BS ASSIGNMENT

PREVENTION OF ALCOHOLISM AND CRIME AGAINST WOMEN FOR HAPPY AND HEALTHY SOCIETY

PREVENTION OF ALCOHOLISM Alcoholism is a broad term for problems with alcohol, and is generally used to
mean compulsive and uncontrolled consumption of alcoholic beverages, usually to the detriment of the drinker's health, personal relationships, and social standing. It is medically considered a disease, specifically an addictive illness, and in psychiatry several other terms are used, specifically "alcohol abuse" and "alcohol dependence," which have slightly different definitions. In 1979 an expert World Health Organization committee discouraged the use of "alcoholism" in medicine, preferring the category of "alcohol dependence syndrome". In the 19th and early 20th centuries, alcohol dependence in general was called dipsomania, but that term now has a much more specific meaning. People suffering from alcoholism are often called "alcoholics". Many other terms, some of the minsulting or informal, have been used throughout history. The World Health Organization estimates that there are 140 million people with alcoholism worldwide Identifying alcoholism is difficult for the individual afflicted because of the social stigma associated with the disease that causes people with alcoholism to avoid diagnosis and treatment for fear of shame or social consequences. The evaluation responses to a group of
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standardized questioning is a common method for diagnosing alcoholism. These can be used to identify harmful drinking patterns, including alcoholism. In general, problem drinking is considered alcoholism when the person continues to drink despite experiencing social or health problems caused by drinking.

Alcoholism Stages: The First Stage

In the first stage of alcoholism, drinking is no longer social but becomes a means of emotional escape from inhibitions, problems, inhibitions. Stated differently, during the first stage of alcoholism, drinking is, in many instances, a psychological attempt to escape from reality. For instance, early in the disease an alcoholic starts to depend on the mood-altering effects of alcohol. Another observable characteristic of the first stage of alcoholism is that a slow and gradual increase in tolerancedevelops, meaning that more and more amounts of alcohol are needed for the individual to "get high" or to "feel the buzz." For example, it is common for problem drinkers in the first stage of alcoholism to start gulping one or two drinks before attending a social function and then to increase social drinking to 3 to 5 drinks per day.

The Second Stage

In the second stage of alcoholism, the need to drink becomes more powerful. For example, it is common during this stage for the problem drinker to start to drink earlier in the day. As tolerance increases, furthermore, the individual with the drinking problem drinks not because of psychological tension or stress relief, but because of his or her dependence on alcohol. During this stage of the disease, even though the "loss of control" does not occur on a regular basis, it is, nevertheless, starting to become more noticeable by others such as relatives, family members,

neighbors, friends, and co-workers. In other words, as the disease continues, the person's problems with alcohol become worse and more noticeable to others. Also during this stage of the disease, the problem drinker may begin to feel more concerned and embarrassed about his or her drinking. Often during this stage, problem drinkers are unsuccessful in their attempts to stop drinking. In this stage, physical symptoms such as hangovers, blackouts, hand tremors, and stomach problems increase. Interestingly, instead of seeing their drinking as the root of the many problems and issues they experience, however, drinkers with a drinking problem in this stage frequently start to blame others and things external to themselves for their difficulties.

The Third Stage

In the third stage of alcoholism, the loss of control becomes more severe and more observable. This means that problem drinkers are unable to drink in accordance with their intentions. For example, once the individual takes the first drink, he or she commonly can no longer control further drinking behavior, in spite of the fact that the intent might have been to have just "one or two drinks." It should be stressed that an important aspect of this stage of the illness is the following: the drinker often starts to experience more serious drinking problems as well as alcohol-related employment, relationship, financial, and legal problems. In the third stage of alcoholism, it is common for the problem drinker to start avoiding friends and family and to show a lack of interest in activities and events that once were fun or important. Also typical during this stage are "eye-openers," that is, drinks that are taken whenever the problem drinker awakens. Eye-openers are taken mainly to "calm the nerves," lessen a hangover, or to quiet the feelings of remorse the individual occasionally experiences after a period of time without consuming a drink. As the drinking increases the individual with the drinking problem starts to neglect most things of importance, even necessities such as food, water, personal hygiene, shelter, and personal interaction. And finally, during this stage, the drinker often makes half-hearted attempts at getting professional medical assistance

The Fourth Stage

The fourth and last stage of alcoholism is characterized by a chronic loss of control. In the earlier stages of the illness, the problem drinker may have been successful in maintaining a job. Due to the fact that drinking during this stage frequently starts earlier in the day and commonly
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continues throughout the day, however, few, if any, full-time jobs can be maintained under these conditions. In the earlier stages of the illness, the problem drinker had a choice whether he or she would take the first drink. After taking the first drink, the drinker typically lost all control and would then continue drinking. In the last stage of alcoholism, however, alcoholics no longer have a choice: they need to drink in order to function on a daily basis. During the fourth stage of alcoholism, benders are typical. More to the point, in the fourth stage of alcoholism the alcoholic frequently gets helplessly drunk and may remain in this predicament for a number of days or weeks. The unattainable goal for the drinker while engaging in his or her bender is to experience the "high" they he or she once experienced. In the second or third stages of alcoholism the drinker's hands may have trembled slightly on mornings after getting drunk the previous night. In the fourth and last stage of alcoholism, conversely, alcoholics get "the shakes" whenever they attempt or are forced to refrain from drinking. These tremors are an indication of a serious nervous disorder that now affects the drinker's entire body. When "the shakes" are combined with hallucinations, furthermore, the result is known as "the DTs" or delirium tremens. The DTs are a potentially deadly kind of alcoholism withdrawal that almost always takes place unless the alcoholic receives immediate alcoholism treatment. It may come as no surprise that after an attack of the DTs, more than a few alcoholicspromise to never drink again. Sadly, most of them do not and cannot fulfill their promise. Consequently, they more often than not return to drinking and the alcoholic drinking patterns and drinking problem start all over again.

Effects of Alcohol
The physical effects of alcohol
From the second you take your first sip, alcohol starts affecting your body and mind. After one or two drinks you may start feeling more sociable, but drink too much and basic human functions, such as walking and talking become much harder. You might also start saying things you dont mean and behaving out of character. Some of alcohols effects disappear overnight while others can stay with you a lot longer, or indeed become permanent. If youve drunk heavily the night before, youll almost certainly wake up with a hangover. Alcohol irritates the stomach, so heavy drinking can cause sickness and nausea and sometimes diarrhoea. Alcohol also has a dehydrating effect, which is one reason why excessive drinking can lead to a thumping headache the morning after. On the Drinkaware website youll find useful clinically approved facts and information about the effects of alcohol on your life and lifestyle designed to help you make positive decisions about your drinking. Select the topic youre interested in to find out more.

Appearance
If youre trying to watch your waistline, drinking too much alcohol can be disastrous! A man drinking five pints of 5% ABV lager a week for a year consumes the same number of calories as someone who eats 292 glazed doughnuts in a year. Drinking too much alcohol isnt great news for your skin either. As well as causing bloating and dark circles under your eyes, alcohol dries out your skin and can lead to wrinkles and premature aging. If you drink heavily you may develop acne rosacea, a skin disorder that starts with a tendency to blush and flush easily and can progress to facial disfiguration, a condition known as rhinophyma

Alcohol poisoning
More than 35,000 people were admitted to hospital with alcohol poisoning in England in 2010/11 (16,200 men and 19,800 women) thats more than 600 every week (1) In the worst cases, alcohol poisoning can cause lung damage (as you inhale your own vomit) and even lead to a heart attack. Many traditional cures for alcohol poisoning, such as drinking black coffee; just dont work or even make things worse.

Diseases and cancers Liver disease

While rates of liver disease are falling in the rest of Europe, they are rising in the UK. In England, there has been a 25% increase in deaths from liver disease in under a decade (2) (from 9,231 in 2001 to 11,575 in 2009). Liver disease used to affect mainly drinkers in middle age, but now sufferers are getting younger. more than 1 in 10 of deaths of people in their 40s are from liver disease, most of them from alcoholic liver disease.
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Cancer
Alcohol misuse is an important factor in a number of cancers, including liver and mouth cancers, both of which are on the increase (3) (4). Alcohol is second only to smoking as a risk factor for oral and digestive tract cancers. Evidence suggests that this could be because when you drink, the alcohol in your body is converted into a toxic chemical called acetaldehyde. This can damage your DNA and stop your cells from repairing that damage, which can lead to cancerFind out more in our Alcohol and cancer factsheet.

Pancreatitis and diabetes

Pancreatitis is when your pancreas becomes inflamed and its cells are damaged. Heavy drinking can cause pancreatitis. Around half of people with chronic pancreatitis develop diabetes. This is because the damaged pancreas cannot make insulin (which you need to regulate your blood sugar) (5).

Heart disease
With alcohol and the heart, its a benefit and risk trade off. So, for example, alcohols anticlotting ability, potentially protective against heart attack, may increase the risk of haemorrhagic stroke (when a blood vessel bursts inside the brain), or bleeding within the brain. Beyond the daily unit guidelines, alcohols potential benefits on the heart are outweighed by the risks of developing other illnesses, such as liver disease or cancer.

Mental health
Alcohol alters the brains chemistry and increases the risk of depression. It is often associated with a range of mental health problems A recent British survey found that people suffering from anxiety or depression were twice as likely to be heavy or problem drinkers. Extreme levels of drinking (defined as more than 30 units per day for several weeks) can occasionally cause psychosis, a severe mental illness where hallucinations and delusions of persecution develop. Psychotic symptoms can also occur when very heavy drinkers suddenly stop drinking and develop a condition known as delirium tremens. Heavy drinking often leads to work and family problems, which in turn can lead to isolation and depression. For heavy drinkers who drink daily and become dependent on alcohol, there can be withdrawal symptoms (nervousness, tremors, palpitations) which resemble severe anxiety, and may even cause phobias, such as a fear of going out.

Control measures of alcoholism

Prevention measures :
Use of mass media ( like TV, radio , newspapers) to create awareness about ill effects of alcoholism Ban on drinking and sale of alcohol in public places and educational institutions . Ban on advertisements for alcohol. Heavy taxation on alcohol to make them costly Law against alcoholism.

Medical measures:
Chlorodiazepoxide prevents withdrawal symptoms Disulfiram tablet is given to patient . Now ,if the patient drinks even small amount of alcohol , he suffers from nausea , vomiting , headache , flushing , palpitation , mental confusion , etc . Hence , he avoids alcohol. Emetine hydrochloride injction is given to patient . Now , if the patient sees, smells or drinks alcohol he starts vomiting .

Psychosocial measures :
Psychotherapy : Counseling of an addict to quit alcohol. Social therapy : The family member and friend should be counseled and should encourage alcoholics to quit alcohol . Occupational therapy : Rehabilitation of alcoholic after de-addiction .

PREVENTION OF CRIME AGAINST WOMEN Woman is the companion of man, gifted with equal rights, mental abilities. She has the right of freedom and liberty as that of her male counterpart. Then why in todays world she doesnt feel safe and secure? Why? CRIMES AGAINST WOMEN:
Crimes against women are there in our society from the starting, but remain unheard due to: Unawareness Social stigma Lack of media Various crime against women can be stated as : Rape Domestic violence Sexual harassment Female Feticides Trafficking Dowry

RAPE :

As defined by the UN Rape is a sexual intercourse without valid consent Rape is a type of sexual assault which is initiated by one or more persons against another person without that person's consent. The term is most often defined in criminal law. A person who commits an act of rape is known as a rapist.

DOMESTIC VIOLENCE :

A case of deprival of right to life, right to be human and right to live with human dignity Includes physical, mental, emotional, verbal, sexual, economic as well as psychological abuse.

Impact of Domestic Violence:

Exhibit Behavioral & Physical Health Problems Suicide Attempt Addiction of Drugs & Alcohol Run Away From Home Engage in Teenage Prostitution Commit Sexual Crimes Lack of trust on close friends and relatives. Loneliness

SEXUAL HARASSMENT:

Intimidation , bullying of a sexual nature and Includes a range of behaviours . Often ,the harasser is in a position of power or authority over the victim.
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Harassment experiences-classified into 5 categories : Verbal Psychological Sexual gestures and exposure Unwanted touch Rape

Impact of Sexual Harassment

Decreased work performance Victim becomes the "accused ,her dress, lifestyle, private life often comes under attack. Being objectified and humiliated by scrutiny and gossip Extreme stress upon relationships with significant others,or relationships with colleagues Weakening of support network, or being ostracized from professional or academic circles Having to relocate to another city, or another job Loss of references/recommendations

FEMALE FOETICIDE

Aborting a Female fetus after sex determination tasks.

Reasons for high number of incidence of female foeticide include deep rooted traditional son preference continued practice of dowry concern for safety of the girl child and exploitation and abuse of women and girl children.

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TRAFFICKING As defined by the UN. TRAFFICKING is the recruitment, transportation, transfer, harbouring or receipt of persons by means of the threat or use of force or other forms of coercion, of abduction, of fraud, of deception, of the abuse of power or of a position of vulnerability or of the giving or receiving of payments or benefits to achieve the consent of a person having control over another person, for the purpose of exploitation. Trafficking - criminal practice of exploiting human beings by treating them like commodities for profit Organized crime which violates all tenets of human dignity and rights. Can occur for various purposes- labour , commercial sexual exploitation, organ trade etc. Poverty, illiteracy, lack of livelihood options, natural/man made disasters makes a person vulnerable to trafficking. Can be categorized asSex-based -trafficking for prostitution, Commercial sexual abuse, Pornography, Cyber sex, and different types of disguised sexual exploitation. Non-Sex- based- for different types of servitude, like domestic labor, industrial labor, adoption, organ transplant, etc.

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MEASURES FOR SAFETY OF WOMEN

Installation of closed circuit cameras in public places. Avoiding going to lonely places at night. Encourage women oriented shows like Aap ki Kachehri . Appointment of more female police officers. Self- defence techniques (Marshal Arts, Pepper Spray).

Jessica Lall Murder Case (1999-2006) April 29, 1999: Model working as Barmaid killed on refusal to serve beer.:

Radhika Tanwar Case March 8, 2011 DU Student shot outside college:

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LEGAL FRAMEWORK:

Delhi commission for women

Set up under the Delhi Commission for Women Act, 1994 Started functioning from June 1996 Includes investigation and examination of all matters relating to the safeguards provided for women Its objectives are to ensure Security Development Well being

Under DCW, requirements to ensure safety:

Full co-operation and assistance from the police Net-working with NGOs and the community neighborhood groups. Legal assistance from the Commission through legal aid centers.

Various projects under DCW:

Telephonic helpline Sahyogini Crisis Intervention Centres Rape Crisis Cell
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Mahila Panchayat Twenty-four Hour Mobile Helpline

Crisis Intervention Centers:

Scheme for providing support to victims of rape, domestic violence and torture. Its objectives are To provide support structure to the CICs of police department To ensure transparency in the professional investigation, registration of FIR and medical examination To reduce trauma and provide counseling help to the victim To provide financial assistance to victim

Rape crisis cell

Started by DCW in September 2005 to provide assistance to rape victims Free legal service for rape victims . Its services include : Availability of advocates to the victims Lodging the complaint at the police station, recording the statement Ensuring sensitive handling of the case by the police Opposing bail applications made by the accused Assisting the prosecutor in the case

The Indian penal code, 1860:

376: Punishment for rape 376A: Intercourse by a man with his wife during separation 376B: Intercourse by public servant with woman in his custody 376C: Intercourse by Superintendent of Jail, remand home etc 376D: Intercourse by any member of the management or staff of a hospital with any woman in that hospital

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