1.7. ACTIVITIES IfJ PLANT BREEDING The desired changes in geno !

"es nf cro" s"ecies and #he conse$%en &enefi s i far'er( are &ro%gh a&o%) &! a scries of in erre)a ed and )arge)! in erde"enden ac i*i ies. These ac i*i ies are as fo))o+s, #1- crea ion of *aria ion. #/- se)cL0iion. #12 e*a)%a ion3 #4- '%) i")ica ion iind #5dis ri&% ion #6ig. 1./-. 1.7.1. Crea ion of *aria ion Gene ic *aria ion is a "rere$%isi e for an! i'"ro*e'en in a cro". Therefore. in an! &reeding "rogra''e. his is a)+a!s Ihe )ir7 s)e" %n)csi *ana)ic' "re 8ii( sr Gene ic *aria ion can he crcaied &! do'esciea)ion. ger'")%(rn co) ec)i%n. ")an9 in:n;<%nion. h!&riJina ion #i'er*%ncia). dis)an). (cr'acic-. n'ia)ion. "o)!")oid!. so'ac)on2i) *ariaiion and (enc)ic engineering 1.7./. Se)ec ion The nc;) s#e" consis 3 if iden ifica ion and iso)a ion of "h')s ha*ing he d(ir%&)e co'&ina ions of chiirac c,=. and gni+2ng :heir "rogen!8 his > ca))ed se)ec ion. Se)ec < in is necessari)! &ased n "henoi!"e. TTic efficienc! of his ao i*2i! deicr'ines he ?%cecs( of a &reeding "nigrn'. Vano%3 &reeding 'e hods ha*e &een designed o incn@.sc Ihe (f))eiic! of e)ec ion. Se)ec ion fina))! !ie)ds an i'"ro*ed ineAs rain or "o"%)a ion. 1.7.5. E*a)%a ion The ne+)! se)ec ed IineiAs rainriA"o"%<a)iens arc s)ed Icir !ie)d aiiJ o)rier rai s and co'"ared +i h he e;is ing &es *arie)ic& cai)ed checBs. 6.*a)%a ion is n s)$i+iie . %rd'ari)! cond%c ed d se*era) E%ca ion2 for 1 or 'o e !ears %nder heconcerned A)) India Coordina ed Cro" I'"ro*e'en Pro2ec . If he ne+ )ineAs rainA "o"%)a ion is s%"erior )o he checBs. i) is re)eased and nc@ificd as a ne+ *arie ! a'i i s seed can no+ )ie '%) i")ied and. 'ore i'"or an )!. c(r)iiLcd &! a seed cer ifica ion agenc! for $%a)i !. 1.7.4. @%) i")ica ion TTiiCh s e" concerns +i h a )arge sca)e "rod%c ion of cer ified seed of he re)eased and noiified *arie !. Seed "rod%c ion is %s%a))! done &! sc d "rod%c ion agencies in a s e"D+ise 'anner. and he seed is cer ified &! a seed cer ifica ion agenc!. 1.7.5. Dis ri&% ion Cer ified seed is %) i'a e)! so)d o Ihc far'ers +ho %se J, for co''ercia) cro" c%) i*a ion. This ac i*i ! a)one 'aBes i "ossi&)e o rea" he co'o'ic &enefi s fro' he a&o*e ac i*i ies in for' of #I- an enhanced and #/- s a&)e "rod%c ion of #1- s%"erior "rod%ce #4- of en a a )o+er coa 6or an efficien cro" i'"ro*e'en "rogra''e. he a&o*e ac i*i ies ha*e )o &e "ro"er)! coordina ed and efficien )! geared o 'a;i'ise I&e o% "% 13 fro' a "rogra''c. A deficienc! or s)acBness in an! one o) hese s e"& +i)) defini e)! red%ce he efficienc! o) he "rogra''e. This +i)) )ead o a +as age of *a)%a&)e reso%rces. +hich no "ar ic%)ar)! a de*e)o"ing one. can afford. Therefore. a reg%)ar anJ cri ica) %f he "rogress and he "ro&)e's has )o &e 'ade. ihe deficiencies in he

*ario%s ac i*i ies ha*e )o he iden ified and a""ro"ria e re'edia) 'eas%res ha*e o &e aBen )o ens%re con in%ed "rogress in &reeding "rogra''es

Crea ion of *aria ion E Gene ic Varia ion is a "rere$%isi e for an! i'"ro*e'en in a cro". E In an! &reeding "rogra' his is a)+a!s he firs s e" %n)ess *aria ion "ree;is s. E Gene ic *aria ion can &e crea ed &! do'es ica ion. ger'")as' co))ec ion. ")an in rod%c ion. h!&ridiFa ion #in er*arie a). dis an . so'a ic-. '% a ion. "o)!")oid!. so'ac)ona) *aria ion and gene ic engineering. Se)ec ion E Iden ifica ion and iso)a ion of ")an s ha*ing he desira&)e co'&ina ions of charac ers. and gro+ing heir "rogen! is ca))ed se)ec ion. E Se)ec ion is necessari)! &ased on "heno !"e. The efficienc! of his ac i*i ! de er'ines he s%ccess of a &reeding "rogra'. E Vario%s &reeding 'e hods ha*e &een designed o increase he efficac! of se)ec ion. E Se)ec ion fina))! !ie)ds an i'"ro*ed )ineAs rain or "o"%)a ion. E*a)%a ion E The ne+)! se)ec s )inesAs rainsA"o"%)a ions are es ed for !ie)d and o her rai s and co'"ared +i h he e;is ing &es *arie ies ca))ed checBs. E E*a)%a ion is a s e"+ise "rocess. ordinari)! cond%c ed a se*era) )oca ions for 1 or 'ore !ears %nder he concerned Cro" I'"ro*e'en Pro2ec . E If he ne+ )ineAs rainA"o"%)a ion is s%"erior o he checBs. i is re)eased and no ified as a ne+ *arie !. and E i s seed can no+ &e '%) i")ied and. 'ore i'"or an )!. cer ified &! a seed cer ifica ion agenc! for $%a)i !

@%) i")ica ion E This s e" concerns +i h a )argeD sca)e "rod%c ion of cer ified seed of he re)eased and no ified *arie !. E Seed "rod%c ion is %s%a))! done &! seed "rod%c ion agencies in a s e"+ise 'anner. and E The seed is cer ified &! a seed cer ifica ion agenc! Dis ri&% ion E Cer ified seed is %) i'a e)! so)d o he far'ers +ho %se i for co''ercia) cro" c%) i*a ion. E This ac i*i ! a)one 'aBes i "ossi&)e o rea" he econo'ic &enefi s fro' he a&o*e fo%r ac i*i ies of ")an &reeding8 E This res%) s in #1- an enhanced and #/- s a&)e "rod%c ion of #1s%"erior "rod%ce #4- of en a a )o+er cos . P)an &reeders need o E E E E &e o&ser*an of differences. %nders and he gene ics. ha*e i'agina ion o *is%a)iFe fina) "rod%c . foresigh o "redic de'and for f% %re ")an "rod%c s.