSAMu should sLrlve Lo provlde producLlon maLerlals Lo women LhaL have successfully
compleLed Lhelr vocaLlonal Lralnlngs and help Lhem Lo ldenLlfy markeLs for Lhelr produced
goods.

9. 1he role, effecLlveness and lmpacL of Afghan unlons ln lncreaslng women's empowermenL ln
Lhe labor force should be examlned Lo come up wlLh lnnovaLlve ways Lo uLlllze Lhese unlons
more effecLlvely.

10. Awareness ralslng acLlvlLles on Lhe provlnclal and dlsLrlcL levels should be organlzed more
frequenLly and exLenslvely Lo promoLe women's access Lo work and parLlclpaLlon ln Lhe
labor force.

11. AL leasL 30 percenL of Lhe mlnlsLry's annual budgeL and plannlng should be earmarked for
pro[ecL wlLh focus Lo beneflL and empower women.

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49


1o the M|n|stry of Women Affa|rs:

12. MoWA should work more closely wlLh MoLSAMu's gender unlL Lo spread lnformaLlon wlLhln
Lhe respecLlve deparLmenLs of MoLSAMu regardlng Lhe conLenL and ob[ecLlves of nAWA
as a pollcy, as well as Lhe role and responslblllLles of MoLSAMu ln lLs lmplemenLaLlon.

13. A sulLable monlLorlng and evaluaLlon sLraLegy should be developed by MoWA ln
consulLaLlon wlLh Lhe oLher mlnlsLrles Lo aLLaln a more effecLlve monlLorlng appllance of
nAWA's lmplemenLaLlon.

14. MoWA's represenLaLlves should lncrease Lhelr engagemenL wlLh MoLSAMu's gender unlL by
havlng regular meeLlngs ln person Lo provlde addlLlonal supporL and advlse regardlng
gender malnsLreamlng and an effecLlve lmplemenLaLlon of nAWA.

1o Donors and Internat|ona| Commun|ty

13. 1he uonors and lnLernaLlonal communlLy should asslsL ln lncreaslng work opporLunlLles for
women by supporLlng pro[ecLs, whlch lnvolve vocaLlonal Lralnlngs, women's access Lo
markeLs and women cooperaLlves.

16. More pro[ecLs Lo fulflll women's lnherlLance and properLy rlghLs should be lnlLlaLed and
supporLed by Lhe donors and lnLernaLlonal communlLy.


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30

8. Women's Access to Iust|ce
8ox 4: NAWA on Women's Access to Iust|ce

Goa|:
1he goal of Lhe Afghan CovernmenL ls Lo revlse lLs leglslaLlve framework and [udlclal sysLem Lo guaranLee
equallLy and non-dlscrlmlnaLlon as enshrlned ln Lhe ConsLlLuLlon, as well as wlLhln lnLernaLlonal convenLlons
and sLandards Lhereby enabllng women and glrls Lo exerclse Lhelr rlghLs on equal Lerms wlLh men and boys.

key |nd|cators:
- Absence of gender dlscrlmlnaLory provlslons and procedures ln Lhe legal framework
- LnacLmenL of gender speclflc leglslaLlon, lncludlng famlly law and an anLl-vAW law
- Mlnlmum 30 lncrease ln parLlclpaLlon of women ln Lhe [usLlce secLor and law enforcemenL bodles
- lncreased number of [udlclal offlclals Lralned on clLlzen's rlghLs, wlLh parLlcular emphasls on women and
chlldren's rlghLs
- lncluslon of human rlghLs, parLlcularly women and chlldren's rlghLs ln Lhe currlcula of schools and
unlverslLles
- LsLabllshmenL of shelLers, referral cenLers and LranslLlonal houses
- lncreased access Lo free legal ald and represenLaLlon for women and glrls
- lncreased avallablllLy of legal awareness programs
- lncreased reporLlng and prosecuLlon of vlolence agalnsL women cases

key ob[ect|ves:
a) SLrengLhenlng women's parLlclpaLlon ln law maklng and admlnlsLraLlon of [usLlce on equal Lerms wlLh men,
b) Crlmlnallzlng and prosecuLlng LradlLlonal pracLlces harmful Lo women's emoLlonal, soclal, and economlc
wellbelng, and reduclng Lhe occurrence of such acLlvlLles, lncludlng early and forced marrlages,
c) lnsLlLuLlng formally deflned boundarles wlLhln whlch LradlLlonal dlspuLe mechanlsms can be uLlllzed for
dlspuLes perLalnlng Lo clvll maLLers,
d) lmprovlng knowledge and awareness of lslamlc and human rlghLs, parLlcularly Lhe rlghLs of women and
glrls, for people medlaLlng dlspuLes wlLhln LradlLlonal mechanlsms,
e) lnsLlLuLlonallzlng gender analysls, gender programmlng, and gender lndlcaLors ln Lhe processes of
leglslaLlon and admlnlsLraLlon of [usLlce, and Lhe llnklng of Lhese Lo Lhe budgeL processes,
f) lmprovlng knowledge and awareness of lslamlc and human rlghLs, parLlcularly Lhe rlghLs of women and
glrls, among members of Lhe [udlclary, lncludlng [udges, prosecuLors, lawyers, legal ald provlders, as well
as law enforcemenL agenLs and penlLenLlary sLaff,
g) Lnhanclng Lhe accesslblllLy of lnformaLlon Lo women for Lhelr beLLer undersLandlng, asserLlon, and defense
of Lhelr rlghLs and lncreased demands on sLaLe mechanlsms for defendlng women's rlghLs, and
h) lmplemenLlng long Lerm, lncluslve, and conslsLenL publlc campalgns on women's rlghLs, LargeLlng boLh
women and men Lo reduce soclal accepLance of vlolence and lmpunlLy.

8.1 key Accomp||shments
Cne of Lhe mosL slgnlflcanL developmenLs ln Lerms of women's access Lo [usLlce has been Lhe
slgnlng of Lhe LvAW law by Lhe resldenL ln 2009, desplLe Lhe facL LhaL Lhe law has come under
aLLack ln lLs parllamenLary readlngs durlng 2013. CLher key achlevemenLs have been awareness-
ralslng campalgns Lo promoLe women's rlghLs and Lo prevenL vlolence agalnsL women.

ln Lhe pasL flve years, Lhe human rlghLs offlce organlzed a few workshops abouL
women's rlghLs. 1hese workshops were really useful because slx or seven years ago
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31
Lhere were a loL of vlolence agalnsL women such as self-burnlng, elopemenLs and
represslon. now we feel LhaL Lhose problems have decreased.
- lCu, worklng women over 30 ln rural kandahar

Women have galned a conslderable degree of awareness abouL Lhelr legal rlghLs and recourse ln
slLuaLlons requlrlng legal asslsLance. locus group parLlclpanLs clLed Lhe medla and Lhe local
rellglous leaders as havlng been lnsLrumenLal ln ralslng awareness abouL women's rlghLs ln
dlfferenL communlLles.

LfforLs Lo prevenL early marrlages of young glrls appear Lo be Lhe very successful, accordlng Lo a
large number of Lhe women lnLervlewed. 1he women clalmed LhaL lL has become less common
for parenLs Lo marry Lhelr glrls as chlld brldes. lor example,

1he women's rlghLs organlzaLlons came Lo our vlllage and gaLhered oLher women ln my
house. 1hey advlsed Lhese women LhaL Lhey should noL marry off Lhelr young glrls and
LhaL men should noL beaL women and LhaL Mehr should be glven Lo women. ?es, we all
have awareness abouL women's rlghLs. We all know LhaL we should noL leL our glrls geL
marrled off ln young ages and women should geL Lhelr Mehr from Lhelr husbands.
43

- lCu, llllLeraLe women over 30 ln rural !awz[an

Women ln !awz[an sLaLed LhaL slnce awareness ralslng campalgns abouL women's rlghLs ln Lhe
medla, Lhere were fewer flghLs and domesLlc vlolence among Lhe famllles Lhey knew:

1here are noL many flghLs ln our vlllage beLween husbands and wlves, moLhers ln law
and daughLers ln law, because people now have access Lo 1vs and medla. now boLh
men and women know LhaL we should noL flghL wlLh each oLher and LhaL we should
lnsLead llve happlly LogeLher. now such flghLs have decreased ln Lhe vlllages Lhrough
awareness campalgns elLher by organlzaLlons, 1v or radlo. We wanL more awareness
ralslng campalgns.
- lCu, llLeraLe women over 30, rural !awz[an

CLher sLudles also conflrm LhaL women's awareness of Lhelr rlghLs have lmproved, as
more women reporL and flle legal cases, especlally cases of vlolence agalnsL women.
Powever, mosL of Lhe cases reporLed by women Lo Lhe ueparLmenL of Women's Affalrs
and Afghan naLlonal ollce never reach Lhe prosecuLors or Lhe courLs slnce Lhey are
ofLen dropped or resolved Lhrough medlaLlon.
44

8.2 ers|st|ng Cha||enges
A weak [udlclary wlLh many unquallfled [udges lacklng proper legal educaLlon and a pollce force
wlLh a llLeracy raLe of 28 percenL severely undermlne aLLempLs Lo reform and lmprove Lhe

43
Mehr ls a form of dowry money or properLy, promlsed by Lhe husband as parL of Lhe marrlage conLracL.
Mehr ls consldered as a rlghL of women accordlng Lo lslam and ls meanL Lo provlde flnanclal sLablllLy ln
case of dlvorce or deaLh of Lhe husband. Source: ParakaL (May 2011), Women's Access Lo roperLy ln
AfghanlsLan, p.10
44
unAMA (2012), SLlll a Long Way Lo Co: lmplemenLaLlon of Lhe Law on LllmlnaLlon of vlolence agalnsL
Women ln AfghanlsLan, avallable aL:
hLLp://unama.unmlsslons.org/LlnkCllck.aspx?flleLlckeL=Cy9mulLa38w3u&La
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32
[udlclary sysLem ln AfghanlsLan.
43
AlLhough aLLempLs have been made Lo uLlllze help from
rellglous leaders and elders Lo spread awareness abouL women's rlghLs, Lhe lmpacL of such
efforLs remalns llmlLed. Many of Lhe workshops organlzed Lo promoLe women's rlghLs do noL
lasL more Lhan a few days and are only avallable Lo a small porLlon of Lhe women ln dlfferenL
communlLles.

Legal awareness ralslng campalgns have focused malnly on ralslng Lhe awareness of women
regardlng Lhelr own rlghLs whlle men have been overlooked and lefL unlnformed abouL Lhe
lmporLance of rlghLs for women. Women are concerned LhaL knowledge of Lhelr rlghLs ls noL
sufflclenL for pracLlclng Lhelr rlghLs as unlnformed husbands and broLhers ofLen reslsL changes
demanded by Lhe women:

Legal awareness messages should be dellvered Lo men as well as women, so LhaL men
undersLand LhaL women have equal rlghLs as men have. men should geL more
awareness messages because men are leadlng Lhe socleLy. lor example, lf a man does
noL allow hls wlfe Lo go ouL, how can LhaL poor woman lnslsL Lo go ouL by [usL saylng lL
ls her rlghL Lo go ouL?
- lCu, llllLeraLe women under 23 ln cenLral 8amyan

ALLempLs Lo ralse women's awareness of legal and human rlghLs vary ln dlfferenL provlnces. ln
!awz[an, kabul, and PeraL where securlLy ls relaLlvely good and wlLh a populaLlon where women
have greaLer moblllLy, awareness-ralslng programs and workshops appear Lo be more common,
even ln Lhe rural communlLles. ln provlnces such as kandahar lL ls more challenglng for women
Lo clalm Lhelr legal rlghLs or oppose ln[usLlce, malnly because of a much hlgher level of soclal
conservaLlsm.

Women face a number of serlous obsLacles when aLLempLlng Lo exerclse Lhelr legal rlghLs. ln
case of a serlous domesLlc grlevance, for example, women have Lo be courageous enough Lo
sLand up Lo Lhelr famllles and rlsk becomlng osLraclzed by Lhelr famllles and communlLles. Many
women feel LhaL Lhe governmenL auLhorlLles do noL offer offlclal lnvesLlgaLlon ln cases of
sulclde, self-lmmolaLlon and honor kllllngs. 1he laws Lo proLecL women are ofLen noL enforced
as vlolence agalnsL women ls sLlll consldered as a domesLlc lssue.

1here are lnsufflclenL shelLers and legal ald enLlLles LhaL caLer for women, leavlng women wlLh
no opLlon buL Lo endure ln[usLlce. CfLen, male famlly members prevenL women from accesslng
governmenLal enLlLles slnce Lhls ls consldered as hlghly lnapproprlaLe and a source of dlshonor.
Women's only effecLlve recourse ls Lhe advlce of communlLy elders on how Lo resolve Lhe
confllcL. lor example,

We cannoL defend our rlghLs. 8ecause of our famlly honor we are noL able Lo go Lo
courLs or oLher legal deparLmenLs. We are noL allowed by our men Lo go Lo any
governmenL deparLmenL for any buslness. We always Lry Lo solve our problems wlLh
advlce from Lhe whlLe beards.
- lCu, llllLeraLe women over 30 ln cenLral kandahar

And,


43
!ensen (2011).
www.appro.org.af

33
1here are women who are Lroubled by Lhelr husbands and Lhelr famllles. 8uL Lhey do
noL have Lhe courage Lo go Lo anywhere because Lhey know LhaL Lhey wlll be beaLen
more lf Lhey go Lo any place Lo complaln or Lo run away. 1herefore, Lhey accepL Lhls
cruelLy and sLay.
- lCu, llLeraLe women over 30 ln cenLral PeraL

lnherlLance rlghLs conLlnue belng denled Lo women ln AfghanlsLan. 1he overwhelmlng ma[orlLy
of Afghan women have Lhelr famlly lnherlLances usurped by Lhelr male famlly members.
8.3 Women's Access to Iust|ce |n a keg|ona| Context
unequal represenLaLlon of women ln Lhe [udlclary and law enforcemenL ls a global
phenomenon, wlLh SouLh Asla showlng Lhe lowesL represenLaLlon of women ln Lhese
lnsLlLuLlons.
46
When comparlng AfghanlsLan Lo some of Lhe oLher counLrles ln Lhe reglon lL ls
posslble Lo see LhaL, wlLh Lhe excepLlon of 1urkey, AfghanlsLan ls comparable Lo lLs nelghbors ln
Lerms of women's represenLaLlon ln Lhe [udlclary (1able 6). AfghanlsLan's CenLral Aslan
nelghbors on Lhe oLher hand have a reasonably hlgh represenLaLlon of women ln Lhelr [udlclary
sysLems. More Lhan 40 percenL of Lhe [udges and close Lo 30 percenL of Lhe prosecuLors ln
CenLral Asla are reporLed as belng women.
47


1ab|e 6: Women's representat|on |n the [ust|ce system (|n ):
48

Country Iudges rosecutors Attorneys o||ce
Afghan|stan 3 6 6 1
Ind|a 8,3 . 3 3
1urkey 24 8 33 .
Iraq 3 . 28 0,3


46
un WCMLn (2011), ln ursulL of !usLlce, rogress of Lhe World's Women, avallable aL:
hLLp://progress.unwomen.org/pdfs/Ln-8eporL-rogress.pdf
47
lbld.
48
Sources:
Afghan|stan: Clvll - MlllLary luslon CenLer, avallable aL:
hLLps://www.clmlcweb.org/cmo/afg/uocumenLs/AfghanlsLan-8us/ClC_AfghanlsLan_Women-and-
Cender_leb12.pdf and unu AfghanlsLan, avallable aL:
hLLp://www.undp.org.af/undp/lndex.php?opLlon=com_conLenL&vlew=arLlcle&ld=237:afghan-pollce-
force-recrulLs-women-Lo-flghL-crlme-and-sLlgma&caLld=42:success-sLorles&lLemld=33
Ind|a: 1lme of lndla avallable aL: hLLp://arLlcles.Llmesoflndla.lndlaLlmes.com/2012-12-
04/lndla/33393606_1_women-[udges-lndlan-women-urban-women, unlverslLy of lndlana avallable aL:
hLLp://www.lndlana.edu/~emsoc/ubllcaLlons/Mlchelson_Lawyer_lemlnlzaLlon.pdf, new lndlan Lxpress:
hLLp://newlndlanexpress.com/magazlne/volces/8epresenLaLlon-of-women-ln-pollce-force-ls-flrsL-sLep-
Lowards-equallLy/2013/04/21/arLlcle1330342.ece
1urkey: PurrlyeL ually news, avallable aL: hLLp://www.hurrlyeLdallynews.com/73-pcL-of-[udges-are-men-
daLa-reveals.aspx?pagelu=238&nlu=6886&newsCaLlu=339 and unlverslLy of lndlana avallable aL:
hLLp://www.lndlana.edu/~emsoc/ubllcaLlons/Mlchelson_Lawyer_lemlnlzaLlon.pdf
Iraq: nlqash, avallable aL: hLLp://www.nlqash.org/arLlcles/?ld=2883, SlCl8, avallable aL:
hLLp://www.slglr.mll/flles/audlLs/11-003.pdf and unlverslLy of lndlana avallable aL:
hLLp://www.lndlana.edu/~emsoc/ubllcaLlons/Mlchelson_Lawyer_lemlnlzaLlon.pdf
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8.4 M|n|stry of Iust|ce's 8udget A||ocat|on and Lxpend|ture
ln comparlson Lo Lhe oLher mlnlsLrles, Lhe MlnlsLry of !usLlce (Mo!) has been allocaLed much less
funds ln lL lLs annual budgeL. lor 2011, Mo! was granLed roughly 4 mllllon uSu. lor Lhe
subsequenL Lwo years Lhe mlnlsLry's annual budgeLs were doubled Lo approxlmaLely 8 mllllon
uSu. 1he naLlonal !usLlce rogram, funded by AfghanlsLan 8econsLrucLlon 1rusL lund, ls Lhe
program LhaL women are mosL llkely Lo beneflL from more dlrecLly and ls also Lhe program wlLh
Lhe hlghesL budgeL. 1he few oLher pro[ecLs llsLed ln Mo!'s budgeL are malnly relaLed Lo Lhe
consLrucLlon of faclllLles and purchaslng of equlpmenL (Annex 10-12).

1hese flgures are very low, compared Lo Lhe funds for MoL and MoP, for example. Conslderlng
Lhe poLenLlally lmporLanL role LhaL could be played by Mo! ln promoLlng and proLecLlng
women's rlghLs ln AfghanlsLan, Lhe fundlng and resource allocaLlon could be much lmproved.
8.S NAWA's ke|evance and Lffect|veness |n Access to Iust|ce
lnLervlews wlLh key lnformanLs from Lhe MlnlsLry of !usLlce reveal LhaL alLhough noLable efforLs
Lo lncrease women's access Lo [usLlce have been made slnce 2008, Lhe relevance of nAWA as a
pollcy and lLs lmpacL on Lhese efforLs and developmenLs are noL clear. 1he offlclals of Mo!
admlLLed LhaL Lhey were noL very famlllar wlLh Lhe conLenL of nAWA. LfforLs were sald Lo have
been made ln ralslng legal awareness by Lhe Legal Ald ueparLmenL of Mo!, for example, buL Lhls
process was noL gulded by nAWA. Accordlng Lo Mo!'s ueparLmenL of Legal Ald, Lhelr Lasks and
work are gulded by Mo!'s own awareness pollcy and sLraLegy, whlch ls compaLlble wlLh nAWA.

Accordlng Lo some of Lhe lnLervlewees from Lhe MlnlsLry of !usLlce, Lhe maln problem Mo! faces
wlLh Lhe lmplemenLaLlon of nAWA and Lhe key obsLacle Lo women's access Lo [usLlce ls Lhe
conLlnulng lnsecurlLy ln AfghanlsLan. lor example,

ln Pelmand, where Lhe armed opposlLlon has a sLrong presence, [udges, aLLorneys and
prosecuLors are under consLanL LhreaL and are coerced by local power holders Lo abuse Lhe law
lnsLead of provldlng [usLlce.
- key lnformanL, Mo!

ConservaLlve LradlLlons ln Lhe communlLles were menLloned as a second ma[or obsLacle Lo
Mo!'s efforLs Lo proLecL women's rlghLs. 1he effecLlveness and lmpacL of nAWA ls consldered
as llmlLed slnce Lhe pollcy was sald Lo never have made lL beyond Lhe governmenL offlces ln Lhe
caplLal. 1he provlnces are noL aware of Lhe conLenLs and purpose of nAWA. lL appears LhaL lL
was never broughL Lo or dlscussed wlLh Lhe provlnclal deparLmenLs. ln addlLlon, Lhere has been
lnsufflclenL monlLorlng and evaluaLlon of Lhe pollcy's lmplemenLaLlon.

MoWA ls sald Lo recelve monlLorlng reporLs from Mo! on acLlvlLles relaLed Lo women's access Lo
[usLlce. 1he reporLs lnclude Lhe number of women's cases LhaL reach Lhe mlnlsLry. Mo! reporLs
Lo MoWA every four Lo slx monLhs abouL Lhe lmplemenLaLlon and progresses made agalnsL key
lndlcaLors as sLaLed ln nAWA. 1here have been four meeLlngs ln Lwo years beLween MoWA
and Mo! offlclals on women-relaLed lssues buL Lhe number of Lhese meeLlngs ls lnsufflclenL,
accordlng Lo Mo! offlclals.

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33

8.6 kecommendat|ons

1o the Government of Afghan|stan:

1. 1o enable women and glrls Lo exerclse Lhelr rlghLs on equal Lerms wlLh men and boys, Lhe
governmenL should publlcly and unreservedly supporL Lhe lmplemenLaLlon of Lhe LvAW law.

2. 1he poslLlon of communlLy rellglous leaders such as mullahs should be formallzed wlLh an
asslgned salary Lo enable accounLablllLy Lo governmenLal auLhorlLles.

3. 1he governmenL should publlcly and morally supporL exlsLlng women's shelLers whlle
addlLlonal proLecLlon aL an lnsLlLuLlonal level should be provlded for women Lo safeguard
Lhem when Lhey are osLraclzed.

1o the M|n|stry of Iust|ce:

4. Mo! should organlze lnLernal roundLable dlscusslons wlLh relevanL deparLmenLs Lo re-ralse
and dlscuss nAWA and lLs relevance for Lhelr exlsLlng programs and sLraLegles.

3. More legal awareness-ralslng workshops should be offered aL schools Lo Leach Lhe young
women aL an early age abouL Lhelr rlghLs, buL also Lo use Lhelr knowledge as a means Lo
access Lhelr famllles.

6. Awareness-ralslng programs for men abouL Lhe rlghLs of women should be emphaslzed.

7. 8ellglous leaders should be engaged and lnvolved furLher ln Lhe awareness-ralslng work LhaL
ls conducLed by Mo!.

8. CommunlLy based legal awareness-ralslng lnlLlaLlves should lasL more Lhan a couple of days
Lo maxlmlze Lhe lmpacL and make sure LhaL Lhe parLlclpanLs fully grasp whaL ls belng
conveyed.

9. Mo! should provlde Lralnlng for law enforcemenL offlclals such as Lhe pollce, [udges and
prosecuLors on Lhe LvAW law and women's rlghLs ln general.

10. CverslghL mechanlsms Lo monlLor Lhe law enforcemenL should be puL ln place Lo hold Lhe
law lmplemenLers accounLable when laws are noL respecLed and [usLlce ls neglecLed.

11. Any law enforcemenL or [usLlce offlclal LhaL mlsLreaL, or ln any oLher way dlsregard, women
and glrls who approach Lhem, should be punlshed accordlng Lo esLabllshed procedures and
pollcles.



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36
1o the M|n|stry of Women Affa|rs:

12. MoWA should lncrease lLs efforLs Lo conducL a more regular monlLorlng progress agalnsL
lndlcaLors of lmproved access Lo [usLlce as speclfled ln nAWA.

13. 8egular feedback and commenLs should be provlded Lo Mo!'s relevanL deparLmenLs
regardlng Lhelr work and lLs slgnlflcance Lo Lhe successful lmplemenLaLlon of nAWA.

1o Donors and Internat|ona| Commun|ty:

14. More earmarked fundlng should be offered Lo Mo!'s relevanL deparLmenLs ln Lhelr efforLs Lo
lmprove women's access Lo [usLlce by Lhe donors and lnLernaLlonal communlLy.

13. lncreased Lechnlcal supporL and relnforced coordlnaLlon resources should be offered Lo Mo!
for lmprovlng women's access Lo [usLlce and Lhe lmplemenLaLlon of nAWA.
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37

9. Conc|us|on
rogress conslsLenL wlLh nAWA's ob[ecLlves has been made Lo varylng degrees wlLhln Lhe four
secLors revlewed ln Lhls assessmenL. oslLlve changes are mosL vlslble ln Lhe educaLlon and
healLh secLors. LxLenslve efforLs Lo ralse communlLy awareness abouL Lhe need for and beneflLs
of glrls' educaLlon, women's reproducLlve healLh and hyglene, and women's legal rlghLs have
been made slnce Lhe raLlflcaLlon of nAWA ln 2008. 1hese efforLs have proved effecLlve ln Lhe
sense LhaL communlLles have lmproved undersLandlng, recognlLlon, and percepLlons abouL
women's rlghLs ln socleLy ln many respecLs.

Clrls' enrollmenL ln general educaLlon sLood aL 39 percenL ln 2012. AlLhough female sLudenLs
conLlnue Lo drop ouL more frequenLly Lhan Lhelr male counLerparLs aL Lhe hlgher levels of
educaLlon, more glrls are now graduaLlng 12
Lh
grade compared Lo prevlous years slnce 2001.
Slmllarly, more women dellver Lhelr chlldren under Lhe supervlslon of skllled blrLh aLLendanLs
now, compared Lo Lhe pre-2008 perlod. lamllles appear Lo have a beLLer undersLandlng of Lhe
value of, and appreclaLlon for, permlLLlng Lhelr female famlly members belng cared for by
professlonal healLh sLaff.

Slnce 2001, Lhere have been a number of ma[or efforLs Lo reconsLrucL Lhe educaLlon and healLh
secLors of AfghanlsLan and Lo lncrease access Lo Lhese servlces LhroughouL Lhe counLry. Slnce
2008 MoL and MoP have lnLenslfled Lhelr efforLs Lo consLrucL and renovaLe school bulldlngs,
baslc healLh cenLers, and hosplLals wlLh hundreds of mllllons of dollars havlng been allocaLed by
lnLernaLlonal donors malnly for Lhese purposes. uesplLe Lhese lnvesLmenLs, however, many of
Lhe faclllLles ln boLh educaLlon and healLh are lacklng baslc amenlLles, especlally ln Lhe more
remoLe areas.

1he budgeLs of MoL and MoP, belng Lwo of Lhe largesL, do noL appear Lo have adequaLe
numbers of gender speclflc pro[ecLs as recommended by nAWA. ln Lhe case of MoL, many
senlor offlclals reason LhaL slnce 39 percenL of Lhe budgeL ls allocaLed for Lhe beneflL of women,
Lhere ls llLLle or no need Lo llnk such allocaLlons Lo nAWA or oLher legal and pollcy
commlLmenLs Lo lncrease women's welfare. 1hls vlew undermlnes Lhe raLlonale behlnd
afflrmaLlve acLlon and Lhe facL LhaL women need addlLlonal supporL for equal access.

1he poor quallLy of servlce dellvery ls anoLher ma[or challenge LhaL needs Lo be addressed.
1eachers and healLh professlonals such as docLors, nurses, and mldwlves are exLremely
underpald. 1hls creaLes resenLmenL among Lhese professlonals and undermlnes Lhelr
commlLmenL Lo servlce provlslon. 1he educaLlon and healLh professlonals are also overworked.
1here are hlgh sLudenL/Leacher raLlos and overcrowded hosplLals and cllnlcs. 1he lack of
educaLed and moLlvaLed professlonals ln healLh and educaLlon remalns a ma[or cause of Lhe low
quallLy of servlce belng offered.

Many of Lhe Leachers have only 12
Lh
grade graduaLes and do noL have Leachers' Lralnlng
cerLlflcaLes. 1eachlng for many men and women ls a lasL resorL professlon as lL ls poorly pald
and Lhe work ls relaLlvely demandlng. 1here are numerous cases of lndlvlduals belng recrulLed
as Leachers noL based on Lhelr personal merlLs and educaLlon, buL on personal relaLlons wlLh
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38
people ln charge of recrulLmenL. 1here ls an evldenL need for a more LransparenL recrulLmenL
sysLem, noL only Lo lncrease women's access Lo employmenL ln falr compeLlLlon, buL also Lo
make sure LhaL quallfled personnel are recrulLed.

1he mosL Langlble progress ln women's access Lo work ls lndlcaLed by Lhe lncreased presence of
women ln publlc llfe. 1he demand for klndergarLens and women's represenLaLlon ln varlous
professlonal assoclaLlons has lncreased slgnlflcanLly. uesplLe Lhls poslLlve developmenL, Lhe
absence of women ln declslon-maklng poslLlons ln varlous secLors remalns a ma[or obsLacle Lo
women's proporLlonal professlonal advancemenL.

ln rural areas women reporL LhaL communlLles are more accepLlng of women worklng ouLslde
Lhe home, especlally lf Lhey work ln gender segregaLed envlronmenLs such as glrls' hlgh schools.
SegregaLed work envlronmenL for women ls vlewed by Lhe males of Lhelr famllles as accepLable
and economlcally beneflclal Lo Lhe household's wellbelng. Powever, Lhe ablllLy of a woman Lo
work ln publlc depends heavlly on Lhe awareness and educaLlon levels of Lhe oLher famlly
members and Lhe level of conservaLlveness of Lhelr communlLles.

vocaLlonal Lralnlng offered by MoLSAMu and oLher enLlLles has been very much appreclaLed by
Lhe women who have parLlclpaLed ln such Lralnlngs. Powever, follow up programmlng Lo enable
Lhe vocaLlonally Lralned women Lo flnd [obs and generaLe lncomes has noL been as exLenslve.
Many women who learn new skllls from vocaLlonal Lralnlng do noL have [ob opporLunlLles Lo
maLch Lhelr skllls. AddlLlonal supporL ln Lhe provlslon of raw maLerlal and equlpmenL for
producLlon and ldenLlflcaLlon of markeLs for goods produced by Lhe Lralned women are cruclal
for ensurlng LhaL women wlll generaLe lncome from worklng afLer compleLlng Lhelr Lralnlng.

1he [usLlce secLor appears Lo have experlenced Lhe leasL progress ln Lerms of women's presence
ln, and women beneflLlng from, Lhe secLor. Awareness-ralslng campalgns have proved frulLful ln
lmprovlng women's knowledge abouL Lhelr legal rlghLs and abouL whom Lo approach when ln
need of legal ald. Powever, llLLle has changed ln Lerms of women's wllllngness and ablllLy Lo
exerclse Lhese rlghLs. Cne lmporLanL reason glven for women noL exerclslng Lhelr rlghLs ls Lhe
weak [udlclary sysLem sLaffed wlLh unquallfled, undereducaLed, and someLlmes corrupL offlclals.
lnsufflclenL supporL ls belng offered Lo proLecL female complalnanLs seeklng [usLlce. Women fear
osLraclzaLlon, and ln some cases even deaLh, lf Lhey seek [usLlce ln Lhe formal sysLem. 1he lack of
proLecLlon for women ln exerclslng Lhelr rlghLs and shelLers Lo supporL women ln Lhelr quesL for
[usLlce, comblned wlLh lnadequaLe law enforcemenL Lo punlsh perpeLraLors of vlolence, force
women Lo rely on Lhe LradlLlonal forms of confllcL resoluLlon, whlch ls almosL always blased
agalnsL equal rlghLs for women.

1here ls a noLlceable dlfference beLween Lhe varlous mlnlsLrles ln how Lhey allocaLe Lhelr
budgeLs Lo women-cenLered programmlng. Mo! and MoLSAMu recelve conslderably less
fundlng Lhan MoL and MoP, wlLh Lhe laLLer Lwo mlnlsLrles belng especlally favored by Lhe
lnLernaLlonal donors. As none of Lhe four mlnlsLrles has women-cenLered budgeLlng, desplLe
havlng some form of a gender pollcy and gender unlLs, lL appears LhaL ln pracLlce formal pollcles
and sLrucLures are noL adhered Lo Lhrough Lhe provlslon of adequaLe and earmarked flnanclal
resources Lo supporL Lhese pollcles and sLrucLures.

nAWA was developed ln consulLaLlon wlLh aL leasL some of Lhe mlnlsLrles. Powever, noL many
deparLmenLs wlLhln Lhe mlnlsLrles ln Lhe caplLal are aware of Lhe conLenL or Lhe purpose of
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39
nAWA and lLs role ln gender malnsLreamlng. 1hls lack of awareness ls even more apparenL aL
Lhe provlnclal level and ln Lhe llne mlnlsLrles.

1he progress ln Lerms of women's access Lo educaLlon and healLh do noL appear Lo be
dellberaLe ouLcomes of nAWA, buL raLher resulLs of sLraLegles and programs LhaL exlsLed
before nAWA came lnLo effecL. 1he galns made for women can be aLLrlbuLed largely Lo Lhe facL
LhaL hlgher level of servlce provlslon generally ls llkely Lo lnclude more women Lhan lower levels
of servlce provlslon.

1haL nAWA ls noL Lhe maln cause of Lhe recenL relaLlve progress ln women's wellbelng ln
AfghanlsLan should noL lmply LhaL nAWA has falled. 8aLher, Lhe currenL programmlng by Lhe
varlous mlnlsLrles, whlch serves women by defaulL, should be reconclled wlLh nAWA's
ob[ecLlves. 1hls reconclllaLlon and reallgnmenL of women-cenLered programmlng wlLh nAWA
can be accompllshed, Lo a large exLenL, Lhrough regular and wldely dlssemlnaLed evaluaLlons of
programmlng uslng nAWA's ob[ecLlves and mllesLones. AssessmenLs and evaluaLlons should be
conducLed sysLemaLlcally and more frequenLly Lo lnform Lhe lmplemenLers abouL Lhe progress
made agalnsL key lndlcaLors of nAWA. Where Lhese lndlcaLors are lnadequaLe, more
approprlaLe ones should be devlsed based on emplrlcal evldence.

Whlle efforLs Lo lncrease access Lo schools, healLhcare, [usLlce, and publlc spaces beneflL women
and men, wlLhouL gender-senslLlve budgeLlng and plannlng Lhe soclal facLors LhaL lmpede
women's equal opporLunlLles are llkely Lo be lefL unchallenged.

Slnce 2006 securlLy has sLeadlly deLerloraLed and a number of earller galns ln gender
malnsLreamlng have been rolled back, or are under Lhe LhreaL of belng as a posslble ouLcome of
peace negoLlaLlons wlLh Lhe armed opposlLlon groups. 1he currenL sLaLe of affalrs, characLerlzed
Lhe planned LranslLlon ln 2014 of securlLy responslblllLles from lnLernaLlonal Lo naLlonal securlLy
forces, resldenLlal LlecLlons planned for early 2014, and ongolng aLLempLs Lo negoLlaLe peace
wlLh armed opposlLlon groups add Lo Lhe urgency of Lhe flndlngs from Lhls and relaLed sLudles
for proLecLlng Lhe rlghLs of Afghan women and women-cenLered programmlng ln AfghanlsLan
beyond 2014 by Lhe governmenL and Lhe lnLernaLlonal donor communlLy.



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10. kecommendat|ons
Women's Access to Lducat|on
1o the Government of Afghan|stan:
1. MoWA should be offered more supporL Lo asserL lLself as Lhe lead mlnlsLry responslble for
Lhe lnsLlLuLlonallzaLlon of gender malnsLreamlng and promoLlon of gender equallLy.
2. 1he MlnlsLry of 1ransporL and Clvll AvlaLlon should prlorlLlze and lncrease lLs efforLs Lo
provlde school LransporLaLlon for Leachers and sLudenLs.
3. 1he MlnlsLry of Pa[[ and 8ellglous Affalrs should play a cenLral role ln promoLlng women's
access Lo educaLlon and awareness ralslng agalnsL early marrlages.
1o the M|n|stry of Lducat|on:
4. 1he quallLy level of educaLlon should be lmproved, malnly Lhrough Lhe recrulLmenL of
adequaLely Lralned professlonal Leachers, ralslng Leachers' salarles, and Lhe Llmely provlslon
of learnlng maLerlals and equlpmenL Lo all schools.
3. MoL should publlsh school LexLbooks Lo ensure quallLy and Llmely dellvery Lo Lhe sLudenLs
Lo colnclde wlLh Lhe sLarL of Lhe school year.
6. School LransporLaLlon should be prlorlLlzed for safe access of glrls Lo schools, parLlcularly ln
Lhe remoLe areas.
7. Currlculum conLenL on human rlghLs, wlLh a parLlcular emphasls on women's and chlld
rlghLs, should be developed and lncorporaLed ln Lhe naLlonal currlculum of schools
LhroughouL Lhe counLry.
8. More lncenLlves should be provlded Lo recrulL female Leachers, parLlcularly ln remoLe areas
of Lhe counLry by, for example, lncreaslng Lhe salarles of women who agree Lo Leach ln Lhe
rural areas and supporLlng famlly posLlngs Lhrough provldlng employmenL for husbands of
female Leachers.
9. CverslghL mechanlsms Lo monlLor Lhe recrulLmenL process of new Leachers and oLher sLaff
should be esLabllshed by MoL Lo mlnlmlze recrulLmenL based on personal relaLlons raLher
Lhan quallflcaLlons.
10. More secondary schools for glrls' should be esLabllshed ln Lhe remoLe areas.
11. Awareness ralslng campalgns Lo promoLe glrls' educaLlon should be lnLenslfled as parL of Lhe
package Lo acL as deLerrenL Lo early marrlages, parLlcularly ln more remoLe areas.
12. MoL should esLabllsh closer cooperaLlon wlLh rellglous leaders for ralslng communlLy
awareness on Lhe value of glrls' educaLlon Lo hlgh school level.
13. More resources should be allocaLed Lo llLeracy, as Lhere ls a hlgh demand from women and
glven Lhe facL LhaL llLeraLe parenLs are more llkely Lo send Lhelr daughLers and sons Lo
school.

1o the M|n|stry of Women's Affa|rs:
14. SLronger collaboraLlon beLween MoL's gender unlL and MoWA should be esLabllshed for
lmproved efflclency and effecLlveness ln Lhe lmplemenLaLlon of nAWA ln educaLlon.
13. MoWA should work closely wlLh MoL Lo agree on acLlvlLles and clear guldellnes for Lhose
deparLmenLs of MoL LhaL can play dlrecL roles ln gender malnsLreamlng.
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16. MoWA should seek ways of lnsLlLuLlonallzlng consulLaLlon meeLlngs wlLh MoL's gender unlL
Lo provlde guldance and recelve progress updaLes on MoL's efforLs Lo aLLend women's
educaLlonal needs.


1o Donors and Internat|ona| Commun|ty:
17. More fundlng should be allocaLed Lo school bulldlngs, equlpmenL, learnlng maLerlals,
Leachers' Lralnlng, and school LransporLaLlon Lo lmprove Lhe quallLy of educaLlon and access
Lo educaLlon.
18. 1he lnLernaLlonal communlLy should lncrease lLs supporL Lo MoWA Lo lncrease lLs capaclLy
for provldlng guldance on nAWA and conducLlng monlLorlng and evaluaLlon.
Women's Access to nea|thcare
1o the Government of Afghan|stan:
19. 1he MlnlsLry of 1ransporL and Clvll AvlaLlon should lncrease lLs efforLs Lo provlde publlc
LransporLaLlon, especlally ln Lhe rural dlsLrlcLs, Lo ease women's access Lo cllnlcs and
hosplLals.

1o the M|n|stry of Lducat|on:
20. 1he behavlor of physlclans and medlcal sLaff should be monlLored and dlsclpllnary acLlon
Laken Lo ensure LhaL paLlenLs, and especlally women and glrls, are noL dlscrlmlnaLed agalnsL
or mlsLreaLed by healLhcare sLaff.
21. PealLhcare sLaff should recelve lmproved Lralnlng ln medlcal eLhlcs prlor Lo belng sLaLloned
ln healLh faclllLles.
22. A complalnL desk should be placed ln every ueparLmenL of ubllc PealLh Lo recelve and
follow-up on complalnLs by Lhe publlc of lll LreaLmenL by healLhcare sLaff and lack of healLh
servlce quallLy.
23. 1he pharmaceuLlcal sale and prescrlpLlon pracLlces of Lhe docLors should be closely
monlLored Lo prevenL harmful use of medlcal producLs.
24. All pharmacles should be llcensed and employ aL leasL one professlonal pharmaclsL.
23. More awareness ralslng campalgns abouL famlly plannlng, reproducLlve healLh, and general
hyglene ls needed, especlally ln Lhe rural areas.
26. PosplLal consLrucLlon ln rural AfghanlsLan and lncrease ln Lhe number of hosplLal beds
should be prlorlLlzed and acceleraLed.
27. MoP should ensure LhaL all 8PS faclllLles, especlally ln Lhe rural areas, are equlpped and
sLaffed wlLh sufflclenL and adequaLe human resources Lo meeL Lhe chlld and maLernal care
needs of Lhe rural communlLles.
28. Salarles of docLors and healLh assoclaLes should be lncreased Lo meeL Lhe cosL of llvlng and
lncrease morale and [ob saLlsfacLlon of healLh sLaff.

1o the M|n|stry of Women's Affa|rs:
29. SLronger coordlnaLlon beLween MoP's gender unlL and MoWA should be esLabllshed for
lmproved effecLlveness ln Lhe lmplemenLaLlon of nAWA on healLh.
30. MoWA should supporL Lhe gender unlL of MoP ln lncreaslng awareness abouL nAWA
wlLhln Lhe mlnlsLry.
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62
31. MoWA should lncrease lLs efforLs Lo monlLor progress made by MoP ln meeLlng Lhe healLh
ob[ecLlves of nAWA and provlde guldance on correcLlve measures as approprlaLe.

1o Donors and Internat|ona| Commun|ty:
32. 1he lnLernaLlonal communlLy should supporL MoP ln esLabllshlng an lnLernal monlLorlng
and overslghL mechanlsm Lo ensure LhaL healLh personnel fulflll Lhelr funcLlons eLhlcally and
accounLably.
33. AddlLlonal fundlng should be provlded for Lhe consLrucLlon of hosplLals and oLher healLh
faclllLles deslgned wlLh full conslderaLlon for women's speclal needs.
Women's Access to Work
1o the Government of Afghan|stan:
34. A LransparenL recrulLmenL sysLem wlLh afflrmaLlve acLlon Lo supporL women's employmenL
ln Lhe mlnlsLerlal deparLmenLs ls needed Lo lncrease Lhe number of female clvll servanLs ln
all governmenL offlces.
33. 1he governmenL should promoLe women's employmenL ln Lhe prlvaLe secLor by creaLlng
lncenLlves for companles Lo recrulL women.
36. Affordable, women-only publlc LransporLaLlon should be provlded, parLlcularly ln rural
areas, Lo encourage women Lo commuLe Lo dlsLrlcL and provlnclal cenLers.
37. 1he governmenL musL ensure LhaL new and revlsed pollcles on proLecLlng and promoLlng
women's rlghLs are based on local culLural conLexLs and senslLlvlLles and based sound
research, Lo ensure LhaL Lhe pollcles and plans address Lhe baslc needs of women.

1o the M|n|stry of Labor, Soc|a| Affa|rs, Martyrs and the D|sab|ed:
38. More vocaLlonal Lralnlng cenLers/courses should be provlded aL Lhe dlsLrlcL level Lo reach
ouL Lo women ln rural areas, glven Lhe hlgh demand.
39. LnrollmenL ln vocaLlonal Lralnlng musL be monlLored Lo ensure LhaL Lhe mosL sulLable
women are enrolled ln a LransparenL manner.
40. 8uslness and markeLlng opporLunlLles should be creaLed for women Lo lmprove Lhelr access
Lo markeLs.
41. MoLSAMu should sLrlve Lo provlde producLlon maLerlals Lo women who successfully
compleLe Lhelr vocaLlonal Lralnlngs and help Lhem Lo ldenLlfy markeLs for Lhelr produced
goods.
42. More klndergarLen faclllLles, lncludlng communlLy-based arrangemenLs, wlLh quallfled
personnel should be made avallable for women who wlsh Lo pursue work ouLslde Lhe home.
43. Afghan unlons and assoclaLlons should be assessed for Lhelr role ln lncreaslng women's
empowermenL ln Lhe labor force and Lo ldenLlfy ways and means of uLlllzlng Lhese
sLrucLures for furLher beLLermenL of women.
44. Awareness ralslng acLlvlLles on Lhe provlnclal and dlsLrlcL levels should be organlzed more
frequenLly and exLenslvely Lo promoLe women's access Lo work and parLlclpaLlon ln Lhe
labor force.
43. 1he mlnlsLry should alm for aL leasL 30 percenL of lLs annual budgeL and plannlng Lo be
earmarked for pro[ecLs beneflLLlng and empowerlng women.



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1o the M|n|stry of Women Affa|rs:
46. MoWA should work more closely wlLh MoLSAMu's gender unlL Lo exchange lnformaLlon on
Lhe conLenLs and ob[ecLlves of nAWA on women ln work and publlc llfe, and explore ways
ln whlch MoLSAMu's acLlvlLles could be broughL closer Lo meeLlng nAWA ob[ecLlves.
47. A monlLorlng and evaluaLlon sLraLegy should be developed by MoWA ln consulLaLlon wlLh
Lhe oLher mlnlsLrles for monlLorlng nAWA's lmplemenLaLlon and Laklng correcLlve acLlon Lo
ensure LhaL nAWA's ob[ecLlves are meL.
48. MoWA's represenLaLlves should lncrease Lhelr engagemenL wlLh MoLSAMu's gender unlL by
havlng regular face-Lo-face meeLlngs and explorlng approaches Lo meeL nAWA's
ob[ecLlves.

1o Donors and Internat|ona| Commun|ty:

49. 1he uonors and lnLernaLlonal communlLy should conLlnue supporL for vocaLlonal Lralnlng
programs and expand Lhem Lo lnclude asslsLance wlLh acqulrlng sLarL-up equlpmenL and
maLerlals and markeLlng.
30. More pro[ecLs should be devlsed for addresslng Lhe lssue women's lnherlLance and properLy
rlghLs based on sound research and ln full recognlLlon of Lhe close assoclaLlon beLween
women's rlghLs and properLy rlghLs.
Women's Access to Iust|ce
1o the Government of Afghan|stan:
31. 1o enable women and glrls Lo exerclse Lhelr rlghLs, Lhe governmenL should publlcly and
unreservedly supporL Lhe lmplemenLaLlon of Lhe LvAW law.
32. 1he poslLlon of communlLy rellglous leaders should be formallzed wlLh an asslgned salary Lo
enable accounLablllLy Lo governmenLal auLhorlLles.
33. 1he governmenL should publlcly supporL exlsLlng women's shelLers whlle addlLlonal
proLecLlon aL an lnsLlLuLlonal level should be provlded for women Lo safeguard Lhem.

1o the M|n|stry of Iust|ce:
34. Mo! should organlze lnLernal roundLable dlscusslons wlLh relevanL deparLmenLs Lo dlscuss
nAWA and lLs relevance for Lhelr exlsLlng programs and sLraLegles.
33. More legal awareness ralslng workshops should be offered aL schools Lo Leach glrls and boys
aL an early age abouL women's rlghLs.
36. 1here should be more awareness ralslng programs for men Lo ralse Lhelr awareness abouL
Lhe rlghLs of women.
37. 8ellglous leaders should be engaged and lnvolved ln Lhe awareness ralslng lnlLlaLlves of Mo!.
38. CommunlLy-based legal rlghLs awareness ralslng lnlLlaLlves should be more Lhan a few days
of Lralnlng and lnclude follow up menLorlng and refresher Lralnlngs.
39. Mo! should provlde Lralnlng for law enforcemenL personnel lncludlng Lhe pollce, [udges, and
prosecuLors on Lhe LvAW law and women's rlghLs ln general.
60. CverslghL mechanlsms should be puL ln place Lo curb abuse of power by law enforcemenL
and [usLlce offlclals ln general. arLlcular emphasls needs Lo be place on Laklng Lo accounL
Lhose who dlscrlmlnaLe agalnsL women and glrls who resorL Lo Lhe formal sysLem Lo seek
[usLlce.
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1o the M|n|stry of Women Affa|rs:
61. MoWA should lncrease lLs efforLs Lo engage wlLh key mlnlsLrles and Lo conducL regular
monlLorlng of Lhe progress made agalnsL nAWA's lndlcaLors on access Lo [usLlce.
62. MoWA should seek Lo work more closely wlLh Mo! wlLh Lhe alm of allgnlng Mo!'s acLlvlLles
wlLh meeLlng nAWA's ob[ecLlves.

1o Donors and Internat|ona| Commun|ty:
63. More earmarked fundlng should be provlded Lo Mo! Lo lnLenslfy lLs efforLs Lo lmprove
women's access Lo [usLlce.
64. lncreased Lechnlcal supporL and relnforced coordlnaLlon efforLs by Lhe lnLernaLlonal
communlLy should be provlded for Mo! Lo lmprove women's access Lo [usLlce and Lhe
lmplemenLaLlon of nAWA.
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8|b||ography

Afghan Women's neLwork (AWn) (2012), avallable aL: hLLp://www.gnwp.org/wp-
conLenL/uploads/2010/02/AfghanlsLan_8eporL.pdf

Akbar, S. and 1. lrzad (2011). Women's Access 1o roperLy ln AfghanlsLan: Law, LnforcemenL
and 8arrlers. (kabul: Cara ConsulLlng lnc.)

A8C (!une 2013). AfghanlsLan: MonlLorlng Women's SecurlLy ln 1ranslLlon. Avallable aL:
hLLp://www.cordald.org/en/publlcaLlons/afghanlsLan-monlLorlng-womens-securlLy-LranslLlon/

Coleman, l. and C.Z. Lemmon (SepLember 2011), MaLernal healLh ln AfghanlsLan: lmprovlng
healLh and sLrengLhenlng socleLy. (A Cl8 Worklng aper) Avallable aL:
hLLp://www.cfr.org/afghanlsLan/maLernal-healLh-afghanlsLan/p23913

Luropean unlon (2009). naLlonal 8lsk and vulnerablllLy AssessmenL 2007/2008. Avallable aL:
hLLp://ec.europa.eu/europeald/where/asla/documenLs/afgh_nrva_2007-08_full_reporL_en.pdf

CovernmenL of AfghanlsLan (2008). AfghanlsLan naLlonal uevelopmenL SLraLegy (AnuS),
LxecuLlve Summary. Avallable aL:
hLLps://www.llo.org/dyn/naLlex/docs/MCnCC8AP/79333/83234/l436373039/AlC79333.pdf

ParakaL (May 2010). Women's Access Lo roperLy ln AfghanlsLan: Law, LnforcemenL and
8arrlers. Avallable aL: hLLp://www.harakaL.af/slLe_flles/13623034771.pdf

Puman 8lghLs WaLch (!uly 2013). AfghanlsLan: lalllng CommlLmenLs Lo roLecL Women.
Avallable aL: hLLp://www.hrw.org/news/2013/07/11/afghanlsLan-falllng-commlLmenLs-proLecL-
womens-rlghLs

l8ln news (2009). AfghanlsLan: lood Ald noL 8eachlng MosL vulnerable Women, Chlldren.
Avallable aL: hLLp://www.lrlnnews.org/8eporL/83709/AlCPAnlS1An-lood-ald-noL-reachlng-
mosL-vulnerable-women-chlldren

kandlyoLl, u. (2003). 1he ollLlcs of Cender and 8econsLrucLlon ln AfghanlsLan. (Ceneva:
un8lSu). Avallable aL:
hLLp://www.unrlsd.org/8023683C0038CCl9/(hLLpAuxages)/30308L40uA38871CC1237044003
34A7A/$flle/CC4.pdf

Larson, A. (2008). A MandaLe Lo MalnsLream: romoLlng Cender LquallLy ln AfghanlsLan. kabul:
AfghanlsLan 8esearch and LvaluaLlon unlL. Avallable aL:
hLLp://areu.org.af/LdlLlonueLalls.aspx?LdlLlonld=497&ConLenLld=7&arenLld=7&Lang=en-uS

MoL. naLlonal LducaLlon SLraLeglc lan (nLS ll), 2010-2014. Avallable aL:
hLLp://planlpolls.llep.unesco.org/formaL_llsLe1_en.php?Chp2=AfghanlsLan
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66



MoP (2012). naLlonal Cender SLraLegy 2012-2016, avallable aL:
hLLp://moph.gov.af/ConLenL/Medla/uocumenLs/MoP_naLlonal_Cender_SLraLegy_llnal_Lnglls
h_2012164201212934246333323323.pdf

MoP. naLlonal PealLh ollcy 2003-2009 and naLlonal PealLh SLraLegy 2003-2006. Avallable aL:
hLLp://moph.gov.af/ConLenL/Medla/uocumenLs/MonlLorlng-LvaluaLlon-ollcy-
SLraLegy2912201016288921.pdf

MoP (2003). A 8aslc ackage of PealLh Servlce for AfghanlsLan. Avallable aL:
hLLp://www.msh.org/afghanlsLan/pdf/AfghanlsLan_8PS_2003_1384.pdf

MoP (2010). AfghanlsLan MorLallLy Survey. Avallable aL:
hLLp://measuredhs.com/pubs/pdf/l8248/l8248.pdf

MoWA (2008). 1he naLlonal AcLlon lan for Lhe Women of AfghanlsLan. Avallable aL:
hLLp://www.unlfem.org/afghanlsLan/medla/pubs/08/nAWA_Ln.hLml?

norLh, A. (CcLober 2011). Successes and challenges ln Afghan glrls' educaLlon, 88C. Avallable aL:
hLLp://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asla-19911341

arLo, S. A. Pozyalnova, and 8. Mlhran (2011). Cender and Lhe AgrlculLural lnnovaLlon SysLem ln
8ural AfghanlsLan: 8arrlers and 8rldges. (kabul: A8C) Avallable aL:
hLLp://appro.org.af/publlcaLlons/page/2/

ShaukaL, A. (CcLober 2012). LducaLlon for all: llLeracy raLe rlslng buL aklsLan needs Lo do more,
1he Lxpress 1rlbune. Avallable aL: hLLp://Lrlbune.com.pk/sLory/436401/educaLlon-for-all-
llLeracy-raLe-rlslng-buL-paklsLan-needs-Lo-do-more/

SlCA8 (2010). AfghanlsLan's naLlonal SolldarlLy rogram Pas 8eached 1housands of Afghan
CommunlLles, buL laces Challenges LhaL Could LlmlL CuLcomes. (kabul: SlCA8) Avallable aL:
hLLp://www.slgar.mll/pdf/audlLs/2011-03-22audlL-11-08.pdf

1he 1elegraph (March 2009). Pamld karzal slgns law 'legallslng rape ln marrlage'.
Avallable aL: hLLp://www.Lelegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asla/afghanlsLan/3080797/Pamld-
karzal-slgns-law-legallslng-rape-ln-marrlage.hLml

un (2002). ulscrlmlnaLlon agalnsL women and glrls ln AfghanlsLan. 8eporL of Lhe SecreLary-
Ceneral. Avallable aL: www.un.org/evenLs/women/2002/ecn620023eng.pdf

0N (}uly 2u1S), 0NCEBAW Afghanistan Shauow Repoit. Available at:
http:tbinteinet.ohchi.oigTieatiesCEBAWShaieu%2uBocumentsAFuINT_CEBAW_N
u0_AFu_142S2_E.puf

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67
unAMA (uecember 2012). SLlll a Long Way Lo Co: lmplemenLaLlon of Lhe Law on LllmlnaLlon of
vlolence agalnsL Women ln AfghanlsLan. Avallable aL:
hLLp://unama.unmlsslons.org/LlnkCllck.aspx?flleLlckeL=Cy9mulLa38w3u&La

unu (2013). Puman uevelopmenL 8eporL (Pu8). Avallable aL:
hLLp://hdr.undp.org/en/reporLs/global/hdr2013/
unlA (2011). 8eproducLlve PealLh: PealLh Servlces ln 8emoLe Areas. Avallable aL:
hLLp://counLryofflce.unfpa.org/afghanlsLan/2011/11/13/4190/reproducLlve_healLh_healLh_serv
lces_ln_remoLe_areas/

unllLM. CLuAW 8rleflng klL. Avallable aL: hLLp://cedaw-
seasla.org/docs/general/CLuAW_8rleflng_klL.pdf

un WCMLn (2011), ln ursulL of !usLlce, rogress of Lhe World's Women. Avallable aL:
hLLp://progress.unwomen.org/pdfs/Ln-8eporL-rogress.pdf

WordsworLh, A. (2007). A MaLLer of lnLeresLs: Cender and Lhe ollLlcs of resence ln
AfghanlsLan's Wolesl !lrga. (kabul: AfghanlsLan 8esearch and LvaluaLlon unlL). Avallable aL:
hLLp://www.areu.org.af/uploads/LdlLlondfs/711L-A20MaLLer20of20lnLeresLs20l.pdf

Worklng Croup 1323 8eporL (uecember 2008). 1 ?ear Cf nA. LvaluaLlng Lhe uuLch naLlonal
AcLlon lan on unSC 8esoluLlon 1323 AfLer Cne ?ear of lmplemenLaLlon. Avallable aL:
hLLp://www.womenpeacemakersprogram.org/newslLems/llnal_8eporL_Lval_nA_1323_12uec
2008.pdf

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Annexes 1 - 12: M|n|ster|a| 8udgets



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2010 2010 2011 2011
# Type of project: Start date: Donor: Total budget
for 2010 in
USD
Budget
spent in
2010 in USD
Budget
transferred
to 2011 in
USD
New budget
for 2011 in
USD
Budget for
2011 in USD
1 Skill Development Program 2005 The World Bank ,GoA 5,946,550 5,946,550 0 2,500,000 2,500,000
2 Small Enterprise Development in Frontier (vocational training) 2007 GoA, India 1,593,260 1,493,260 100,000 750,000 850,000
3 Department assistance 2008 GoA 506,030 506,030 0 500,000 500,000
4 Pension Reform Project 2009 The World Bank 2,056,790 1,097,790 959,000 800,000 1,759,000
5 Weaving training project in Lal and Sarjangal districts of Ghor province 2009 Counter Narcotics Trust Fund 301,000 301,000 0 0 0
6 Vocational training projects in 9 provincial centers 2009 Japan 410,990 410,990 0 1,100,000 1,100,000
7 Skills development and vocational training for women 2009 GoA 450,880 450,880 0 0 0
8 Construction projects for kindergarten in Chaghcharan 2009 Lithuania 416,000 0 416,000 0 416,000
9 Vocational training projects for cutting mountain stone 2009 GoA 500,000 183,000 317,000 0 317,000
10 Vocational training for the disabled in Kabul 2010 GoA 165,000 121,000 44,000 0 44,000
11 Project registration and provision of work permits to foreign nationals 2010 GoA 250,000 69,000 181,000 100,000 281,000
12 Construction and equipping of the National Disability Resource Centers 2010 GoA 750,000 0 750,000 0 750,000
13 Project Support Unit 2010 Peace and Reintegration Trust Fund 40,000 40,000 0 131,160 131,160
Total budget - 2011 Total budget - 2011 Total budget - 2011 Total budget - 2011 8,648,160 8,648,160 8,648,160 8,648,160 8,648,160
Source: MoF Source: MoF Source: MoF Source: MoF
ANNEX 7 MoLSA Budget 1389-1390 (2010 - 2011)


2011 2011 2012 2012
# Type of project: Start date: Donor: Total budget
for 2011, in
USD
Budget
spent in
2011, in USD
Budget
transferred
to 2012, in
USD
New budget
for 2012, in
USD
Budget for
2012, in USD
1 Skill Development Program 2005 The World Bank ,GoA 5,917,660 1,420,910 4,496,750 0 4,496,750
2 Small Enterprise Development in Frontier (vocational training) 2007 GoA, India 955,540 295,990 659,550 0 659,550
3 Department assistance 2008 GoA 580,000 386,090 193,910 400,000 593,910
4 Pension Reform Project 2009 The World Bank 2,143,290 1,475,530 667,760 3,000,000 3,667,760
5 Vocational training projects in 9 provincial centers 2009 Japan, GoA 1,332,330 506,140 826,190 1,000,000 1,826,190
6 Construction projects for kindergarten in Chaghcharan 2009 Lithuania 416,000 163,980 252,020 0 252,020
7 Construction and equipping of the National Disability Resource Centers 2010 GoA 670,000 98,500 571,500 0 571,500
8 Project Support Unit 2010 Peace and Reintegration Trust Fund 166,910 73,930 92,980 0 92,980
9 Gender projects (training and capacity building) for women in Kabul, Herat and Mazar 2011 GoA 200,000 19,240 180,760 0 180,760
10 Survey database of Martyrs and Disabled and MIS systems 2011 GoA 500,000 0 500,000 0 500,000
11 Vocational skills training in the Qadis district of Badghis province 2011 Peace and Reintegration Trust Fund 480,000 284,600 195,400 0 195,400
12 Vocational training 2011 Peace and Reintegration Trust Fund 1,000,000 0 1,000,000 2,000,000 3,000,000
New projects starting in 2012
13 To establish vocational training centers 2012 GoA 0 0 0 1,000,000 1,000,000
Total budget - 2012 Total budget - 2012 Total budget - 2012 Total budget - 2012 17,036,820 17,036,820 17,036,820 17,036,820 17,036,820
Source: MoF Source: MoF Source: MoF Source: MoF
ANNEX 8 MoLSA Budget 1390-1391 (2011 - 2012)


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2012 2012 2013 2013
# Type of project: Start date: Donor: Total budget
for 2012, in
USD
Budget
spent in
2012, in USD
Budget
transferred
to 2013, in
USD
New budget
for 2013, in
USD
Budget for
2013, in USD
1 Skill Development Program 2005 The World Bank ,GoA 4,039,122 0 5,186,182 1,650,000 6,836,182
2 Small Enterprise Development in Frontier (vocational training) 2007 GoA, India 344,256 344,256 0 0 0
3 Department assistance 2008 GoA 465,267 397,891 67,376 300,000 367,376
4 Pension Reform Project 2009 The World Bank 3,286,975 2,379,127 907,848 1,900,000 2,807,848
5 Vocational training projects in 9 provincial centers 2009 Japan, GoA 1,387,234 1,387,234 0 0 0
6 Construction projects for kindergarten in Chaghcharan 2009 Lithuania 250,060 225,815 24,245 0 24,245
7 Project registration and provision of work permits to foreign nationals 2010 GoA 271,580 107,282 164,298 200,000 364,298
8 Construction and equipping of the National Disability Resource Centers 2010 GoA 470,573 259,790 210,783 500,000 710,783
9 Project Support Unit 2010 Peace and Reintegration Trust Fund 193,737 162,119 31,618 0 31,618
10 Gender projects (training and capacity building) for women in Kabul, Herat and Mazar 2011 GoA 143,996 87,479 56,517 100,000 156,517
11 Survey database of Martyrs and Disabled and MIS systems 2011 GoA 369,999 224,717 145,282 0 145,282
12 Vocational skills training in the Qadis district of Badghis province 2011 Peace and Reintegration Trust Fund 68,385 68,385 0 0 0
13 Vocational training 2011 Peace and Reintegration Trust Fund 3,986,288 3,986,288 0 0 0
14 Technical vocational training 2011 USAID 493,200 493,200 0 0 0
15 Construction and equipping of vocational education and training center in Farah 2012 GoA 200.000 0 200.000 0 200.000
16 To establish vocational training centers 2012 GoA 1,000,000 0 1,000,000 1,100,000 2,100,000
Total budget - 2013 Total budget - 2013 Total budget - 2013 Total budget - 2013 13,544,349 13,544,349 13,544,349 13,544,349 13,544,349
Source: MoF Source: MoF Source: MoF Source: MoF
ANNEX 9 MoLSA Budget 1391-1392 (2012 - 2013)

MoJ Budget 1389-1390 (2010 - 2011)
2010 2010 2012 2012
# Type of project: Start date: Donor: Total budget
for 2010, in
USD
Budget
spent in
2010, in USD
Budget
transferred
to 2011, in
USD
New budget
for 2011, in
USD
Budget for
2011, in USD
1 Prison building in 6 provinces 2007 Czech Republic, GoA 1,873,950 640,910 1,233,040 700,000 1,933,040
2 National Justice Program 2008 Afghanistan Reconstruction Trust Fund 7,221,550 5,221,550 2,000,000 0 2,000,000
3 Kitchen construction, repair, and furnishing of Charkhi prison 2008 GoA 8,580 8,020 560 0 560
4 Children rehabilitation centers in the provinces 2010 GoA 100,000 0 100,000 0 100,000
5 Purchase of equipment and vehicles for prisons 2010 GoA 300,000 300,000 0 0 0
6 Services at the district level (Ministry of Justice) 2010 GoA, Great Britain 7,550 7,550 0 0 0
Total budget - 2011 Total budget - 2011 Total budget - 2011 Total budget - 2011 4,033,600 4,033,600 4,033,600 4,033,600 4,033,600
Source: MoF Source: MoF Source: MoF Source: MoF
ANNEX 10

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2011 2011 2012 2012
# Type of project: Start date: Donor: Total budget
for 2011, in
USD
Budget
spent in
2011, in USD
Budget
transferred
to 2012, in
USD
New budget
for 2012, in
USD
Budget for
2012, in USD
1 National Justice Program 2008 Afghanistan Reconstruction Trust Fund 4,328,360 2,590,650 1,737,710 3,900,000 5,637,700
2 Children rehabilitation centers in the provinces 2010 Government of Afghanistan 100,000 0 100,000 0 100,000
3 Construction of rights management building, Badghis 2011 Government of Afghanistan 150,000 0 150,000 0 150,000
New projects starting in 2012
4 Construction of Provincial Department of Justice building 2012 Government of Afghanistan 0 0 0 1,500,000 1,500,000
5 Construction of Rehabilitation Center for Children 2012 Government of Afghanistan 0 0 0 500,000 500,000
Total budget - 2012 Total budget - 2012 Total budget - 2012 Total budget - 2012 7,887,700 7,887,700 7,887,700 7,887,700 7,887,700
Source: MoF Source: MoF Source: MoF Source: MoF
MoJ Budget 1390-1391 (2011 - 2012) ANNEX 11


2012 2012 2013 2013
# Type of project: Start date: Donor: Total budget
for 2012, in
USD
Budget
spent in
2012, in USD
Budget
transferred
to 2013, in
USD
New budget
for 2013, in
USD
Budget for
2013, in USD
1 National Justice Program 2008 Afghanistan Reconstruction Trust Fund 3,900,000 991,199 2,908,801 1,600,000 4,508,801
2 Children rehabilitation centers in the provinces 2010 Government of Afghanistan 100,000 50,679 49,321 0 49,321
3 Construction of Provincial Department of Justice building 2012 Government of Afghanistan 1,500,000 0 1,500,000 800,000 2,300,000
4 Construction of Rehabilitation Center for Children 2012 Government of Afghanistan 500,000 0 500,000 600,000 1,100,000
5 Construction of Kamari water management building, Badghis 2011 Government of Afghanistan 150,000 44,013 105,987 0 105,987
Total budget - 2013 Total budget - 2013 Total budget - 2013 Total budget - 2013 8,064,109 8,064,109 8,064,109 8,064,109 8,064,109
Source: MoF Source: MoF Source: MoF Source: MoF
MoJ Budget 1391-1392 (2012 - 2013) ANNEX 12


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ANNLk 13 - L|st of kespondents

# rov|nce Locat|on 1ype of Interv|ew kespondents
1 8adakhshan CenLer lndlvldual lnLervlew 13 pollce
2 8adakhshan CenLer CbservaLlon Cllnlc
3 8adakhshan CenLer CbservaLlon Cllnlc
4 8adakhshan CenLer CbservaLlon Cllnlc
3 8adakhshan CenLer key lnformanL lLuCW
6 8adakhshan CenLer lCu llllLeraLe over 30 years old
7 8adakhshan CenLer lCu llllLeraLe under 23 years old
8 8adakhshan CenLer key lnformanL [udge
9 8adakhshan CenLer key lnformanL [usLlce deparLmenL
10 8adakhshan CenLer key lnformanL legal ald organlzaLlon
11 8adakhshan CenLer key lnformanL legal servlce of women for women
12 8adakhshan CenLer lCu LlLeraLe over 30 years old
13 8adakhshan CenLer lCu LlLeraLe under 23 years old
14 8adakhshan CenLer lCu LlLeraLe Worklng over 30 years old
13 8adakhshan CenLer lCu LlLeraLe Worklng under 23 years old
16 8adakhshan CenLer key lnformanL nACC
17 8adakhshan CenLer key lnformanL prosecuLor
18 8adakhshan CenLer CbservaLlon School
19 8adakhshan CenLer CbservaLlon School
20 8adakhshan CenLer CbservaLlon School
21 8adakhshan CenLer CbservaLlon School
22 8adakhshan CenLer lndlvldual lnLervlew Lhree pollce dlsLrlcLs
23 8adakhshan 8ural CbservaLlon Cllnlc
24 8adakhshan 8ural CbservaLlon Cllnlc
23 8adakhshan 8ural CbservaLlon Cllnlc
26 8adakhshan 8ural lCu llllLeraLe over 30 years old
27 8adakhshan 8ural lCu llllLeraLe under 23 years old
28 8adakhshan 8ural lCu LlLeraLe over 30 years old
29 8adakhshan 8ural lCu LlLeraLe under 23 years old
30 8adakhshan 8ural lCu LlLeraLe Worklng over 30 years old
31 8adakhshan 8ural lCu LlLeraLe Worklng under 23 years old
32 8adakhshan 8ural CbservaLlon School
33 8adakhshan 8ural CbservaLlon School
34 8adakhshan 8ural CbservaLlon School
33 8adakhshan 8ural CbservaLlon School
36 8adakhshan 8ural CbservaLlon School
37 8adakhshan 8ural CbservaLlon School
38 8adakhshan 8ural CbservaLlon School
39 8alkh CenLer lndlvldual lnLervlew Mazar-e-sharlf (nlne pollce dlsLrlcLs)
40 8amlyan CenLer key lnformanL AlP8C
41 8amlyan CenLer CbservaLlon Cllnlc
42 8amlyan CenLer key lnformanL ueparLmenL of LducaLlon
43 8amlyan CenLer key lnformanL ueparLmenL of LlecLlon
44 8amlyan CenLer key lnformanL ueparLmenL of ubllc PealLh
43 8amlyan CenLer key lnformanL Cawhershad Soclal AssoclaLlon
46 8amlyan CenLer key lnformanL Puman 8lghLs And Clvll SocleLy neLwork
47 8amlyan CenLer lCu llllLeraLe over 30 years old
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48 8amlyan CenLer lCu llllLeraLe under 23 years old
49 8amlyan CenLer key lnformanL [udge
30 8amlyan CenLer key lnformanL !usLlce ueparLmenL
31 8amlyan CenLer lCu LlLeraLe over 30 years old
32 8amlyan CenLer lCu LlLeraLe under 23 years old
33 8amlyan CenLer lCu LlLeraLe Worklng over 30 years old
34 8amlyan CenLer lCu LlLeraLe Worklng under 23 years old
33 8amlyan CenLer key lnformanL mldwlfe Lralnlng cenLer
36 8amlyan CenLer key lnformanL MoLhers for eace AssoclaLlon
37 8amlyan CenLer key lnformanL prosecuLor
38 8amlyan CenLer CbservaLlon School
39 8amlyan CenLer CbservaLlon School
60 8amlyan CenLer key lnformanL 1rader woman
61 8amlyan 8ural CbservaLlon Cllnlc
62 8amlyan 8ural CbservaLlon Cllnlc
63 8amlyan 8ural CbservaLlon Cllnlc
64 8amlyan 8ural lCu llllLeraLe over 30 years old
63 8amlyan 8ural lCu llllLeraLe under 23 years old
66 8amlyan 8ural lCu LlLeraLe over 30 years old
67 8amlyan 8ural lCu LlLeraLe under 23 years old
68 8amlyan 8ural lCu LlLeraLe Worklng over 30 years old
69 8amlyan 8ural lCu LlLeraLe Worklng under 23 years old
70 8amlyan 8ural CbservaLlon School
71 8amlyan 8ural CbservaLlon School
72 8amlyan 8ural CbservaLlon School
73 8amlyan 8ural key lnformanL Shlrln Pazara AssoclaLlon
74 PeraL CenLer key lnformanL Afghan Women neLwork
73 PeraL CenLer CbservaLlon Cllnlc
76 PeraL CenLer CbservaLlon Cllnlc
77 PeraL CenLer CbservaLlon Cllnlc
78 PeraL CenLer key lnformanL ueparLmenL of !usLlce
79 PeraL CenLer key lnformanL ueparLmenL of Women Affalrs
80 PeraL CenLer key lnformanL PAWCA
81 PeraL CenLer lCu llllLeraLe over 30 years old
82 PeraL CenLer lCu llllLeraLe under 23 years old
83 PeraL CenLer key lnformanL [udge
84 PeraL CenLer key lnformanL Lawyer Woman
83 PeraL CenLer lCu LlLeraLe over 30 years old
86 PeraL CenLer lCu LlLeraLe under 23 years old
87 PeraL CenLer lCu LlLeraLe Worklng over 30 years old
88 PeraL CenLer lCu LlLeraLe Worklng under 23 years old
89 PeraL CenLer key lnformanL prosecuLor
90 PeraL CenLer CbservaLlon School
PeraL CenLer CbservaLlon School
91 PeraL CenLer CbservaLlon School
92 PeraL CenLer CbservaLlon School
93 PeraL CenLer key lnformanL 1rader woman
94 PeraL CenLer key lnformanL 1rader woman
93 PeraL 8ural CbservaLlon Cllnlc
96 PeraL 8ural CbservaLlon Cllnlc
97 PeraL 8ural CbservaLlon Cllnlc
98 PeraL 8ural CbservaLlon Cllnlc
99 PeraL 8ural lCu llllLeraLe over 30 years old
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100 PeraL 8ural lCu llllLeraLe under 23 years old
PeraL 8ural lCu LlLeraLe over 30 years old
101 PeraL 8ural lCu LlLeraLe under 23 years old
102 PeraL 8ural lCu LlLeraLe Worklng over 30 years old
103 PeraL 8ural lCu LlLeraLe Worklng under 23 years old
104 PeraL 8ural CbservaLlon School
103 PeraL 8ural CbservaLlon School
106 PeraL 8ural CbservaLlon School
107 PeraL 8ural CbservaLlon School
108 !awz[an CenLer key lnformanL AfghanlsLan developmenL for AfghanlsLan
109 !awz[an CenLer CbservaLlon Cllnlc
110 !awz[an CenLer CbservaLlon Cllnlc
111 !awz[an CenLer CbservaLlon Cllnlc
112 !awz[an CenLer key lnformanL ulrecLor of 8adlo and 1v deparLmenL
113 !awz[an CenLer key lnformanL ulrecLor of soclal sclence faculLy
114 !awz[an CenLer key lnformanL lemale advocaLe ln [usLlce deparLmenL
113 !awz[an CenLer key lnformanL Puman 8lghLs organlzaLlon
116 !awz[an CenLer lCu llllLeraLe over 30 years old
117 !awz[an CenLer lCu llllLeraLe under 23 years old
118 !awz[an CenLer lndlvldual lnLervlew !awz[an (Lhree pollce dlsLrlcLs)
119 !awz[an CenLer lCu LlLeraLe over 30 years old
120 !awz[an CenLer lCu LlLeraLe under 23 years old
121 !awz[an CenLer lCu LlLeraLe Worklng over 30 years old
122 !awz[an CenLer lCu LlLeraLe Worklng under 23 years old
123 !awz[an CenLer CbservaLlon School
124 !awz[an 8ural CbservaLlon Cllnlc
123 !awz[an 8ural CbservaLlon Cllnlc
126 !awz[an 8ural CbservaLlon Cllnlc
127 !awz[an 8ural lCu llllLeraLe over 30 years old
128 !awz[an 8ural lCu llllLeraLe under 23 years old
129 !awz[an 8ural lCu LlLeraLe over 30 years old
130 !awz[an 8ural lCu LlLeraLe under 23 years old
131 !awz[an 8ural lCu LlLeraLe Worklng over 30 years old
132 !awz[an 8ural lCu LlLeraLe Worklng under 23 years old
133 kabul CenLer CbservaLlon Cllnlc
134 kabul CenLer CbservaLlon Cllnlc
133 kabul CenLer CbservaLlon Cllnlc
136 kabul CenLer lCu llllLeraLe over 30 years old
137 kabul CenLer lCu llllLeraLe under 23 years old
138 kabul CenLer lCu LlLeraLe Worklng over 30 years old
139 kabul CenLer lCu LlLeraLe Worklng under 23 years old
140 kabul CenLer CbservaLlon School
141 kabul CenLer CbservaLlon School
142 kabul CenLer CbservaLlon School
143 kabul CenLer CbservaLlon School
144 kabul CenLer CbservaLlon School
143 kabul CenLer CbservaLlon School
146 kabul CenLer CbservaLlon School
147 kabul 8ural lCu llllLeraLe under 23 years old
148 kabul 8ural CbservaLlon Cllnlc
149 kabul 8ural CbservaLlon Cllnlc
130 kabul 8ural lCu llllLeraLe over 30 years old
131 kabul 8ural lCu LlLeraLe Worklng over 30 years old
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132 kabul 8ural lCu LlLeraLe Worklng under 23 years old
133 kabul 8ural CbservaLlon School
134 kabul 8ural CbservaLlon School
133 kabul 8ural CbservaLlon School
136 kabul 8ural CbservaLlon School
137 kandahar CenLer key lnformanL khazanl kandahar
138 kandahar CenLer key lnformanL AnCC
139 kandahar CenLer CbservaLlon Cllnlc
160 kandahar CenLer CbservaLlon Cllnlc
161 kandahar CenLer key lnformanL ueparLmenL of aLLorney general
162 kandahar CenLer key lnformanL ueparLmenL of CourL of [usLlce
163 kandahar CenLer key lnformanL ueparLmenL of LducaLlon
164 kandahar CenLer key lnformanL ueparLmenL of PealLh
163 kandahar CenLer key lnformanL ueparLmenL of !usLlce
166 kandahar CenLer key lnformanL ueparLmenL of Women Affalrs
167 kandahar CenLer lCu llllLeraLe over 23 years old house wlfe
168 kandahar CenLer lCu llllLeraLe under 30 years old house wlfe
169 kandahar CenLer lCu LlLeraLe over 30 years old house wlfe
170 kandahar CenLer lCu LlLeraLe under 30 years old house wlfe
171 kandahar CenLer lCu LlLeraLe Worklng over 23 years old
172 kandahar CenLer lCu LlLeraLe Worklng under 30 years old
173 kandahar CenLer key lnformanL Mercy Mallza
174 kandahar CenLer CbservaLlon School
173 kandahar CenLer CbservaLlon School
176 kandahar CenLer CbservaLlon School
177 kandahar 8ural CbservaLlon Cllnlc
178 kandahar 8ural CbservaLlon Cllnlc
179 kandahar 8ural CbservaLlon Cllnlc
180 kandahar 8ural lCu llllLeraLe over 23 years old house wlfe
181 kandahar 8ural lCu llllLeraLe under 23 years old house wlfe
182 kandahar 8ural lCu LlLeraLe over 23 years old hose wlfe
183 kandahar 8ural lCu LlLeraLe under 23 years old house wlfe
184 kandahar 8ural lCu LlLeraLe Worklng over 23 years old
183 kandahar 8ural lCu LlLeraLe Worklng under 23 years old
186 kandahar 8ural CbservaLlon School
187 kandahar 8ural CbservaLlon School

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ANNLk 14 - Schoo|s Check||st

name of Lhe vlllage
name of Lhe dlsLrlcL
1oLal populaLlon covered by Lhe school:
1eachers on sLaff/CuallflcaLlons/Cender:

number of glrls reglsLered ln school:
Crade 7
Crade 8
Crade 9
Crade 10
Crade 11
Crade 12

number of glrls reglsLered as LruanL:
Crade 7
Crade 8
Crade 9
Crade 10
Crade 11
Crade 12

number of glrls presenL aL Lhe day of vlslL:
Crade 7
Crade 8
Crade 9
Crade 10
Crade 11
Crade 12

Access Lo waLer:
LlecLrlclLy supply:
Access Lo a LolleL:
Ceneral CbservaLlons:
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82
ANNLk 1S - nea|th C||n|cs Check||st

name of Lhe vlllage
name of Lhe dlsLrlcL
1oLal populaLlon covered by Lhe cllnlc:
ulsLance from Lhe largesL hosplLal/healLh cenLer:
uocLors on sLaff/CuallflcaLlons/Cender:
uocLors presenL/CuallflcaLlons/Cender
nurses on sLaff/CuallflcaLlons/Cender
uocLors presenL/CuallflcaLlons/Cender
1ype of Lhe faclllLy:
lmmunlzaLlon servlces:
renaLal care offered?
AnLenaLal care offered?
1ype of oLher servlces offered:
number of cllenLs walLlng aL Lhe Llme of vlslL: Males____ lemales____
1ype of medlclnes avallable free of charge:
1ype of medlclnes avallable for purchase:
Cleanllness of Lhe faclllLles:
Access Lo waLer:
LlecLrlclLy supply:
Access Lo a LolleL:
Ceneral CbservaLlons:

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ANNLk 16 - key Informant Interv|ew Gu|des

1argeL audlence: key lnformanLs

1. WhaL Lype of servlces and baslc human rlghLs llke (educaLlon, employmenL
opporLunlLles and economy, healLh, human rlghLs and legal proLecLlon, leadershlp and
pollLlcal parLlclpaLlon) were made avallable Lo women ln lasL flve years?
2. WhaL are Lhe obsLacles for usage of baslc servlces and human rlghLs here? Why?
3. WhaL Lype of programs and pro[ecLs ln Lhls provlnce has been lmplemenLed for
ellmlnaLlon of vlolence, pre[udlce, and promoLlon of gender awareness?
4. WhaL do Lhe communlLy members Lhlnk abouL women uslng servlces and human rlghLs?
Why?
3. WhaL do you know abouL Lhe nAWA?
6. Pow do you evaluaLe Lhe role of MCWA ln lmplemenLlng Lhe nAWA?
7. WhaL do you do Lo lmplemenL and promoLe Lhe nAWA?
8. WhaL are Lhe acLual changes ln women's llfe affecLed by Lhe lmplemenLed and ongolng
programs?
9. WhaL were Lhe lmplemenLlng parLners' problems wlLh Lhe lmplemenLaLlon of Lhe
relevanL programs for women?
10. ln whaL secLors pro[ecL and programs have been lmplemenLed Lo enhance access Lo
baslc servlces for women? Pow do women evaluaLe Lhese pro[ecLs and programs?
11. WhaL are Lhe maln problems wlLh Lhe lmplemenLaLlon of Lhe programs and pro[ecLs for
women? Why?
12. WhaL Lype of programs and acLlon do you propose ls necessary Lo lmplemenL Lhe
nAWA?
13. Pow would you evaluaLe effecLlveness of Lhese programs and pro[ecLs for enhancemenL
of capaclLy and ablllLles of women?
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ANNLk 17 - Commun|ty Iocus Group D|scuss|on Gu|des

1argeL audlence: CommunlLy women

1. WhaL Lype of human rlghLs and baslc servlces ln lasL flve years llke (educaLlon,
employmenL opporLunlLles and economy, healLh, human rlghLs and legal proLecLlon,
leadershlp and pollLlcal parLlclpaLlon) dld you have access Lo?
2. WhaL are housewlves Lhlnklng abouL women are worklng ouL of home ln nCCs and
governmenL organlzaLlon?
3. WhaL Lype of programs and pro[ecLs were lmplemenLed ln your vlllage? WhaL was lLs
lmpacL for your llfe?
4. WhaL klnd of problems and lssues dld you encounLer, for access Lo human rlghLs and
baslc servlces?
3. WhaL changes happened based on Lhese programs and pro[ecLs ln your famlly
relaLlonshlps ln whole? Pow?
6. Pow do you evaluaLe ongolng programs and Lhe change Lhey brlng for women?
7. WhaL were Lhe problems of programs and pro[ecLs ls lmplemenLed for changlng your
llfe?
8. WhaL ls Lhe effecLlveness of Lhese programs and pro[ecLs for capaclLy and ablllLles of
women?
9. WhaL are your expecLaLlons from lmplemenLaLlon of relevanL programs and pro[ecLs ln
your llfe?
10. Pow do you Lhlnk, whaL Lype of programs and pro[ecLs would have more effecLlveness
ln your llve? Pow?

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ANNLk 18 - Soc|o-econom|c rof||e of Women

A8C lnLernal lu Lo Lhls form:
rovlnce
LocaLlon
Whlch women (check one):
#
kespondents
Urban Area kura| Area

Women under 2S years o|d

1
llllLeraLe women (homemakers, farmers)
1 1
2
LlLeraLe women (homemakers, farmers)
1 1
3
LlLeraLe women, worklng
1 1
4
Women Lraders
1 1

Women 30 years o|d and over

3
llllLeraLe women (homemakers, farmers)
1 1
6
LlLeraLe women (homemakers, farmers)
1 1
7
LlLeraLe women, worklng
1 1
8
Women Lraders
1 1

1oLal
8 8


rof||e and househo|d prof||e

1. Age:

2. Pow many chlldren do you have?

Chlld
1
sL
2
nd
3
rd
4
Lh
3
Lh
6
Lh
7
Lh
8
Lh
9
Lh
10
Lh
11
Lh
12
Lh

3. Age
4. Sex
3. 8orn (P=home, C= cllnlc
or hosplLal)

6. ALLendlng school?
7. Pave a blrLh cerLlflcaLe?
8. Pave 1azklra?

9. WhaL offlclal documenLs do you have?
- Afghan assporL
- Afghan 1azklra
- Afghan 8lrLh cerLlflcaLe
- aklsLanl assporL
- aklsLanl lu
- none
- CLher (speclfy)

10. WhaL ls your hlghesL level of educaLlon?
- no formal educaLlon
- Some llLeracy Lralnlng
- Some vocaLlonal Lralnlng (speclfy)
- Some rellglous sLudles
- Some years of prlmary school (speclfy: 1-2-3-4-3-6 grade)
- Some years of secondary school (speclfy: 7-8-9 grade)
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- Some years of hlgh school (speclfy: 10-11-12 grade)
- Some years of college/unlverslLy

11. WhaL ls Lhe average lncome of Lhe household per monLh? (ln AlA)

12. Pow are you (as a woman) helplng your famlly?
- Pouse wlfe
- 1rader
- Casual worker
- CovernmenL worker
- nCC worker
- Land owner (renL land Lo oLhers)
- larmer (on own land)
- Anlmal husbandry
- Sewlng/embroldery for sale
- CarpeL weavlng for sale
- CLher (speclfy)

13. lf worklng ouLslde Lhe house, how long have you been worklng ouLslde Lhe house?

14. Pow ofLen do you go Lo bazaar Lo buy food?
- Lvery day
- 1wo-Lhree Llmes a week
- Cnce a week
- Cnce a monLh
- Several Llmes a year
- lor Llds only
- never

13. Where ls lL locaLed?
- ln my nelgborhood
- ln Lown cenLer
- AnoLher area (please speclfy)

16. Pow do you geL Lhere?
- Walk
- 1ake a mlnl-bus
- 1ake a mlll bus
- rlvaLe Laxl
- ersonal/prlvaLe car

17. Pow ofLen do you go Lo parks?
- Lvery day
- 1wo-Lhree Llmes a week
- Cnce a week
- Cnce a monLh
- Several Llmes a year
- lor Llds only
- never

18. Pow do you geL Lhere?
- Walk
- 1ake a mlnl-bus
- 1ake a mlll bus
- rlvaLe Laxl
- rlvaLe/personal car

19. WhaL ls Lhe maln purpose for Lhe vlslLlng of Lhe parks?
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87
- 1o resL
- 1o meeL oLher women
- 1o do some Lrade Lhere
- 1o look aL young glrls LhaL mlghL be good for my sons Lo marry
- CLher (speclfy)

20. WhaL klnd of medlcal condlLlon do you have?
- 8heumaLlsm
- neumonla
- !olnL ache
- ulabeLes
- PepaLlLls
- Anemla
- Lumbago
- SLress (relaLed dlsease)
- SLomach problems
- !aundlce
- PearL dlsease
- 1yphus
- neurosls
- AsLhma
- MenLal problems
- CLher (please speclfy)

21. Pow ofLen do you go Lo cllnlc/hosplLal?
- Lvery day
- 1wo-Lhree Llmes a week
- Cnce a week
- Cnce a monLh
- Several Llmes a year
- lor Llds only
- never

22. Pow do you geL Lhere?
- Walk
- 1ake a mlnl-bus
- 1ake a mlll bus
- rlvaLe Laxl
- rlvaLe/personal car

23. Slnce Amerlcans came and 1allban lefL ln 2001 dld your healLh become?
- Much worse
- SomewhaL worse
- More or less Lhe same
- SomewhaL beLLer
- Much beLLer

24. Can you lndlcaLe why lL ls beLLer/worse now?
- Pave less food Lo eaL
- Pave less money for medlclne
- Pad worse access Lo medlcal faclllLles
- 8ecame lll
- Pave more food Lo eaL
- Pave more money for medlclne
- Pave beLLer access Lo medlcal faclllLles

23. ln Lhe lasL Lhree years dld your famlly experlence Lhe followlng:
- An lncome earnlng household member became dlsabled
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88
- An lncome earnlng household member deceased
- A serlous lllness ln one or several household members

26. Pow dld you feel abouL your safeLy before Amerlcans came and 1allban lefL ln 2001?
- Much worse Lhan now
- SomewhaL worse Lhan now
- More or less Lhe same as now
- SomewhaL beLLer Lhan now
- Much beLLer Lhan now

27. Can you lndlcaLe why lL ls beLLer/worse now?
- SecurlLy reasons
- Lconomlc reasons
- ollLlcal lnsLablllLy
- CLher (lndlcaLe)

28. lf you know of a crlme or someLhlng wrong happenlng ln your communlLy wlll you Lell lL Lo pollce? (chose
only one)
- yes - Lhls ls good Lo reporL bad Lhlngs Lo Lhe pollce
- no - l am noL able Lo leave Lhe house
- no - l don'L know where Lo flnd Lhem
- no - l do noL LrusL Lhey wlll help
- no - 1hey wlll make Lhlngs even worse

29. Who wlll you reporL Lhls crlme/someLhlng wrong Lo?

30. uld you voLe ln presldenLlal elecLlons ln 2009?

31. lf yes:
- My husband/faLher voLed for me
- l voLed myself, buL accordlng Lo Lhe wlshes of my husband/faLher
- l voLed myself and could chose who Lo voLe for

32. uld you voLe ln parllamenLary elecLlons ln 2010?

33. lf yes:
- My husband/faLher voLed for me
- l voLed myself, buL accordlng Lo Lhe wlshes of my husband/faLher
- l voLed myself and could chose who Lo voLe for

34. 8ank your 3 blggesL fears for your own safeLy?
- lear of sexual assaulL when l am ouL of Lhe house
- lear of Lhe pollce when l am ouL of Lhe house
- lear of Lhe pollce when l am ln Lhe house
- lear of local commander/hls men when l am ouL of Lhe house
- lear of local commander/hls men when l am ln my house
- lear of 1allban comlng back Lo my communlLy
- lear of oLher men ln my communlLy
- lear of oLher men ln Lhe nelghborlng communlLles
- lear of belng ran over Lhe cars when l walk down Lhe road
- lnablllLy Lo brlng enough food for Lhe famlly
- lnablllLy Lo proLecL my chlldren
- CLher (lndlcaLe)