MIMO Antenna

-08BEC024 Jaydip Fadadu

-08BEC030 Kuldip Gor
Nirma University
Overview
 Introduction
 Motivation for design
 Basics
 Diversity and Spatial Multiplexing
 Applications
 Conclusion
Introduction
 MIMO
◦ Multiple Input Multiple Output
◦ Array of antennas at transmitter and receiver at
input
◦ Diversity Gain improves BER’
◦ Spatial Multiplexing improves data rates
Motivation of design
 To achieve high data rate that still offer good
Quality of Service (QoS) ( i.e. improves BER)
 But using
◦ Less complex system
◦ Minimum power transmission
◦ Minimum bandwidth
SISO system
User data stream
channel

User data stream

 In SISO system to achieve high data rate more

signal power and more bandwidth is required.
 A combination a smart modulation, coding and
multiplexing techniques have yielded good results
but not sufficient for 1GBPS…!!!
MIMO Antenna Configuration
 Use multiple antenna at Tx and Rx
1 1

2 2
User data stream User data stream
. channel .
. . . .
. . . .
MT MR

 Now that supports higher data rates but

How…!!!??? Let’s see…
Basics
 Transmitter uses a weighting vector
u = [u1, u2] while receiver uses a weighting
vector v = [v1, v2]
 Channel coefficient matrix H (??)
 s(t) = transmitting signal, r(t) = received signal
 r1(t) = (u1H v1) * s1(t) + (u2H v1) * s2(t)
 r2(t) = (u1H v2) * s1(t) + (u2H v2) * s2(t)
 We can decide value of u and v according to
our need.
Capacity for different MIMO systems
Two Gains
 Diversity Gain
◦ Minimize BER
◦ Reliable QoS
 Spatial Multiplexing Gain
 Maximize transmission rate
 Uses rich scattering/fading to your advantage
 System designs are based on trying to
achieve either goal or a little of both
Diversity
 Eachpair of transmit-receive antennas provides a signal
path from transmitter to receiver. By sending the SAME
information through different paths, multiple
independently-faded replicas of the data symbol can be
obtained at the receiver end. Hence, more reliable
reception is achieved
 Themaximal diversity gain dmax is the total number of
independent signal paths that exist between the
transmitter and receiver
 For an (MR,MT) system, the total number of signal paths is
MRMT
1 ≤ d ≤ dmax= MRMT
 The higher my diversity gain, the lower my P e
Practical System
 1
 R bits/symbol  2
 Channel  Symbol
 Space-  .
coding mapping Time
Coding
 .
 MT

Spectral efficiency = (R*Rc info bits/symbol)(rs)(Rs symbols/sec)/w

= R*Rc*rs bits/s/Hz assuming Rs = w
rs is the parameter that we are concerned about: 0 ≤ rs ≤MT
• If rs = MT, we are in spatial multiplexing mode (max transmission
rate)
• If rs ≤ 1, we are in diversity mode
Comparison of different receivers
Scheme Spectral Pe Implementation
Efficiency Complexity

V-BLAST HIGH HIGH LOW

D-BLAST MODERATE MODERATE HIGH

ALAMOUTI LOW LOW LOW

OFDMA

the data is divided among large number of closely spaced carriers

ISI gets reduced
MIMO and OFDMA
Application
 WLAN – WiFi 802.11n
 Mesh Networks (e.g., MuniWireless)
 WMAN – WiMAX 802.16e
 4G
 Digital Home
WiFi 802.11n
 Target applications include: large files
backup, HD streams,online interactive
gaming, home entertainment, etc.
 Channel bandwidth of 20 MHz and 40 MHz
 Current product offerings (pre-N) use only 2

spatial streams with 3Tx/3Rx in the AP and

2Tx/3Rx in the mobile supporting up to 300
Mbps
 Spatial diversity, spatial multiplexing
MESH NETWORK

•High capacity (MIMO) cross-links

•WiFi access
Ad-Hoc
Wi-MAX 802.16e
 Non line of site, up to 4-6 mbps per user for a
few km
 2.5 GHz (US) and 3.5 GHz licensed bands
 Channel bandwidth from 1.25 to 20 MHz
 QPSK, 16 QAM and 64 QAM modulation
 OFDMA access (orthogonal uplink)

 TDD for asymmetric traffic and flexible BW

allocation
 Advanced Antenna Systems (AAS):spatial

diversity, spatial multiplexing using MIMO (2x2)

MIMO Vs SISO
Digital home
 MIMO delivers whole home coverage with the
speed and reliability to stream multimedia
applications
 MIMO can reliably connect cabled video devices,

computer networking devices, broadband

connections, phone lines, music, storage
devices, etc.
 MIMO is interoperable and can leverage the

installed based of 802.11 wireless that is

already deployed: computers, handheld gaming
devices, cameras, VoIP Phones, etc.