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Seminar
On
MULTIPLE INPUT
MULTIPLE OUTPUT
SYSTEMS (MIMO)
Submitted To: Submitted By:
www.studymafia.org www.studymafia.org
Content
 Introduction
 What is MIMO?
 Spatial Diversity and Spatial Multiplexing
 MEMO capacity on fading channels
 Benefits of MIMO
 Drawbacks of MIMO
 Conclusion
Introduction
MIMO Systems:
 use multiple inputs and multiple outputs from
a single channel
 are defined by Spatial Diversity and Spatial
Multiplexing
What is MIMO?

As we know MIMO is multiple antenna

technology in which more than one antennas
are used at transmitter and receiver stations.
Spatial Diversity and Spatial Multiplexing

 Spatial Diversity
◦ Signal copies are transferred from multiple
antennas or received at more than one antenna
◦ redundancy is provided by employing an array of
antennas, with a minimum separation of λ/2
between neighbouring antennas

 Spatial Multiplexing
◦ the system is able to carry more than one data
stream over one frequency, simultaneously
Why MIMO?
 There is always a need for increase in performance
in wireless systems
◦ Significant increase in spectral efficiency and data
rates
◦ High Quality of Service (QoS)
◦ Wide coverage, etc.
 Wireless channel that we are using is very unfriendly
◦ Suffers from Co–channel interference and signal
level fading
◦ It provides a limited bandwidth
◦ power falls off with distance
MIMO System solutions
 By using Multiple Output Multiple Input (MIMO)
systems
◦ Diversity gain mitigates the fading and increases
coverage and improves QoS
◦ Multiplexing gain increases capacity and spectral
efficiency with no additional power or bandwidth
expenditure
◦ Array gain results in an increase in average
receive SNR.
 Spatial Diversity and Spatial Multiplexing can be
conflicting goals
Spatial Multiplexing
 MIMO channels can be decomposed into a number of R
parallel independent channels → Multiplexing Gain
◦ Principle: Transmit independent data signals from different
antennas to increase the throughput, capacity.

Source: An Overview of MIMO Systems in Wireless Communications

www.iet.ntnu.no/projects/beats/Documents/mimo.pdf
MEMO capacity on fading channels

 The capacity increase can be seen by comparing MEMO

systems with SISO, SIMO, and MISO systems
◦ SISO:capacity is given by Shannon’s classical formula:
2
C  B log (1  snr  h )
2

Where B is the BW and h is the fading gain

◦ SIMO (with M transmitting antennas), the capacity is given by
m 2
[2] C  B log (1  snr   h )
2 n
n 1

 snr  N 2
C  B log (1      h )
◦ MISO (with M transmitting
2  Nantennas),
 n 1 n the capacity is given by
[2]
MEMO capacity on fading channels

 The capacity for MIMO systems can have the following

forms (Assuming Tx antennas = Rx antennas = N):
A) If the channel is not known at the transmitter:

 Es  2
C  N log (1    h )
2  2 n
 N 

◦ Where Es is the total power, σ2 is noise level of AWGN

◦ Hence the power is equally shared by each channel
◦ The capacity grows linearly with the number of antennas
B) If the channel is known at the transmitter
N  En  2 
C   log (1     h )
n 1  2  2  n 
  
MEMO capacity on fading channels
 With the channel known at the transmitter, the total power
allocation the each channel will be based on watterfilling.
◦ Watterfilling: Strong Sub-channel, with low noise power level will
be assigned with a higher signal power.

Illustrating Watterfilling

Source: MIMO Systems and Transmit Diversity,

www.comm.utoronto.ca/~rsadve/Notes/DiversityTransmit.pdf
Where σ 2
= σ2 / │h 2│
Average capacity of a MIMO Rayleigh
fading channel []
60

55

50

45

40
Average Capacity [bits/sec/Hz]

35

30

25

20

15

10

0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25
SNR [dB]

N=1 M=1 N=2 M=1 N=1 M=2 N=2 M=2 N=2 M=4 N=2 M=6 N=4 M=4 N=8 M=8

Source: Space-time Diversity Codes for Fading Channels, [3]

Spatial Diversity
 Improves the signal quality and achieves a higher SNR at the
receiver-side
 Principle of diversity relies on the transmission of structured
redundancy

xi yi
MIMO Diversity and Reliability

 The performance improvement in SNR and error

probability for MIMO can be compared with SISO, SIMO,
and MISO
 The detailed calculationyfor SNR
 hx  nand Pe is shown in [1]
◦ SISO: 2 1
E hx 2 Pe 
SNR (h)   SNR h and SNR
En
2 1
2
yi  hi x  ni , i  1,2, N
1
N
Pe 
SNR (h)  SNR  h
◦ Receive Diversity (SIMO):
2
N
and  SNR 
i 1  
 2 
MIMO Diversity and Reliability

 The values for SNR and Pe for: M

◦ Transmit Diversity (MISO): y   hjx j  n
j 1 M
yi   hijxj  ni
M
j 1
1
Pe 
SNR (h)  SNR  hj
2
and M
 SNR 
j 1 1  
 2 

◦ Transmit/Receive Diversity (MIMO):

 The received signal at antenna i will be:
 H is the channel fading matrix
SNR H
2 1
2 Pe  MN
 SNR( H )  SNR H and  SNR 
min{N , M } 1  
 2 min{N , M } 
Benefits of MIMO

➨There is lower susceptibility of tapping by

unauthorized persons due to multiple antennas and
algorithms.
➨The systems with MIMO offers high QoS (Quality
of Service) with increased spectral efficiency and
data rates.
➨The wide coverage supported by MIMO system
helps in supporting large number of subscribers
per cell.
➨The MIMO based system is widely
Drawbacks of MIMO

➨The hardware resources increase power

requirements. Battery gets drain faster due to
processing of complex and computationally
intensive signal processing algorithms. This
reduces battery lifetime of MIMO based devices.
➨MIMO based systems cost higher compare to
single antenna based system due to increased
hardware and advanced software requirements.
Conclusion
 The capacity of Receive or Transmit Diversity grows
logarithmically with the number of antennas
 Capacity of MEMO increases linearly with the number of
antennas
 Using Spatial Diversity:
◦ The SNR increases and Pe decreases when using MIMO
 Spatial Multiplexing and Spatial Diversity are conflicting
objectives
Reference

 www.google.com
 www.wikipedia.com
 www.studymafia.org
THANKS