Andrea Bucciarelli 1 - 25

LINK BUDGET
POWER LINK BUDGET
NOISE LINK BUDGET
LINK PERFORMANCE: C/No RATIO
Andrea Bucciarelli 2 - 25
Introduction to Satellite Communications and VSAT Networks
Part 2 - LINK BUDGET
LINK BUDGET
ANTENNA GAIN 4
TRANSMITTED POWER IN A GIVEN DIRECTION 6
EFFECTIVE ISOTROPICALLY RADIATED POWER (EIRP) 7
ONE LINK ONLY RECEIVED POWER 8
FREE SPACE LOSS VERSUS FREQUENCY AND DISTANCE 9
ATTENUATION BY ATMOSPHERIC GASES
ATTENUATION DUE TO PRECIPITATION AND CLOUDS
NOMOGRAM FOR DETERMINATION OF SPECIFIC ATTENUATION
TYPICAL VALUES OF RAIN ATTENUATION 11
DETERMINATION OF A
RAIN

MAPS OF RAINFALL CONTOURS 12
MAPS OF RAIN ALL CONTOURS
ONE LINK ONLY RECEIVED POWER 13
ORIGIN OF NOISE 14
NOISE CHARACTERIZATION 15
NOISE CHARACTERIZATION 16
NOISE CONTRIBUTION OF AN ATTENUATOR 17
CASCADE SYSTEMS 18
NOISE LINK BUDGET SATELLITE ANTENNA NOISE TEMPERATURE 19
NOISE LINK BUDGETEARTH STATION ANTENNA NOISE TEMPERATURE 20
CLEAR SKY NOISE TEMPERATURE 21
EARTH STATION ANTENNA NOISE TEMPERATURE
CARRIER TO NOISE RATIO (CNR) AT RECEIVER INPUT 23
PROBLEM
LINK PERFORMANCE UPLINK C/N
O
: (C/N
O
)
U
24
DOWNLINK C/N
O
: (C/N
O
)
D
25
CHARACTERISTICS OF INTERMODULATION PRODUCTS
INTERMODULATION NOISE
POWER AMPLIFIER NON LINERATIES
POWER AMPLIFIER NON LINERATIES
TOTAL LINK OPERATION
TOTAL LINK BUDGET LINEAR OPERATION EXERCISE
TOTAL LINK ( C / N
O
)
T

TOTAL LINK BUDGET LINEAR OPERATION
Andrea Bucciarelli 3 - 25
TOTAL LINK BUDGET NON LINEAR OPERATION
TOTAL LINK BUDGET NON LINEAR OPERATION
TOTAL LINK BUDGET NON LINEAR OPERATION WITH INTERFERENCE
TOTAL LINK BUDGET NON LINEAR OPERATION WITH INTERFERENCE
EXERCISE
PERFORMANCE MEASUREMENT AT USERS END
TYPES OF OBJECTIVES
AVAILABILITY
Andrea Bucciarelli 4 - 25

3
339
990
003
333
33,
,,

,
,,
3
33
The antenna gain is defined as the ratio of the power per unit solid angle
received/radiated by the antenna in a given direction to the power per unit
solid angle received/radiated by an isotropic antenna supplied with the
same power
The gain is maximum at boresight and is given by:
G A
eff max
=
4
2

where = radiofrequency wavelength ( =

c
f
)
A
eff
= effective aperture area of the antenna
Reflector antenna
The aperture is a disc of diameter D with area A
A D =
2
4 / A A
eff
=
where is the aperture efficiency (a tipical value for is 0.6-0.7)
G
D
max
=

2
Andrea Bucciarelli 5 - 25
Antenna radiation pattern
Antenna radiation pattern = gain variations as a function of the angle
relative to boresight
Half power beamwidth
3dB
= full angular width between two directions
where the gain is 3 dB below maximum

3
70
dB
D
= (degrees)
For small off-axis angle : ( ) ( ) G G
dB dB dB
=
max,
/ 12
3
2
where: G
max,dB
= 10 log G
max
= 10 log (D/)
2
D

=
3dB
/2
=
1

3dB
major lobe side lobes
3 dB down
G
max
G
max, dB
30 dB
typ
-3 dB

3dB

1
Andrea Bucciarelli 6 - 25
%
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##

$
$$

%
%%%
%%

!
!!

#
##

'
''

#
##

%
%%

ISOTROPIC ANTENNA
ACTUAL ANTENNA
P
R
T
4
2

FRIIS EQUATION
= = P G R
T T
/ 4
2
POWER Flux density at distance R (W/m
2
)
G
T
=1
Isotropic antenna
Power radiated per
unit solid angle
P
T
/ 4
P
T
Isotropic antenna
Power radiated per
unit solid angle
P
T
/ 4
Actual antenna
Power radiated per unit solid angle
( ) G
T
P
T
/ 4
Power received on area A:
= ( ) P
T
/ 4 G (A / R )
T
2
( )
[ ] = A P G R
T T
/ 4
2

= A
xG
T
distance R
Area A
Solid angle = A/R
2
P
T
G
T
Andrea Bucciarelli 7 - 25

F
FFF
FFE
EEC
CCT
TTI
IIV
VVE
EE
I
IIS
SSO
OOT
TTR
RRO
OOP
PPI
IIC
CCA
AA

Y
YY
R
RRA
AAD
DDI
IIA
AAT
TTE
EED
DD
P
PPO
OOW
WWE
EER
RR

#
##!
!!

EIRP = P
T
G
T
= effective isotropically radiated
power (W) in the considered
direction
where : P
T
= power fed to the antenna (W)
G
T
() = antenna gain at angle
Maximum EIRP is at boresight ( = 0)
Max EIRP = P
T
G
Tmax
P
T
side lobes
major lobe
G
Tmax

G
T
Andrea Bucciarelli 8 - 25

K
KK
O
OON
NNL
LLY
YY
R
RRE
EEC
CCE
EEI
IIV
VVE
EED
DD
P
PPO
OOW
WWE
EER
RR
P
T
= Power fed to the antenna (W)
G
T
= Transmitting antenna gain
P
T
G
T
= equivalent isotropic radiated power (EIRP)
= Flux density at distance R(W/m
2
) = (P
T
G
T
) / 4R
2
A
Reff
= effective aperture area of receiving antenna
P
R
= received power (W) = A
Reff
= (P
T
G
T
)

A
Reff
/ 4R
2
A
Reff
/ 4R
2
is the fraction of the EIRP captured by the receiving antenna
A
Reff
expresses as a function of G
R
=receiving antenna gain:
A
Reff
= G
R
(4/)
2
P
R
= (P
T
G
T
) G
R
/ L
FS
where L
FS
= (4R/)
2
= free space loss i.e. the free space attenuation
between isotropic antennas
P
T
distance R
A
Reff
G
T
P
R
G
R
Andrea Bucciarelli 9 - 25
F
FFR
RRE
EEE
EE
S
SSP
PPA
AAC
CCE
EE
L
LLO
OOS
SSS
SS
V
VVE
EER
RRS
SS&
&&$
$$

#
##
Q
QQU
UUE
EEN
NNC
CCY
YY
A
AAN
NND
DD
D
DDI
IIS
SST
TTA
AAN
NNC
CCE
EE
for a geostationary satellite
( ) ( ) ( ) L R R R
FS
R = = 4 4
2
0
2
0
2
/ / /
( ) ( )
R / . cos cos R l L
0
2
1 0 42 1 = +
= radio wavelength (m) = c/f
R = satellite-to-earth station range (m)
R
0
= satellite altitude = 35 786 km
l = earth station latitude
L = earth station-to-satellite relative longitude
(R / R
O
)
2
= 1 to 1.356 (0 to 1.3 dB)
L
FS
(dB) is about 200 dB at 6 GHz
L
FS
(dB) range from 195 to 213 dB for frequencies between 4 and 30 GHz
170
180
190
200
210
1 5 10 50 Frequency GHz
L
FS
(dB)
Andrea Bucciarelli 10 - 25
P
R
= EIRPsat + G
R
- L
FS
(dBW) theoretical situation
P
R
= EIRPsat + G
R
- L (dBW) real situation
L = L
FS
+ L
FTx
+ L
FRx
+ L
AG
+ L
RAIN
+ L
R/T
+ L
POL
(dB)
L
FTx
Tx feeder loss
L
FRx
Rx feeder loss coaxial cables, waveguides, duplexer, filters
L
AG
Attenuation by atmospheric gas - depending on antenna elevation
L
RAIN
Attenuation due to precipitation and clouds
L
R/T
Attenuation due to Rx/Tx antennas misalignment
L
POL
Attenuation due to polarization mismatch between Tx and Rx
coverage problems
pointing errors
misalignment between the antenna geometrical axes and
electrical axes
no perfect satellite stabilization
LINEAR RHCP LHCP
LINEAR 20 log cos
3 dB 3 dB
RHCP 3 dB 0

LHCP 3dB

0
angle between the two directions of polarization
LOGARITHMS:
A dB[dimension] = 10 Log
10
a [dimension]
Log (a x b) = Log a + Log b
Log (a / b) = Log a - Log b
Log a
x
= x Log a
Andrea Bucciarelli 11 - 25
T
TTY
YYP
PPI
IIC
CCA
AAL
LL
V
VVA
AAL
LLU
UUE
EES
SS
O
OOF
FF
R
RRA
AAI
IIN
NN
A
AAT
TTT
TTE
EEN
NNU
UUA
AAT
TTI
IIO
OON
NN
RAINFALL RATE:
(exceeded for 0.01% of an average
year)
over Europe : between 30 and 50
mm/h
EFFECTIVE PATH LENGTH: between 5 km and 10 km (depends
on elevation angle)
SPECIFIC ATTENUATION: from 0.05 to 5 dB/Km (depends on
frequency and rainfall rate)
ATTENUATION:
exceeded for 0.01% of an average
year ( 1 hour/year )
about 0.1 dB at 4 GHz
5 to 10 dB at 12 GHz
10 to 20 dB at 20 GHz
25 to 40 dB at 30 GHz
exceeded for 0.3% of any month
( 2 hour/month)
negligible at 4 GHz
about 2 to 5 dB at 12 GHz
4 to 8 dB at 20 GHz
11 to 20 dB at 30 GHz
COMMENTS :
30/20 GHz systems face a problem, especially in tropical regions
where rainfall rate is very high during small percentage of time
performance objective must be achieved when rain occurs. The links
will probably be over dimensioned during most of the time (margin)
Andrea Bucciarelli 12 - 25
M
MMA
AAP
PPS
SS
O
OOF
FF
R
RRA
AAI
IIN
NNF
FFA
AAL
LLL
LL
C
CCO
OON
NNT
TTO
OOU
UUR
RRS
SS
Contours of RAINFALL RATE R
0.01
(mm/h) exceeded for 0.01% of AN
AVERAGE YEAR:
Andrea Bucciarelli 13 - 25
O
OON
NNE
EE
L
LLI
IIN
NNK
KK
O
OON
NNL
LLY
YY
R
RRE
EEC
CCE
EEI
IIV
VVE
EED
DD
P
PPO
OOW
WWE
EER
RR
IMPLEMENTATION LOSSES
1 - FEEDER LOSSES
EIRP = P
T
G
T
= (P
Tx
G
T
) / L
FTX
2 - ANTENNA MISALIGNMENT
Consider values of antenna gains in the Tx-Rx direction:
G
T
= G
Tmax
/ L
T
where : L
T
(dB) = 12(
T
/
3dB
)
2
G
R
= G
Rmax
/ L
R
where : L
R
(dB) = 12(
R
/
3dB
)
2
Also include losses L
POL
caused by possible polarization mismatch
between Tx and Rx antennas
Tx L
FTX
P
Tx
P
T
L
FRX
Rx
P
R
Feeder
loss
l
LOSS
Feeder
loss
LOSS
G
T
G
R
P
Rx
Tx
antenna
depointing

T

R
Rx
antenna
P
T
G
T
L
G
R
P
R
L
Andrea Bucciarelli 14 - 25
O
OOR
RRI
IIG
GGI
IIN
NN
O
OOF
FF
N
NNO
OOI
IIS
SSE
EE
NOISE consist of all unwanted contributions of energy at the receiver
input which tend to corrupt the desired signal
Noise finds its origin in:
radiation from radiating bodies located within the field of view of the
antenna, i.e. :
satellite antenna : earth
earth station antenna : galactic and cosmic sources, atmospheric
gases, rain, ground (at small elevation angles)

noise generated within the electronics of the receiver

interference from other transmitters
It should be noted that any attenuation process which involves energy
absorption is inevitably associated with thermal noise generation from the
medium
Andrea Bucciarelli 15 - 25

$
$$

#
##

%
%%
#
##

%
%%

NOISE POWER SPECTRAL DENSITY N

0
(W/Hz):
N
0
(f) = amount of noise power per unit of bandwidth
If N
0
(f) constant = N
0
white noise
Given N = NOISE POWER (W) measured in bandwidth B:
N
0
= N / B
(W / Hz) (W) (Hz)
NOISE TEMPERATURE of noise source: T (K)
T = temperature of a passive system (resister for instance) which would
generate the SAME amount of noise than the considered source of noise
T = N / KB = N
o
/ K
k = Boltzmanns constant = 1.379 x 10
23
W/K . Hz.
N
O
(f)
N
O
(W/Hz)
B frequency ( Hz)
(physical temperature
may not be T)
SOURCE OF NOISE
physical
temperature
T
available
power (W) :
N = KTB
V
2
= 4 KTBR (noise voltage)
R
Andrea Bucciarelli 16 - 25
N
NNO
OOI
IIS
SSE
EE
C
CCH
HHA
AAR
RRA
AAC
CCT
TTE
EER
RRI
IIZ
ZZA
AAT
TTI
IIO
OON
NN
EFFECTIVE INPUT NOISE TEMPERATURE of a system : T
e
(K)
T
e
= noise temperature of a source at the input of the system (considered
noise free) that produces the same contribution to the system output noise
as the internal noise of the actual system itself
NOISE FIGURE F:
ratio of the total system output noise power to that part of the system
output noise power engendered by an input source at the reference
temperature T
0
= 290 K
F =
S N
S N
IN IN
OUT OUT
/
/
N
OUT
= K T
0
GB + KT
e
GB
F = 1 +
T
T
e
0
F (dB) = 10 log F
actual
(noisy)
system
noise
free
system
no input noise
T = 0
physical
temperature
T = T
e
same
available
noise power:
N = kT
e
G B
G = Power gain of the system
G
IN OUT
Andrea Bucciarelli 17 - 25
N
NNO
OOI
IIS
SSE
EE
C
CCO
OON
NNT
TTR
RRI
IIB
BBU
UUT
TTI
IIO
OON
NN
O
OOF
FF
A
AAN
NN
A
AAT
TTT
TTE
EEN
NNU
UUA
AAT
TTO
OOR
RR
An ATTENUATOR is a system composed entirely of passive elements
assumed to be in thermal equilibrium at ROOM TEMPERATURE T
(This is a good approximation for lossy transmission line and waveguide)
EFFECTIVE INPUT NOISE TEMPERATURE :
T
e
= (L - 1 ) T
where L is the ATTENUATOR power loss.
Note that the above relation indicates that the noise figure of an attenuator
is F = L IF ROOM TEMPERATURE EQUALS T
0
=290 K
L = 10
L dB ( ) /10
ATTENUATOR
Power loss = L
Temperature T
Andrea Bucciarelli 18 - 25
C
CCA
AAS
SSC
CCA
AAD
DDE
EE
S
SSY
YYS
SST
TTE
EEM
MMS
SS
Consider N cascaded and impedance matched systems each with the same
bandwidth but with its own power gain G
i
(or loss, then G
i
= 1/L
i
) and noise
figure F
i
(i = 1, 2,....N):
.
Overall NOISE FIGURE if the system (Friis formula):
F = F
1
+ ( F
2
- 1) /G
1
+ (F
3
- 1) / G
1
G
2
+...........
...+ (F
N
- 1)/ G
1
G
2
......G
N-1
EFFECTIVE INPUT NOISE TEMPERATURE:
T
e
= (F - 1)T
0
= T
e1
+ T
e2
/ G
1
+ T
e3
/ G
1
G
2
+ .... + T
en
/ G
1
G
2
.... G
N-1
SYSTEM NOISE TEMPERATURE
T = T
A
/ L
FRX
+ T
F
(1 - 1 / L
FRX
) + T
R
T
A
= ANTENNA NOISE TEMPERATURE
T
R
= RECEIVER EFFECTIVE INPUT NOISE TEMPERATURE
T
F
= TEMPERATURE OF FEEDER (ROOM TEMPERATURE)
L
FRX
= POWER LOSS OF FEEDER
SYSTEM 1
power gain G
1
Noise figure F
1
SYSTEM 2
power gain G
2
Noise figure F
2
SYSTEM N
power gain GN
1
Noise figure F
N
FEDER RECEIVER FEDER
T
Andrea Bucciarelli 19 - 25
N
NNO
OOI
IIS
SSE
EE
L
LLI
IIN
NNK
KK
B
BBU
UUD
DDG
GGE
EET
TT
S
SSA
AAT
TTE
EEL
LLL
LLI
IIT
TTE
EE
A
AAN
NNT
TTE
EEN
NNN
NNA
AA
N
NNO
OOI
IIS
SSE
EE
T
TTE
EEM
MMP
PPE
EER
RRA
AAT
TTU
UUR
RRE
EE
T
A
= averaged contribution of earth noise temperature (about 290 k ) and
surrounding background (galactic) noise temperature (about 5 k)
With spot beam antenna Earth is viewed within the entire antenna pattern
and T
A
is about 290 K
Noise temperature T at receiver input:
T = T
A
/L
FRX
+ T
F
(1 - 1/L
FRX
) + T
R
With T
A
= 290 K assuming T
F
290 K (ambient) :
T T
F
+ T
R
= 290 + T
R
It is useless to install onboard the satellite a receiver with a very low
effective input noise temperature T
R
RECEIVER FEEDER
T
A
= 290 K
T
F
T
R
L
FRX
T
EARTH = BLACK BODY AT 290 K
SATELLITE
Andrea Bucciarelli 20 - 25
N
NNO
OOI
IIS
SSE
EE
L
LLI
IIN
NNK
KK
B
BBU
UUD
DDG
GGE
EET
TT
E
EEA
AAR
RRT
TTH
HH
S
SST
TTA
AAT
TTI
IIO
OON
NN

A
AAN
NNT
TTE
EEN
NNN
NNA
AA
N
NNO
OOI
IIS
SSE
EE
T
TTE
EEM
MMP
PPE
EER
RRA
AAT
TTU
UUR
RRE
EE
CLEAR SKY:
T
A
= T
SKY
+ T
GROUND
where:
T
SKY
= clear sky contribution to antenna noise temperature (K)
T
GROUND
= ground contribution to antenna noise temperature (K)
RAIN:
T
A
= T
SKY
/A
RAIN
+ T
m
(1 - 1/A
RAIN
) + T
GROUND
where:
A
RAIN
= attenuation due to rain, clouds and atmospheric gases along the
main beam axis
T
m
= effective medium temperature (K) due to rain, clouds and
gases = 1.12 T
AMB
(K) - 50 , where T
AMB
is the ambient temperature at the
earth station location
SKY T
SKY
T
GROUND
GROUND
T
GROUND
GROUND
SKY
T
SKY
/A
RAIN
RAIN = attenuator T
m
/A
RAIN
A
ARAIN
T
m
(1-1/A
RAIN
)
Andrea Bucciarelli 21 - 25
C
CCL
LLE
EEA
AAR
RR
S
SSK
KKY
YY
N
NNO
OOI
IIS
SSE
EE
T
TTE
EEM
MMP
PPE
EER
RRA
AAT
TTU
UUR
RRE
EE
Any ATTENUATION process which involves energy absorption is
associated with THERMAL NOISE GENERATION from the medium
Absorption by atmospheric gases is frequency dependent, hence clear sky
noise temperature exhibits similar variations with frequency
GROUND CONTRIBUTION TO ANTENNA NOISE TEMPERATURE
Depends on: - type of antenna (mounting, diameter)
- elevation angle of antenna
- side lobes radiation pattern
- frequency
PRACTICAL VALUES: 10 K for large Cassegrain antenna
100 K for small dish antenna
Andrea Bucciarelli 22 - 25
EXERCISE
Given the receiving equipment of an earth station :
Operating frequency = 12 GHz Elevation angle E = 45
FEEDER: T
F
= 290 K, L
FRX
= 0.5 dB
LNA : T
LNA
= 50 K , G
LNA
=

50 dB
MIXER : T
MX
= 500 K, G
MX
= -10 dB (L
MX
10 dB)
IF AMP : T
IF
= 1000 K, G
IF
= 30 dB
Calculate:
antenna noise temperature T
A
(consider both clear sky conditions and
rain with attenuation A
RAIN
3 dB , assume T
GROUND
= 50 K)
system noise temperature T
T
A
Feeder
Antenna
T
LNA X
IF
AMP
LO
T
MX
G
MX
T
IF
G
IF
Down Converter
Mixer
T
F
L
FRX
T
LNA
G
LNA
Andrea Bucciarelli 23 - 25
C
CCA
AAR
RRR
RRI
IIE
EER
RR
T
TTO
OO
N
NNO
OOI
IIS
SSE
EE
R
RRA
AAT
TTI
IIO
OO
(
((C
CCN
NNR
RR)
))
A
AAT
TT
R
RRE
EEC
CCE
EEI
IIV
VVE
EER
RR
I
IIN
NNP
PPU
UUT
TT
One link only
C = carrier power at receiver input (W) = P
RX
= ( P
T
G
T
) G/L
where G = G
RMAX
/ L
FRX
L
R
(L
R
= antenna off axis gain fall-out)
N
0
= effective noise power spectral density (W/Hz) = kT
where T = system noise temperature (K)
B
IF
= receiver noise bandwidth (Hz)
The FIGURE OF MERIT G/T (K
-1
) characterizes the effectiveness of the
receiving end
J = Ws =
W
Hz

C
N
O

=
( )
W
K
K
J
1

Hz

C
N
EIRP
L
G
T K
dBHZ
dBW
dB dBK dBWK Hz
0
1 1
1
1
1

= +

( )

C
N
C
N B
dB dBHz dBHz

0
1
1
C/N
0
= (P
T
G
T
) (1 / L) (G / T ) (1 / k)
C/N = C / N
O
B
IF
Figure of merit of receiver (K
-1
)
EIRP(W) Path
Loss
1.38 x 10
-23
J/K
- 228.6 dBWK
-1
Hz
-1
Tx
L
FTX
L
FR
X
Rx
P
Tx
P
T
G
T
G
R
L= L
FS
L
A
P
R
P
RX
T
distance R
C / N
0
(Hz)
Andrea Bucciarelli 24 - 25
L
LLI
IIN
NNK
KK
P
PPE
EER
RRF
FFO
OOR
RRM
MMA
AAN
NNC
CCE
EE
U
UUP
PPL
LLI
IIN
NNK
KK
C
CC

:
::
(
((C
CC/
//N
NN
O
OO
)
))
U
UU
(C/N
0
)
U
= (EIRP)
ES
(1/L)
U
(G/T)
SL
(1/k)
EIRP
ES
= (P
T
G
T
)
ES
=(P
TX
/ L
FTX
)
ES
(G
Tmax
/ L
T
)
ES
L
T
= 12 (
T
/
3dB
)
2

T
= Earth Station depointing angle (depends on type of tracking, if any)
(G/T)
SL
= (G
Rmax
/L
R
)
SL
(1/L
FRX
)
SL
(1/T)
SL
L
R
= usually 3 dB for Earth Station located at edge of coverage
T = satellite system noise temperature = 290 + T
R
(K)
(G/T )
SL
depends on earth station line of sight direction
Expressing POWER FLUX DENSITY (W / m
2
):
= EIRP
ES
/ 4R
2
C = P
RX
= A
Reff
(1/L
FRX
) = (G
R

2
/ 4) (1 / L
FRX
)
= (G
Rmax
/ L
R
)
SL
(1/L
FRX
)
SL
(
2
/ 4)
L
FRX
R
X

P
R
(C/N
O
)
0
SATELLITE (SL)
G
Tmax
EARTH
STATION (ES)

R
G
T
G
Rmax
antenna
boresight
G
R
P
RX
edge of coverage:
-n dB (typ. -3 dB) contour
L
FRX
R
X
P
R
(C/N
O
)
U
P
RX

T
Andrea Bucciarelli 25 - 25
D
DDO
OOW
WWN
NNL
LLI
IIN
NNK
KK
C
CC/
//N
NN
O
OO

:
::
(
((C
CC/
//N
NN
O
OO
)
))
D
DD
(C/N
0
)
D
= (EIRP)
SL
(1/L)
D
(G/T)
LS
(1/k)
(C / N
O
)
D
computation assumes that a noiseless signal is generated by the
satellite
EIRP
SL
= (P
T
G
T
)
SL
= (P
TX
/L
FTX
)
SL
(G
Tmax
/L
T
)
SL
L
T
= usually 3 dB for Earth Station located at edge of coverage
(G/T)
ES
= (G
Rmax
/ L
R
)
ES
(1/ L
FRX
)
ES
(1/ T)
ES
L
R
= 12 (
R
/
3dB
)
2

R
= Earth Station depointing angle (depends on type of tracking, if any)
T = Earth Station system noise temperature, includes antenna noise T
A
which varies with elevation angle E and amount of rain
edge of coverage:
-n dB (typ. -3 dB) contour

R
G
T
antenna
boresight
(C/N
0
)
D
L
FRX
R
X
P
R
P
RX
L
FTX Tx
P
TX

T
SATELLITE (SL)
carrier
P
T
G
R