Advanced Linear Algebra: Homework 4

Mara Isabel Romo S anchez

6 de abril de 2014
Throughout this assignment, unless otherwise stated, F denotes an arbitrary eld.
1. Prove P25.
2. If W is a Tinvariant subspace of V , then m
T|
W
| m
T
. Explain in your own words how this result
contributes to the proof of T28.
Proof:
Notice that m
T|
W
(T|
W
) = but also m
T
(T|
W
) = , then m
T
is in the ideal generated by m
T|
W
,
and thus m
T|
W
| m
T
.
In the proof of T28, having this result we know the restriction to the image of the k
th
divisor
raised to the power m
k
and applied to T, has a rational canonical basis, because it has less than
k monic irreducible divisors, and thus we can addthe image of the restriction to the kernel in
order to nd that the union of the bases is a rational canonical basis for T.
3. Let
F
V with dim(V ) = n and W
1
, . . . , W
k
V . The following are equivalent:
(I) V = W
1
W
k
(II) V =
k

i=1
W
i
, and if (i = 1, . . . , k) w
i
W
i
and
k

i=1
w
i
= , then (i)w
i
= .
(III) (v V )(i {1, . . . , k})(!w
i
W
i
)v =
k

i=1
w
i
.
(IV) If (i = 1, . . . , k)
i
as a basis for W
i
, then
1

k
is a basis for V .
(V) For every i {1, . . . , k} there exists a basis
i
for W
i
such that
1

k
is a basis for V .
Proof:
(I II) V =
k

i=1
W
i
follows by denition. Let w
i
W
i
such that
k

i=1
w
i
=
and assume that w
p
6= for some p then:
k

i = 1
i 6= p
w
i
= w
p
_

i=1
W
i
W
p

i=1
W
i

W
p

1
Therefore w
i
= 0 (i).
(II III) Let v V , we know V =
k

i=1
W
i
; then:
v =
k

i=1
w
i
with w
i
W
i
Now suppose z
i
W
i
i = 1, . . . , k such that:
k

i=1
z
i
= v =
k

i=1
w
i
then
k

i=1
w
i
z
i
= z
i
w
i
= 0 i = 1, . . . , k z
i
= w
i
i = 1, . . . , k
Therefore the w
0
i
s are unique.
(III IV ) Let
i
= {
1
i
, . . .
k
i
i
} be a basis for W
i
. Let v V w
i
W
i
such that:
v =
k

i=1
w
i
and for each w
i
:
w
i
=
k
i

j=1
a
j
i

j
i
with a
j
i
F i, j
then:
v =
k

i=1
k
i

j=1
a
j
i

j
i
Therefore
1
. . .
k
spans V .
Now, let
k

i=1
k
i

j=1
a
j
i

j
i
=
But, for there are uniques w
i
W
i
such that:
k

i=1
w
i
=
Thus the only solution is w
i
= 0 i {1, . . . , k}, but
i
is a basis, so: a
1
i
= . . . = a
k
i
i
= and
this happens for all i in 1, . . . k. Therefore a
j
i
= 0.
Therefore
1
. . .
k
is LI and therefore is a basis.
(IV V ) Inmediate, is the same as in IV .
2
(V I) Let =
k
_
i=1

i
and v V . Then v is a linear combination of elements of , whose elements
are bases for the W
0
i
s, then v can be written as the sum of elements of the W
0
i
s.
Thus
V =
k

i=1
W
i
Assume there is x 6= in some W
i
0
and in the sum of all the others W
0
i
s then there will exist
two dierent representations with elements of of this same vector. This crashes with the
fact that is a basis.
Then
W
i
0

k

i = 1
i 6= i
0
W
i
=
And therefore
V =
k

i=1
W
i
.
4. Suppose that f
T
(x) =

k
i=1
[
i
(x)]
n
i
with
i
F[x] distinct monic irreducible and n
i
N. Then
V =
k

i=1
K

i
.
Proof:
By T-28 , T has a rational canonical basis .
Let
i
= K

i
, then
i
is basis for K

i
(and then =
k
i=1

i
) by T-29(3) .
And by HW4(3)(V I) we conclude that
V =
k

i=1
K

i
.
5. Find a rational canonical form for the Jordan canonical forms:
a) I
3
b) I
3
+ E
32
c) I
3
+ E
21
+ E
32
6. Find a Jordan canonical form for the rational canonical forms:
a) A
(x)
3 b) A
x
A
(x)
2 c) A
x
A
x
A
x
7. For each of the matrices with real entries at the top of the next page:
(i) Find a rational canonical form.
(ii) Identify the blocks of the rational canonical form obtained in (7i) as the companion matrices
of some powers of the monic irreducible divisors of the minimum polynomial of the original
matrix.
(iii) Find a Jordan canonical form (if it exists).
3
(iv) Identify the Jordan canonical blocks (if the previous part could be done).
a) A =
_
1 2
1 1
_
First we need to nd the characteristic polynomial of the matrix:
f
A
(x) = det
_
x + 1 2
1 x 1
_
= (x + 1)(x 1) + 2 = x
2
1 + 2 = x
2
+ 1
And thus m
A
(x) = x
2
+ 1, therefore the only baseboard is K
x
2
+1
= ker(A
2
+ I
2
), with
dimension 2, then we have to nd two linearly independent vectors. Take e
1
, then:
L
A
(e
1
) =
_
1
1
_
Therefore =
_
1
0
_
,
_
1
1
__
is a rational canonical basis for L
A
, and [L
A
]

=
_
0 1
1 0
_
is a
rational canonical form, which is the companion matrix for x
2
+ 1.
The Jordan canonical form doesnt exist, because the characteristic polynomial doesnt split.
b) A =
_
_
0 1 2
0 0 1
0 0 0
_
_
We need to nd the characteristic polynomial and the minimum polynomial for A.
f
A
(x) = det
_
_
x 1 2
0 x 1
0 0 x
_
_
= x
3
We have to determine m
L
A
(x), observe that A 6= , A
2
6= , and A
3
= , therefore m
L
A
(x) =
x
3
.
Again, there is only one baseboard K
x
= ker(A
3
), with dimension 3, so we need to nd three
linearly independent vectors. Take v =
_
_
0
2
1
_
_
, L
A
(v) =
_
_
0
1
0
_
_
and L
2
A
(v) =
_
_
1
0
0
_
_
, then:

v
=
_
_
_
_
_
0
2
1
_
_
,
_
_
0
1
0
_
_
,
_
_
1
0
0
_
_
_
_
_
is a L
A
cyclic basis, and thus a rational canonical basis, and: [L
A
]
v
=
_
_
0 0 0
1 0 0
0 1 0
_
_
is a rational
canonical form, which is the companion matrix for x
3
.
Notice that, in this case, the Jordan canonical form is the rational canonical form, because
the only eigenvalue is
1
= 0, and thus we calculate ker(A
1
I)
3
= ker(A
3
).
c) A =
_

_
8 0 0 8 8
0 0 0 8 8
0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 8
_

_
4
We have:
f
A
(x) = det
_

_
x 8 0 0 8 8
0 x 0 8 8
0 0 x 0 0
0 0 0 x 0
0 0 0 0 x 8
_

_
= (x 8)
2
x
3
we need to nd m
L
A
(x), and we have some options:
m
L
A
=
_

_
(x 8)x
(x 8)
2
x
(x 8)x
2
(x 8)
2
x
2
(x 8)x
3
(x 8)
2
x
3
Doing the computations we nd that: m
L
T
(x) = (x 8)
2
x
2
, so, we have two baseboards:
K
x8
= ker((A 8I)
2
) with dimension 2 and K
x
= ker(A
2
) with dimension 3.
(A 8I)
2
=
_

_
0 0 0 64 0
0 64 0 128 64
0 0 64 0 0
0 0 0 64 0
0 0 0 0 0
_

_
Consider the basis:

1
=
_

_
_

_
0
1
0
0
1
_

_
,
_

_
8
8
0
0
8
_

_
_

_
Is a T-cyclic rational canonical basis for K
x8
. Now for K
x
:
A
2
=
_

_
64 0 0 64 128
0 0 0 0 64
0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 64
_

_
The basis:

2
=
_

_
_

_
1
0
0
1
0
_

_
,
_

_
0
8
0
0
0
_

_
_

_
_
_

_
_

_
0
1
1
0
0
_

_
_

_
Is a rational canonical basis for K
x
, and thus:
=
_

_
_

_
0
1
0
0
1
_

_
,
_

_
8
8
0
0
8
_

_
_

_
_
_

_
_

_
1
0
0
1
0
_

_
,
_

_
0
8
0
0
0
_

_
_

_
_
_

_
_

_
0
1
1
0
0
_

_
_

_
5
Is a rational canonical basis for L
A
, and the rational canonical form is:
R =
_

_
0 64 0 0 0
1 16 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0
0 0 1 0 0
0 0 0 0 0
_

_
= A
(x8)
2 A
x
2 A
x
Now, for the Jordan canonical form:
For K
8
, consider the basis:

8
=
_

_
_

_
0
1
0
0
1
_

_
,
_

_
8
0
0
0
0
_

_
_

_
The Jordan block for this basis is:
[L
A
|
K
8
]

8
=
_
8 0
1 8
_
Now for K
0
with dimension 3, consider the same basis as before:

0
=
2
=
_

_
_

_
1
0
0
1
0
_

_
,
_

_
0
8
0
0
0
_

_
_

_
_
_

_
_

_
0
1
1
0
0
_

_
_

_
Then:
[L
A
|
K
0
]

0
=
_
_
0 0 0
1 0 0
0 0 0
_
_
Are two blocks, for two L
A
0Icyclic bases. Therefore:
J =
_
8 0
1 8
_

_
0 0
1 0
_
[0]
d) A =
_

_
0 2 0 6 2
1 2 0 0 2
1 0 1 3 2
1 2 1 1 2
1 4 3 3 4
_

_
The characteristic polynomial for this matrix is:
f
A
(x) = (x
2
+ 2)
2
(x 2)
So the minimum polynomial could be:
m
L
A
=

(x
2
+ 2)(x 2)
(x
2
+ 2)
2
(x 2)
6
The minimum polynomial is m
L
A
= (x
2
+ 2)(x 2), then we have two baseboards, K
x
2
+2
=
ker(A
2
+ 2I) with dimension 4 and K
x2
= ker(A 2I) with dimension 1.
A
2
+ 2I =
_

_
0 0 0 0 0
0 0 6 12 6
0 0 6 12 6
0 0 6 12 6
0 0 12 24 12
_

_
For K
x
2
+2
, a L
A
cyclic basis is:

1
=
_

_
_

_
0
0
1
1
1
_

_
,
_

_
4
2
0
2
4
_

_
,
_

_
0
0
2
1
0
_

_
,
_

_
6
0
1
1
3
_

_
_

_
Now, for K
x2
:
A 2I =
_

_
2 2 0 6 2
1 4 0 0 2
1 0 1 3 2
1 2 1 3 2
1 4 3 3 2
_

_
A basis for K
x2
is:

2
=
_

_
_

_
0
1
1
1
2
_

_
_

_
Therefore, a rational canonical basis for L
A
is:
=
_

_
_

_
0
0
1
1
1
_

_
,
_

_
4
2
0
2
4
_

_
,
_

_
0
0
2
1
0
_

_
,
_

_
6
0
1
1
3
_

_
_

_
_
_

_
_

_
0
1
1
1
2
_

_
_

_
And the rational canonical form is:
R =
_

_
0 2 0 0 0
1 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 2 0
0 0 1 0 0
0 0 0 0 2
_

_
= A
x
2
+2
A
x
2
+2
A
x2
Notice that the characteristic polynomial doesnt split, therefore, we cant nd a Jordan
canonical form.
[Hint: For 7d, the characteristic polynomial is: (x
2
+ 2)
2
(x 2)]
7
8. For each of the matrices A of P#7, nd invertible matrices U and V such that U
1
AU is a rational
canonical form of A, and V
1
AV is a Jordan canonical form A (if it existed). Verify your answer
from P#7 using matrix multiplication.
a) The Jordan canonical form doesnt exist.
b) In this case:
U = V =
_
_
0 0 1
2 1 0
1 0 0
_
_
The matrix whose columns are the vectors in the rational (Jordan) canonical basis.
Using matrix multiplication:
U
1
AU =
_
_
0 0 1
0 1 2
1 0 0
_
_
_
_
0 1 2
0 0 1
0 0 0
_
_
_
_
0 0 1
2 1 0
1 0 0
_
_
=
_
_
0 0 1
0 1 2
1 0 0
_
_
_
_
0 1 0
1 0 0
0 0 0
_
_
=
_
_
0 0 0
1 0 0
0 1 0
_
_
= R = J
c) In this case, the matrices are:
U =
_

_
0 8 1 0 0
1 8 0 8 1
0 0 0 0 1
0 0 1 0 0
1 8 0 0 0
_

_
V =
_

_
0 8 1 0 0
1 0 0 8 1
0 0 0 0 1
0 0 1 0 0
1 0 0 0 0
_

_
The matrices whose columns are the vectors in the rational (Jordan) canonical basis.
d) The Jordan canonical form doesnt exist.
9. Solve the linear system AX = , where A is the matrix from P#7b, by performing the following
steps:
a) Solve the system RX = , where R is the rational canonical form obtained before.
We have:
R =
_
_
0 0 0
1 0 0
0 1 0
_
_
8
Then:
_
_
0 0 0
1 0 0
0 1 0
_
_
_
_
x
1
x
2
x
3
_
_
=
_
_
0
0
0
_
_
=
0 = 0
x
1
= 0
x
2
= 0
= x
1
= x
2
= 0 x
3
F
The solutions are X = a
_
_
0
0
1
_
_
with a F
b) Using matrix multiplication, perform an appropriate change of basis to obtain the solution
in terms of the original basis.
Assume the original basis is the canonical basis , then we need to nd the change of coor-
dinates matrix from
v
:
_
_
1
0
0
_
_
v
=
_
_
0
0
1
_
_
;
_
_
0
1
0
_
_
v
=
_
_
0
1
0
_
_
;
_
_
0
0
1
_
_
v
=
_
_
1
2
0
_
_
Then:
_
_
0 0 1
0 1 2
1 0 0
_
_
_
_
0
0
a
_
_
=
_
_
a
2a
0
_
_
; a F
The solution in terms of the original basis is:
_
_
a
2a
0
_
_
; a F
10. Repeat the previous part using the Jordan canonical form J.
11. Find the general solution of the linear system AX = B if A M
3
(R), and:
a) A = diag(
1
,
2
,
3
)
b) A = I
c) A = A
p
, with p R
3
[x] monic.
d) A is a Jordan block with eigenvalue .
e) A is the Jordan canonical form

2
0 1
2

12. Solve the dierential equation Y

0
= AY , where A is the matrix from P#7b, using a process
analogue to the one used in P#9.
We consider the system:
_
_
x
0
y
0
z
0
_
_
=
_
_
0 0 0
1 0 0
0 1 0
_
_
_
_
x
y
z
_
_
=
x
0
= 0
y
0
= x
z
0
= y
=
x = c
y
0
= c
z
0
= y
=
x = c
y = ct + c
1
z
0
= ct + c
1
=
x = c
y = ct + c
1
z = ct
2
+ c
1
t + c
2
Then, the general solution is given by:
Y =
_
_
c
ct + c
1
ct
2
+ c
1
t + c
2
_
_
9
And using the change of coordinates matrix obtained in HW4.P9(b), we get, in terms of the
original basis, that:
Y =
_
_
0 0 1
0 1 2
1 0 0
_
_
_
_
c
ct + c
1
ct
2
+ c
1
t + c
2
_
_
=
_
_
ct
2
+ c
1
t + c
2
2ct
2
+ (2c
1
+ c)t + 2c
2
+ c
1
c
_
_
13. Obtain the general form of the solution of the dierential equation Y
0
= AY if A M
3
(R), and A
has each of the forms in P#11.
a) In this case:
_
_
x
0
y
0
z
0
_
_
=
_
_

1
0 0
0
2
0
0 0
3
_
_
_
_
x
y
z
_
_
=
x
0
=
1
x
y
0
=
2
y
z
0
=
3
z
=
x = c
1
e

1
t
y = c
2
e

2
t
z = c
3
e

3
t
Then:
_
_
x
y
z
_
_
=
_
_
c
1
e

1
t
c
2
e

2
t
c
3
e

3
t
_
_
b) Now, we have:
_
_
x
0
y
0
z
0
_
_
=
_
_
0 0
0 0
0 0
_
_
_
_
x
y
z
_
_
=
x
0
= x
y
0
= y
z
0
= z
=
x = c
1
e
t
y = c
2
e
t
z = c
3
e
t
Therefore:
_
_
x
y
z
_
_
= e
t
_
_
c
1
c
2
c
3
_
_
c) We have the system:
_
_
x
0
y
0
z
0
_
_
=
_
_
0 0 a
0
1 0 a
1
0 1 a
2
_
_
_
_
x
y
z
_
_
=
x
0
= a
0
z
y
0
= x a
1
z
z
0
= y a
2
z
=
x
0
= a
0
z
y
0
= (a
0
a
1
)z
z
0
= (a
0
a
1
a
2
)z
=
x
0
= a
0
z
y
0
= (a
0
a
1
)z
z = ce
(a
0
+a
1
+a
2
)t
And, for x and y we only have to integrate:
x =
_
a
0
ce
(a
0
+a
1
+a
2
)t
dt =
a
0
c
a
0
+ a
1
+ a
2
e
(a
0
+a
1
+a
2
)t
y =
_
(a
0
+ a
1
)ce
(a
0
+a
1
+a
2
)t
dt =
(a
0
+ a
1
)c
a
0
+ a
1
+ a
2
e
(a
0
+a
1
+a
2
)t
Therefore, the general solution is:
_
_
x
y
z
_
_
= e
(a
0
+a
1
+a
2
)t
_

_
a
0
c
a
0
+ a
1
+ a
2
(a
0
+ a
1
)c
a
0
+ a
1
+ a
2
c
_

_
10
d) In this case:
_
_
x
0
y
0
z
0
_
_
=
_
_
0 0
1 0
0 1
_
_
_
_
x
y
z
_
_
=
x
0
= x
y
0
= x + y
z
0
= y + z
=
x = c
1
e
t
y
0
= c
1
e
t
+ y
z
0
= y + z
Lets solve the equation for y, its a linear dierential equation with integrating factor (t) =
e
t
, then:
de
t
y
dt
= e
t
c
1
e
t
= c
1
e
t
y = c
1
t + c
2
y = c
1
te
t
+ c
2
e
t
Now, for z
0
= c
1
te
t
+ c
2
e
t
+ z, the integrating factor is (t) = e
t
again, thus:
de
t
z
dt
= c
1
t + c
2
e
t
z = c
1
t
2
+ c
2
t + c
3
z = e
t
(c
1
t
2
+ c
2
t + c
3
)
Therefore, the general solution is:
_
_
x
y
z
_
_
=
_
_
c
1
e
t
e
t
(c
1
t + c
2
)
e
t
(c
1
t
2
+ c
2
t + c
3
)
_
_
e) And nally:
_
_
x
0
y
0
z
0
_
_
=
_
_

1
0 0
0
2
0
0 1
2
_
_
_
_
x
y
z
_
_
=
x
0
=
1
x
y
0
=
2
y
z
0
= y +
2
z
=
x = c
1
e

1
t
y = c
2
e

2
t
z
0
= c
2
e

2
t
+
2
z
We need to solve this last linear dierential equation: z
0

2
z = c
2
e

2
t
whose integrating
factor is: (t) = e
R

2
dt
= e

2
t
, then:
de

2
t
z
dt
= e

2
t
c
2
e

2
t
= c
2
e

2
t
z = c
2
t + c
3
z = c
2
te

2
t
+ c
3
e

2
t
The general solution of the system is:
_
_
x
y
z
_
_
=
_
_
c
1
e

1
t
c
2
e

2
t
c
2
te

2
t
+ c
3
e

2
t
_
_
11