Wireless Communication and

Computing [ICT 3272]

SIXTH SEMESTER B.TECH COMPUTER AND COMMUNICATION
ENGINEERING

CLASS 19
Orthogonal Frequency Division
Multiplexing (OFDM)
• Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) is a modulation
scheme that is especially suited for high-data-rate transmission in
delay-dispersive environments
• Dr. Chang Proposed in 1955
• Advances in hardware and DSP made OFDM realistic
• Digital Audio/Video broadcasting, Wireless LANs IEEE 802.11a, IEEE 802.11g
• 3GPP-LTE, WiMAX, 4G
• OFDM splits a high-rate data stream into N parallel streams
• Transmitted by Modulating N distinct carriers.
Basic principles of Orthogonality
• Orthogonality:
• Two signals co-exist but are
independent in a specified time.
• Independent with each other and do
not interact in a specified time.
• is a property, allows multiple
information signals over a common
channel and detected without
interference.
• Loss of orthogonality results in
blurring between information signals
and degradations in communications
• TDM, FDM…
Orthogonal Frequency Division
Multiplexing (OFDM)
• FDMA
• Large spacing between carriers
• OFDM
• Utilizes the spectrum with narrower
Sub-carriers frequencies fn = nW/N,
W: Total available bandwidth
W = N/Ts
• PAM with rectangular basis pulses
on each subcarrier for Modulation
OFDM: Example
A 64 kbps voice frame is to be modulated by OFDM scheme. The
duration of OFDM symbol is 10 s. Total of 32 subcarriers are to be
assigned to this frame. Find out
a. The null-to-null subchannel bandwidth assuming square signal
b. the total bandwidth occupied
c. the number of bits in OFDM frame.
Solun:
a. Ts = symbol duration = 10 s.
f = sub carrier spacing = 1/Ts = 1/ 10 s = 0.1 MHz = 100 kHz
null-to-null subchannel bandwidth = 200 kHz
OFDM: Example
A 64 kbps voice frame is to be modulated by OFDM scheme. The duration of
OFDM symbol is 10 s. Total of 32 subcarriers are to be assigned to this
frame. Find out
a. The null-to-null subchannel bandwidth assuming square signal
b. the total bandwidth occupied
c. the number of bits in OFDM frame.
Solun:
b. Nc = Number of subcarriers = 32
 Transmission bandwidth = (Nc + 1)x f = 3200 kHz
c. Bit duration = 1/ (64x103) = 15.625 s
 Number of bits per frame = 1000 x 15.625 = 64 bits
OFDM Transceivers
FDM Vs OFDM
OFDM using inverse FFT
OFDM
Single Vs Multicarrier Systems
Single Carrier Frequency Allocation Multi Carrier Frequency Allocation
OFDM Block Diagram
CDMA Vs OFDM
Space Diversity and Systems based on Space
Diversity
• Space diversity
• Macro-diversity
• Micro-diversity
• Four types of wireless systems
• Single input – single output (SISO) : no diversity
• Single input – multiple outputs (SIMO) : Receive diversity
• Multiple inputs – single output (MISO) : Transmit diversity
• Multiple inputs – multiple outputs (MIMO): Transmit receiver diversity
Space Diversity and Systems based on Space
Diversity
• Single input – single output
(SISO) : no diversity

• Single input – multiple outputs

(SIMO) : Receive diversity

• Multiple inputs – single output

(MISO) : Transmit diversity

• Multiple inputs – multiple

outputs (MIMO): Transmit
receiver diversity
Space Diversity and Systems based on Space
Diversity
• Single input – single output
(SISO) : no diversity

• Single input – multiple outputs

(SIMO) : Receive diversity

• Multiple inputs – single output

(MISO) : Transmit diversity

• Multiple inputs – multiple

outputs (MIMO): Transmit
receiver diversity
Space Diversity and Systems based on Space
Diversity
MIMO
• Takes advantage of both transmit and receive diversity
• No Exclusive CSI information required
• Speed of communication or ability to multiply capacity
• Increases spectral efficiency.

• Spectral Efficiency
• Number of units of information per unit of time per unit bandwidth
• Duplex methods with MIMO
• Time Division duplex (TDD),
• frequency division duplex (FDD
 Channel Capacity Comparison: Shannon’s Capacity
SIMO System:
SISO System : 𝑀2 𝑆𝑖𝑔𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟
C = B log2(1 + SNR) M receiving 𝑆𝑁𝑅: = 𝑀 ∗ 𝑆𝑁𝑅
𝑀∗𝑁𝑜𝑖𝑠𝑒
antennas at Rx
Channel Capacity in SIMO : C = B log2(1 + 𝑀 ∗ 𝑆𝑁𝑅)
MISO System:
𝑁2 𝑆𝑖𝑔𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟/𝑁
N transmitting transmitted = Signal Power/ N 𝑆𝑁𝑅: = 𝑁 ∗ 𝑆𝑁𝑅
𝑁𝑜𝑖𝑠𝑒
antennas power
Channel Capacity in SIMO : C = B log2(1 + 𝑁 ∗ 𝑆𝑁𝑅)

MIMO System:
M receiving antennas and N transmitting antennas
Channel Capacity in SIMO : C = B log2(1 + 𝑀𝑁 ∗ 𝑆𝑁𝑅)
Smart Antenna and MIMO
• To cope with variable traffic levels
• To overcome the network inefficiencies
• Allow the carriers to change gain settings to expand or contract the coverage in localized areas.
• No additional antennas, No increasing the dimensionality/antenna height

• Smart system co-located with base station

• Combines signals from antenna array effectively using DSP methodologies.
• Varies transmit and receive spatial diversity in an adaptive manner.
• Auto changes the directionality of radiation pattern as per signal environment

• Phased array, SDMA, spatial processing, digital beam forming, adaptive antenna systems,
etc.
• Switched-beam systems
• Adaptive-array systems
MIMO vs Smart Antennas
• Smart Antennas:

• MIMO
MIMO vs Smart Antennas
MIMO vs Smart Antennas
 MIMO-Based System Architecture.
• Simple Concept

• Detailed Diagram
MIMO-Based System Architecture.
MIMO exploits Multipath
•.