1.

(a)

(i)

award both marks for correct answer 10 000 / 800 000 ( 100); 1.25 / 1.3 / 1(%); 2

(ii)

R any reference to energy / light missing the plant reflected (off plant) / only certain wavelength of light can !e" a! or!ed / # ed; ora a! or!ed !y / hit " non$photo ynthetic part ; e.g. !ar% pa e thro#gh leaf / &i e chlorophyll / &i e chloropla t ; o&e i heat that i # ed in evaporation / re piration; &a' 2

(iii) (iv)

!acteria / na&ed !acteri#& deco&po er; ( Nitrobacter" Nitrosomonas) take the first 2 answers( death / dead re&ain ; e'cretion; R waste products ege tion; other #ita!le &ethod; e.g. in ect &o#lting hatched egg &o#lting (f#r / feather ) R leaves

(!)

Primary consumers are eating and) prod#cer have" cell wall / cell#lo e; ora diffic#lt to dige t / &#ch &aterial" wa ted / ege ted; energy # ed !y g#t &icroorgani & ; ora &#ch &aterial cannot !e eaten (!y pri&ary con #&er); ora

3
[10]

2.

pe t re&ain /not totally eradicated; low to wor%/*+; la!o#r inten ive/*+; reintrod#ction often needed; predator &ay eat crop; ri % of &igration; ri % to other organi & /&#tation/predation of other pecie ;

&a' 2
[2]

3.

(a)

tart with previo# ly #ncoloni ed area / !are gro#nd / !are roc% / *+; ref to pioneer pecie / na&ed pioneer; erie of recogni a!le" ere / tage ; progre e to" cli&a' / final e,#ili!ri#& tage;

&a' 2

The Henrietta Barnett School

(!)

ta!ili e environ&ent; oil develop&ent / increa e h#&# / organic &aterial; change oil p-; hold &ore water; relea e &ore &ineral or n#trient / increa e . content or fi' . / hold ion ; for& &icroha!itat / red#ce e'po #re / provide helter / red#ce ero ion; any two from following( gra/ing; !#rning; &owing / application of fertili/er / application of elective her!icide; e'po #re to wind; gra a!le to contin#e to grow (lin%ed to a tate&ent a!ove);

&a' 3

(c)

(d)

increa e ; plant at later tage are large / plant in early tage are &all; tree / hr#! . are woody" appear later in #cce ion;

2
[9]

4.

(i) (ii)

final tage in #cce ion / *+ ; (co&&#nity) in e,#ili!ri#& with environ&ent ; eat / tra&ple" eedling (of hr#! / tree ) / *+ ; R eat gra prevent " #cce ion / e ta!li h&ent of ne't ere ;

1 &a' 1 &a'
[2]

5.

(i)

look for prokaryote feature no n#cle# / no n#clear &e&!rane / no n#cleol# / 0.* free (in cytopla &); R 0.* &oving na%ed 0.* / 0.* not a ociated with protein / no chro&o o&e ; circ#lar / loop , 0.*; no , &e&!rane$!o#nd organelle / e.g.; &aller / 18n& / 102 , ri!o o&e ; no 34; cell wall , not cell#lo e / poly accharide and" a&ino acid / &#rein ; *56; e.g. &e o o&e / pla &id

1 &a'

(ii)

glyco idic (lin%) and peptide (!ond ) (in correct conte't); conden ation; ref. 7- gro#p ; ref. .-2 and 7- gro#p; water , re&oved / prod#ced / !y$prod#ct; en/y&e; *56; e.g. energy re,#ired 3 &a' 1
2

(iii)

iron / 8e; ignore pluses / minuses

The Henrietta Barnett School

(iv)

treat enzyme as neutral nitrogena e; leghae&oglo!in; hae&oglo!in;

2 &a' 1

(v) (vi)

(nitrogen) fi'ation; A red#ction

type of inhi!ition (co&petitive / non$co&petitive / rever i!le / irrever i!le) ; !a ic &ode of action (e.g. !ind to active ite) ; detail; con e,#ence (e.g. prevent " #! trate / nitrogen " fro& !inding) ; 2 &a'
[10]

6.

pri&ary con #&er / her!ivore; ignore e.g. R vegetarian

1
[1]

7.

accept any three correct statements based on the data;;; for example pop#lation of" &ite / pringtail " &#ch greater / &ore than twice the n#&!er" in the cli&a' fore t than !efore tree e ta!li hed ora n#&!er of pecie of pringtail greate t in the cli&a' co&&#nity ora &all difference in n#&!er / no ignificant difference" !etween area with yo#ng tree and area with &at#re tree there were alway (&any) &ore &ite than pringtail in the a&ple
[3]

8.

mark (i and (ii to max ! each " the #uestion to max $ (i) nitrifying bacteria convert, a&&oni#& / .-9: , to , nitrate ;;; / nitrite / .72<; A ammonia / N%! nitrite , converted to , nitrate (5) / .73$; A one mark for single step &ammonium to nitrate (')( re,#ire , aero!ic condition / o'ygen / aerated oil; (nitrate (5) ion ) can !e , ta%en #p / # ed , !y plant ; (ii) denitrifying bacteria re&ove nitrate (5) (ion ) / convert nitrate (5) (ion ) to nitrogen (ga ) ; in , anaero!ic condition / o'ygen poor oil / non$aerated oil ; recycle nitrogen / f#rther # e of nitrogen (!y fi'ing) ; prevent nitrogen !eing trapped / *+;

9 &a'
[4]

The Henrietta Barnett School

9.

accept reverse arguments if responses are referring to cereal plants !oth have root nod#le ; with )hizobium !acteria ; which are nitrogen$fi'ing ; convert nitrogen (ga )" to nitrate ion / a&&oni#& co&po#nd ; A .73< / .-9: R a&&onia / .-3 plant convert the e to a&ino acid ; which are # ed to &a%e protein ; high level of protein tored in eed ; &a' 9
[4]

10.

(a)

et o#t a grid in each area or ite / de cription of how the grid i e ta!li hed ; # e rando& n#&!er ; how generated ; e.g. rando& n#&!er ta!le / # e of calc#lator to give co$ordinate ; at that point / co$ordinate" &ea #re neare t plant ; repeat (19 ti&e ) ; &a' 9

(!)

(i)

total height ; divided !y the n#&!er of plant (in the a&ple) ; provide an average height for the a&ple ; &a' 2

(ii)

&ea #re of" varia!ility / pread of height (in a&ple) ; R range #& of difference fro& the &ean ; =8% of val#e lie within &ean > 1 2.0. ; ?5% of val#e lie within &ean > 2 2.0. ; &a' 2

(c)

greater pread fro& &ean in ite B / ora ; R range height of plant in ite B i &ore varia!le / ora ; &a' 1

(d)

(i)

that there i no ignificant difference ; !etween the &ean height in ite A and the &ean height in ite B ; A re #lt any difference i entirely d#e to chance ; &a' 2

(ii)

there i a ignificant difference !etween the &ean at the two ite ; the difference i d#e to o&ething other than chance ; re@ect the n#ll hypothe i ; with 28 degree of freedo&; at the 5% confidence level ; A pA0.05 / A0.01 / A0.001

The Henrietta Barnett School

the critical t val#e i " 2.05 / 2.1= / 3.=1 ; calc#lated val#e" e'ceed / i &#ch higher than" thi ; a #&ing the a&ple how a nor&al di tri!#tion ; &a' 9
[15]

The Henrietta Barnett School

11.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23

#n i the energy o#rce (for the y te&) ; prod#cer / (green) plant , trap / # e / a! or! ( #nB energy) ; photo ynthe i ; not all energy trapped and rea on; energy # ed for , plant &eta!oli & / plant proce e / e.g.; A re piration o thi energy not , pa ed on / availa!le , to con #&er; ( o&e energy) # ed for , growth / torage; o thi energy i , pa ed on / availa!le , to con #&er; 1o con #&er / her!ivore , eat , prod#cer / plant; o&e prod#cer , not edi!le / not acce i!le / e.g.; o&e , not dige ted / ege ted / lo t a faece ; 2o con #&er / carnivore / o&nivore , eat , 1o con #&er / her!ivore; o&e part of ani&al not edi!le / e.g.; energy # ed !y ani&al in &oving (to feed); energy , # ed / lo t , in , dige tion / e'cretion / weating / e.g.; A re piration tran fer / lo , to , deco&po er / !acteria / f#ngi / aprotroph ; prod#ctivity < re piration; energy lo t a heat fro& re piration; net prod#ctivity C gro o&e ref to e ti&ate of efficiency of tran fer (a general tate&ent) ; ,#ote of (co&parative) fig#re fro& diagra&; &anip#lation of fig#re to ill# trate a point; NOT ==12 and 191?8 *56; *56; e.g. lo o#t of eco y te& another &anip#lation of fig#re availa!le energy li&iting length of chain

&a' ? 1
[10]

QWC legible text it! "##$%"te &'elli(g, '$(#t$"ti)( "(* g%"++"%;

The Henrietta Barnett School

12.

(i)

anaero!ic condition enco#rage denitrifying !acteria ; convert nitrate ion to (ga eo# ) nitrogen ; red#ce availa!le nitrogen ; #ndew doe not rely on" oil nitrate / oil nitrogen ; ref to" hydroly i / dige tion / # e of en/y&e " on in ect protein ; relea ing a&ino acid ; ref to dea&ination ; max ! &a' 9

(ii)

4ed#ce a&o#nt of air in oil ; root tarved of o'ygen ; re piration !eco&e anaero!ic ; in #fficient energy relea ed ; not a!le to a! or! (eno#gh)" ion / na&ed ion ; via active tran port ; &a' 3
[7]

13.

(a)

advantages (max 2 can !e # ed with any pecie (irre pective of i/e) ; doe not re,#ire to di ting#i h one individ#al fro& another ; ,#ic% to a e disadvantages #!@ective / *+ ; do&inant pecie &ay !e over$e ti&ated ; &a' 3 ; R i&ple

(!)

(i)

line e ta!li hed" fro& hore to d#ne lac% / fro&) to) ; ,#adrat # ed ; #ita!le i/e / act#al i/e tated (&ini&#& 0.25&2) ; given placed contin#o# ly / at pecified interval along line ; %ey to identify pecie ; a!#ndance recorded in each ,#adrat ; !are gro#nd recorded ; &a' 9 R if no #nit

(ii)

1 *D874 cale converted to n#&erical cale ; 2 reading at each ite recorded (on graph paper) ; 3 width of diagra& related to *D874 (&ay!e hown on diagra&) ; 4 point fro& each ite @oined together ; 5 repeated for each pecie fo#nd pre ent ; &a' 3

(c)

# e of" ther&o&eter / pro!e ;

7

The Henrietta Barnett School

pro!e &# t !e cali!rated ; p# hed into" and / oil" to a&e depth each ti&e ; repetition at each a&pling point ; &a' 2

The Henrietta Barnett School

(d)

(i) (ii)

a tage d#ring the proce

of #cce ion ;

ea co#ch / &arra& gra " grow in !are and ; d#ne !#ild #p / ta!ili ed !y gra e ; 74 coloni er e ta!li hed on !are" roc% / oil ; e'a&ple ; (if not and d#ne ) ref to pioneer pecie ; organic &atter !#ild #p / h#&# content increa e ; for&ing oil / depth of oil increa e ; other pecie ta%e over fro& gra e ; fro& 8ig. 1 root ta!ili e oil tr#ct#re ; diver ity of pecie increa e ; cli&a' event#ally reached ; *56 ; *56 ; e.g. reference to deflected #cce ion" growth of hr#! &a' 9
[17]

A na&ed e'a&ple

14.

(a)

cycla&en &ite / prey pop#lation increa e ; when condition are #ita!le / when predator n#&!er are low / no or few li&iting factor ; provide plenty of food for predator &ite ; which !egin to increa e later / ti&e lag ; cycla&en &ite are then eaten !y (increa ing n#&!er of) predator ; o !oth decline in n#&!er ; cycle repeated ; prey pop#lation reach higher level than predator ; &a' 9

(!)

(i)

start by looking at end of *ebruary increa e with appropriate ti&e lag ; decrea e at praying ti&e (end of E#ne / !eginning of 7cto!er) ; final pea% for predator n#&!er i the lowe t ; &a' 2

(ii)

le

food availa!le / le

traw!erry plant ;

low te&perat#re / fro t ; other predator ; di ea e / para ite ; ref to para itoid ; *56 ;
The Henrietta Barnett School 9

R praying idea

&a' 2

The Henrietta Barnett School

10

(c)

(i) (ii)

!iological (pe t control) ; in ecticide " are har&f#l to other organi & / &ay %ill nat#ral predator to the pe t ; red#ce pecie diver ity / di r#pt food chain ; &any in ecticide are" low to !iodegrade / long la ting ; concentrate along food chain / !ioacc#&#late / !ioconcentrate ; tored in fat depo it of organi & ; ref to effect on top carnivore ; e.g. egg hell thinning poi ono# to tho e applying the& ; A ref to h#&an / a th&a #fferer pe t can !#ild #p a re i tance ; ref to election ; r#n$off fro& land carrie the& into water #pplie / ca# e poll#tion / poi on a,#atic organi & ; pro!le& of re id#e in food ; *56 ; e.g. pe ticide need to !e # ed repeatedly

&a' 5

(d)

crop rotation ; intercropping ; relea e of" irradiated / terile" &ale of pe t pecie ; *56 ; e.g. fly paper &a' 2
[16]

15.

(i)

tree are living organi & ; renewa!le ; ref to" growth / growing ; ti&!er i " of # e to h#&an !eing / &ade into prod#ct ; &a' 2

(ii)

harve ted at level which leave #fficient organi & ; to grow / reprod#ce" and repleni h what ha !een harve ted ; ref to" coppicing / replanting / affore tation ; can !e carried on indefinitely ; &a' 2
[4]

16.

(a)

(i)

c#rve to have pea% to right of le&&ing pea% and &# t have two pea% !etween 1??9 and 1??= and 1??8 and 2000 re pectively ; pea% !elow level of le&&ing pea% ; 2 plenty / *+" of food ; few / *+" predator ; high pop#lation of alternative prey for predator ;

(ii)

The Henrietta Barnett School

11

no overcrowding / lot of !reeding ite / *+ ; le le di ea e ; co&petition fro& other pecie ; 3 &a'

low environ&ental re i tance ;

The Henrietta Barnett School

12

(!)

interspecific !etween two (or &ore) pecie ; two na&ed pecie (on le&&ing ) ; intraspecific within pecie ; na&ed pecie pl# re o#rce ; if definitions of interspecific and intraspecific competition are the wrong way around can still gain one mark for correct examples of both types of competition

3 &a'

(c)

&a'i&#&" i/e / n#&!er" of a" pop#lation / pecie ; either ( #pported) in a partic#lar" ha!itat / eco y te& / area / environ&ent ; or deter&ined !y li&iting factor ; 2
[10]

17.

F; 5; G; 2;

9
[4]

The Henrietta Barnett School

13

18.

(i)

nat#ral change in pecie co&po ition (in an area) ; ref to directional change ; ref to na&ed e'a&ple in the diagra& (either pecie or category) ; over a period of ti&e ; a n#&!er of recogni a!le tage / ere / eral tage ; one ere change the condition for the ne't ; e.g. depth of oil increa e / oil ta!ili ation ; lead to a cli&a' co&&#nity ; creation of niche ; ref to nitrogen fi'ation ; *56 ; e.g. pioneer pecie 9 &a'

(ii)

develop&ent of deeper oil ; oil" !eco&e rich in h#&# / ha &ore n#trient / i &ore fertile ; do&inant pecie change ; plant pecie get larger / hr#! to tree / increa e in !io&a root y te& ; R oil tr#ct#re i&prove #n,#alified ; *56 ; 2 &a' detritivore / decrea e in !iodiver ity ; *56 ; "bi)ti# C p- of oil / nitrogen or &ineral content of oil / oil te't#re / wind peed / h#&idity / hading / light inten ity / oil water retention ; *56 ; e.g. te&perat#re 2 &a'
[8]

/ larger

(iii)

bi)ti# C ani&al pecie / n#&!er of oil organi & / deco&po er /

19.

(a)

(i) (ii)

(place) where , organi & / ani&al / plant / pop#lation / co&&#nity , live ; R things / named organism role of organi & in, the eco y te& / *+; A habitat / environment / community / area / place R population living / !iotic, and , non$living / a!iotic , co&ponent that interact;

1 1 1
[4]

(iii) (!)

pop#lation C one pecie "(* co&&#nity C &ore than one / all , pecie / pop#lation;

The Henrietta Barnett School

14

20.

(i)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

o&e food not , eaten / acce i!le; A an example o&e, food / energy , not dige ted / ege ted / lo t a faece ; ( o&e a i&ilated) food / energy , lo t in e'cretion; ref to deco&po er ; ( o&e a i&ilated) food / energy , lo t in re piration; energy lo t, a heat / in &ove&ent / in &eta!oli &; &all proportion energy # ed for, growth / &aterial, and i availa!le to ne't trophic level; plant &aterial diffic#lt to dige t / ani&al &aterial can !e dige ted ea ily; ref to" cell#lo e / lignin / wood; no cell#la e; (ani&al) give i&ilar pectr#& of a&ino acid (a con #&er) ; le of the prod#cer availa!le to the 1H con #&er than 1H con #&er availa!le to the 2H con #&er ; *56; e.g. ref to g#t !acteria 2 &a'
[5]

3 &a'

(ii)

1 2 3 4 5 6

ignore references to numbers of organisms eaten or size of organisms

The Henrietta Barnett School

15

21.

(i)

higher" n#&!er / proportion / percentage / ratio / fraction" of &o#nd have thy&e ; (c.f. ,#adrat ) ora A fig " e.g. I v J " 2(1 v 1(1" 3= v 29 1

(ii)

look for a statement and a reason # e &aller ,#adrat ; e.g. 50 c& 50 c& for fair te t ; *+ # e grid and rando& n#&!er ; throwing %ey !ia ed ; *+ e ti&ate" percentage cover / a!#ndance ; A point (fra&e) ,#adrat &ay !e ingle plant in o&e a&ple and &any in other ; !igger t#dy area / &ore data ; (%eep e,#al n#&!er &o#nd and ,#adrat ) i&prove relia!ility / *+ ; record other plant ; co#ld infl#ence thy&e ; &ea #re / note" a!iotic varia!le ; A e'a&ple e'planation of how na&ed varia!le affect thy&e ; *56 ; *56 ; 9 &a'
[5]

22.

23 ; =$1 ;
[2]

23.

pre ervation of" organi & / environ&ent ; that are at ri % fro& h#&an activity ; re,#ire &anage&ent ; creation of new ha!itat ; &ay need recla&ation ; con ervation re,#ire vigilance ; re olving conflict ; A #ita!le alternative 2 &a'
[2]

24.

(a)

do not credit if any incorrect answer included (i) (ii) fo'; gra / clover / leg#&e; 1 1
16

The Henrietta Barnett School

The Henrietta Barnett School

17

(!)

(i) (ii)

nitrogen fi'ation / -a!er (proce ); A red#ction lightning; A o'idation / co&!ine with o'ygen A lighteningB R th#nder tor& / lighting denitrifying; A correct e.g. (6 e#do&ona ) R .itro!acter / .itro o&ona / 4hi/o!i#& fi'e nitrogen / provide fi'ed nitrogen or .-9(:); R a&&onia ref to, clover / leg#&e / na&ed leg#&e , &a%ing , a&ino acid / polypeptide / protein; (plant ha ) no need to rely on (fi'ed) nitrogen co&po#nd in oil ; R ref to fertilisers free$living pecie provide , a&&oni#& (ion ) / fi'ed nitrogen , for nitrifying !acteria / nitrification;

1 1

(iii) (iv)

2 &a'
[7]

25.

1 2 3 9 5 = 1 8 ?

e#trophication ; increa ed growth of" algae / eaweed ; !loc%" light / pace ; ref to co&petition ; ( o) alter food chain / e'a&ple ; deco&po ition of" ewage / dead organi & ; ref to aero!ic !acteria / increa ed K70 / le o'ygen in water ; fi h / ea l#g / ponge / coral " die ; (lin%ed to o'ygen lo ) *56 ; e.g. increa ed &ineral n#trient increa e # cepti!ility of coral to di ea e" increa ed n#&!er of anaero!ic pecie " ref to heavy &etal to'icity

9 &a'
[4]

26.

(a)

(i) (ii) (iii) (iv)

denitrification; 4hi/o!i#&; active tran port / diff# ion; nitrification;

1 1 1 1

The Henrietta Barnett School

18

(!)

max ! for each method ploughing-in 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 leg#&e / na&ed e.g." po e " (root) nod#le / nitrogen fi'ing !acteria; )hizobium+ perfor& nitrogen fi'ation / de cri!ed; nitrogeno# co&po#nd are pre ent in" root / nod#le / leg#&e / plant ; &ade availa!le to oil if" plo#ghed in / not re&oved; root / *+" deco&po ed / acted on !y deco&po er / rot / decay; nitrogeno# co&po#nd relea ed (!y deco&po er ); for&ation of nitrate; ! max

crop rotation 8 9 10 11 12 13 different" crop / plant " have different (n#trient / nitrate) re,#ire&ent ; each year" different de&and &ade on the oil / n#trient not !eing re&oved at the a&e rate; in" 9th / fallow" year" no (little) n#trient re&oved / # ed for gra/ing ani&al ; n#trient level allowed to !#ild #p; # e leg#&e in rotation; t#!er / root" crop to i&prove oil tr#ct#re; ! max 9 &a'
[8]

27.

plot i/e ; oil type ; oil p- ; plant cover ; a pect / locality ; ref to te&perat#re lin%ed to a pect ; lope ; ref to rainfall or irrigation ; ti&e period ; *56 ; e.g. tillage" &ethod of c#ltivation" degree of co&paction *56 ; e.g. previo# # e of land

&a' 3
[3]

The Henrietta Barnett School

19

28.

(a)

award two marks if correct answer (,-.$ is given incorrect answer (or no answer but correct working / , mark 99 / 23? ( 100) 18.9% ; ; ecf applied for minor addition errors 0/1 2 2

(!)

1 2 3 9 5 = 1 8 ?

lay" tape / tring" acro path ; R along the path incl#de tra&pled and non tra&pled area in a&e tran ect ; # e of ,#adrat ; ref to how ,#adrat i placed ; R rando& co#nt n#&!er of plant / percentage cover of plant ; plot a graph ; repeat the tran ect ; carry o#t tati tical te t (Lann$+hitney / 2pear&anB ran%) ; *56 ; e.g. detail of a&pling techni,#e

5 &a'
[7]

29.

(a)

plant /protocti t ; ani&al /f#ngi/protocti t ; A protoctists once only R taxa that are not kingdoms 2

(!)

energy &ove&ent/loco&otion/&# cle contraction/cilia/flagella; active tran port; A example ana!olic reaction /*+; A e.g. protein synthesis/2N3 replication (&ove&ent of chro&o o&e in) &ito i /&eio i ; nerve i&p#l e/electroche&ical gradient ; &aintain !ody te&perat#re/generate heat; *56; (eg !iol#&ine cence/electrical di charge) *56; (detail of any point) carbon in" !ioche&ical /&acro&olec#le ; A in organic matter e.g. car!ohydrate/protein/lipid/n#cleotide/n#cleic acid; A named examples growth; repair; *56; e.g. detail of any point)

! max

! max

&a' 9

(c)

(nitrifying !acteria) help/increa e" plant growth; !acteria &a%e nitrate (availa!le); plant need nitrate; for" a&ino acid /protein/chlorophyll/0.*; for" new cell /&ito i /new leave ;

&a' 2

The Henrietta Barnett School

20

(d)

(i) (ii)

che&oheterotrophic; photoa#totrophic; car!on; R 452 2esulfovibrio" # e colo#rle #lph#r (2)/&a%e hydrogen #lphide (-22); green #lph#r !acteria" # e -22/&a%e 2; #lph#r !acteria # e -22;

1 1 1

(e)

(i) (ii)

&a' 2 1

(f) (g)

colo#rle

#lph#r !acteria;

4. perfringens i&ilar to 4. difficile/*+; (!acteria) anaero!ic; (ti #e da&age/poor !lood #pply) decrea e o'ygen availa!le; condition #ita!le for 4lostridium to &#ltiply; *56;

&a' 2
[16]

30.

increa ed profit for far&er / hop ; no re id#e on food; no pe ticide ; le # e of inorganic fertili/er ; le ri % of poll#tion; !enefit to oil tr#ct#re and ,#ality; !enefit to !iodiver ity; !enefit to h#&an health;

&a' 3
[3]

31.

idea of oil develop&ent ; A ref to depth or fertility of oil (increa e)" organic &aterial / h#&# ; (increa e) in availa!ility of water ; &ineral availa!le ; A n#trient ( o&e pioneer pecie ) carry o#t nitrogen fi'ation ; photo ynthe i (fi'ing car!on) ; create ha!itat / provide helter ; *56 ; e.g. increa e weathering" ta!ili e and / oil

2 &a'
[2]

32.

pollination; &aintain !iodiver ity; !enefit to food chain/food for other organi & ;

&a' 2
[2]

The Henrietta Barnett School

21

33.

ro#teway /pathway allowing &ove&ent of (in ect ); ref to connectivity/*+; ref to ite of ref#ge/ha!itat;

&a' 2
[2]

34.

pop#lation; ha!itat; co&&#nity; eco y te&; (fir t) trophic; R tropic prod#cer /(photo) a#totroph /a#totrophic; (pri&ary) con #&er /heterotroph /heterotrophic/her!ivore; R carnivore/other #ualified consumer 1
[7]

35.

max , mark from following6 1 econo&ic definition of # taina!le; e.g. i&ilar ,#antitie of ti&!er can !e harve ted year on year 2 grant for planting fore t / &anage&ent che&e ; 3 planting to en #re # taina!le harve t rate; max ! marks for planting strategy6 9 tree not planted too clo ely together; 5 #pport yo#ng tree to prevent da&age e.g. fro& gra/ing ani&al ; = pecie planted that are #ita!le for prevailing condition / native pp; 1 oftwood p. / conifer / na&ed conifer / fa t growing p. planted; 8 decid#o# !roadleaved pecie aro#nd edge for ae thetic rea on ; ? create different ha!itat / na&ed ha!itat / protected ha!itat / o&e fallen tree left to rot; max ! marks for felling/cropping strategy6 10 ref. to clear felling having negative effect e.g. oil ero ion; 11 only &at#re tree re&oved / elective felling / individ#al tree ; 12 o&e clearing / ride / glade in woodland / trip felling; 13 control of" pe t / di ea e / fire prevention; 19 ref to coppicing / pollarding; 15 (decid#o# tree ) regrow fro& !a e/ idea of rotation/ cycle; 1= tandard / large tree not coppiced" a enco#rage !iodiver ity;

1
[7]

36.

(a)

(clinically) o!e e/o!e ity; R morbidly obese

The Henrietta Barnett School

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(!)

2iet B e ential fatty acid /linoleic acid/linolenic acid/fat ol#!le vita&in /*/0 /3/M; 2iet C #gar /na&ed #gar/ tarch; A vitamin 4 2

(c)

(i)

K; energy inta%e (of K) i lower 74*; energy inta%e i le than energy # ed 74*;

2 1

(ii) (d)

(no fr#it &ay &ean) c#rvy/de cri!ed; R vitamin 4 deficiency unless #ualified rai ed" chole terol/N0N" level in !lood; R intake fatty #! tance depo ited in artery wall /athero clero i ; coronary arterie ; narrow l#&en; red#ce " !lood/o'ygen" delivered to heart &# cle; D-0/heart attac%/angina; thro&!o i /clot; rai ed !lood pre #re/hyperten ion; tro%e; tre on liver; tre on %idney; d#e to e'ce protein/a&ino acid /#rea; *56; *56; e.g. depo ition of #!c#taneo# fat/*+ o!e ity tre on @oint anore'ia/!#li&ia/o! e ion on diet con tipation !owel cancer hypoglycae&ia giddine lethargy/fatig#e/tiredne 7but R lack of energy(8

3 &a'
[9]

The Henrietta Barnett School

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37.

1 2 3 9 5 = 1 8 ? 10

ref to etting grid/area to !e a&pled; #ita!le y te&atic &ethod cho en/ref to !elt/line tran ect; ref to repetition of line tran ect ; # e of ,#adrat ; # e of appropriate i/ed ,#adrat; detail of reg#lar ,#adrat placing;

identify pecie /# e of %ey ; pre ence or a! ence in ,#adrat; calc#lation of % of pecie fre,#ency; &ea #re % cover/# e of appropriate cale; e.g. (Kra#n$!lan,#et/*D874/ 0*874/07L;.) 11 ref to analy i of data/# e of %ite diagra&; 12 *56; ref to relevant tati tical analy i " e.g. 2pear&an 4an% Dorrelation QWC , #le"% ell,)%g"(i&e* "(& e% $&i(g &'e#i"li&t te%+&

&a' 1 1
[8]

38.

ref to" leaching/r#noff" into waterway ; ca# ing algal !loo& ; !loc%ing of light for a,#atic plant ; ref to" deco&po ition/high n#&!er of deco&po er ; leading to high K70; reference to O!l#e$!a!yB yndro&e; lin% to hae&oglo!in; &a' 9
[4]

39.

(i)

tree c#t" clo e to gro#nd/down to it t#&p/*+; R down to trunk new growth for& /*+; harve t after a n#&!er of year /proce repeated; rotational coppicing/*+; ref to how coppicing increa e !iodiver ity e.g. increa ing light inten ity; ( tandard ) large plan% /*+; A # ed a timber A standards more valuable/39 (coppice) &all dia&eter wood/fencing/h#rdle /garden f#rnit#re/charcoal/firewood/&atche ; (coppice) contin#o# " o#rce of ti&!er/inco&e; recreational # e/nat#re re erve; A ref to to#ri &

&a' 3

(ii)

&a' 2
[5]

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40.

relea e of car!on dio'ide; fro& f#ngal re piration; availa!le for photo ynthe i /car!on fi'ation; e'tracell#lar dige tion; na&ed en/y&e( ); relea e of" inorganic #! tance/&ineral /na&ed &ineral; R nutrients+ nitrogen A nitrogenous compound #pta%e thro#gh" root /root hair ; na&ed # e of &ineral in plant ; ref. to h#&# ; ref. to !eneficial role of h#&# in oil; e.g. increa e water retention" i&prove oil tr#ct#re" ta!ili/e oil

&a' 9
[4]

The Henrietta Barnett School

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