Green Wall

Feasibi|ityStudy.
Livingwa||systemformu|ti-storey
bui|dingsintheAde|aidec|imate
Preparedfor.
TheGovernmentofSouthAustra|ia
Writtenby.
GraemeHopkins
ChristineGoodwin
Mi|osMi|utinovic
Michae|Andrew
June2010
Fundedby.
GovernmentofSouthAustra|ia
Th|sreportreoe|vedfund|ngsupportthroughtheGovernmentofSouth
Austra||asBu||d|nglnnovat|onFund.TheFunda|mstoestab||shSouth
Austra||aasthenat|ons|eader|ndemonstrat|ng|nnovat|veand|ead|ng
edgeapproaohestoreduo|ngtheoarbonfootpr|ntofex|st|ngoommero|a|
offoe bu||d|ngs, and |s de||vered under the o||mate ohange seotor
agreementbetweentheSouthAustra||anGovernmentandtheProperty
Oouno||ofAustra||a(SouthAustra||anD|v|s|on}.
AspenDeve|opments
AspenDeve|opmentsthrough|tso|earfoousatO|tyOentra|onbu||d|ng
green|sde||ghtedtobepartoftheSAGovernmentssearohfor|nnovat|ve
ways to further reduoe the oarbon footpr|nt of oommero|a| offoe bu||d|ngs.
Researchedby.
FifthCreekStudio
GraemeHopk|ns
Aroh|teot, |andsoape Aroh|teot and Adjunot Assoo|ate Professor
(Ade|a|den|vers|ty}
Ohr|st|neGoodw|n
Researoher, |andsoape Des|gner and Pub||o Art|st
WoodsBagot
M||osM||ut|nov|o
Aroh|teot
M|ohae|Andrew
FaoadeSpeo|a||st
Contributionsby.
Aurecon
DavisLangdon
Contents
01 ExecutiveSummary 005
02 LiteratureandProductReview 011
Introduction 012
C|assications 016
Benets 027
Wor|dContext 029
ProprietarySystemsinAustra|ia 039
03 SiteResearch 041
C|imate Inuences 043
P|ant Se|ection 056
Soi|GrowthMedium 059
Irrigation 060
Cost Benets 064
Maintenance 070
04 Benets to Ade|aide Bui|dings 073
Bui|ding Environment Contro| 074
Biodiversity Habitat and Corridors 077
Urban Heat Is|and (UHI} Effect 078
CO2 and Carbon Footprint 082
Water Supp|y and WSUD 084
Contribution to Shading and Venti|ation 088
ContributiontoGreenStarRatingandNABERS 091
05 Bui|dingInteractions 093
DesignOptions 094
Systems for mu|ti-storey bui|ding facades 097
Integration with Bui|ding Facade 098
Retrotting Options 104
MonitoringMethodo|ogy 110
AirRightsandEncroachments 112
Procedures 113
CostAna|ysis 114
FutureDirections 115
06 Summary 117
07 References 119
ExecutiveSummary
01
WOODSBAGOT.OOM Feasibi|ityStudyJune2010Page7
Livingwa||systemsformu|ti-storey
bui|dingsintheAde|aidec|imate
Thefeas|b|||tyofestab||sh|ngv|ab|e
||v|ngwa||systemssu|tab|efor
app||oat|ononmu|t|-storeybu||d|ngs
|ntheAde|a|deOBD|nSouth
Austra||ahasbeen|nvest|gatedv|aa
oo||aborat|ve researoh projeot. The
researohwasundertakenonbeha|fof
Aspen Deve|opments by the projeot
teamofGraemeHopk|nsandOhr|st|ne
Goodw|n of F|fth Oreek Stud|o, and
M||osM||ut|nov|oandM|ohae|Andrew
ofWoodsBagot.
F|fthOreekStud|ospeo|a||ses|n
||v|ng aroh|teoture, |n part|ou|ar green
roofsand||v|ngwa||sandthe|rro|e
w|th|nabroadersusta|nab|egreen
|nfrastruoture.D|reotorsGraeme
Hopk|nsandOhr|st|neGoodw|nhave
manyyearsofprofess|ona|exper|enoe
andhavewonnat|ona|andstate
awards |n aroh|teoture, |andsoape
aroh|teoture, urban des|gn and
her|tage.Theyhavepresentedpapers
andpresentat|onson||v|ngaroh|teoture
atnat|ona|and|nternat|ona|
oonferenoes.
GraemeHopk|ns|saReg|stered
Aroh|teot, Reg|stered |andsoape
Aroh|teot, Fe||ow of the Austra||an
lnst|tute of |andsoape Aroh|teots
and Adjunot Assoo|ate Professor at
then|vers|tyofAde|a|de.Hewas
awardedaOhuroh|||Fe||owsh|p|n2005
toresearohgreenroofsand||v|ngwa||s
|n North Amer|oa, Japan and South
EastAs|a.
Ohr|st|neGoodw|nhasabaokground
|n teaoh|ng, pub||o art and arts
adm|n|strat|on, and ho|ds a Masters
Degree|nAroh|teoture(Researoh}.A
book t|t|ed ||v|ng Aroh|teoture: green
roofsand||v|ngwa||sforo||mate
ohange(foous|ngonAustra||aandNew
Zea|and}, by Hopk|ns and Goodw|n, |s
be|ngpub||shedbyOSlROandduefor
re|easebyear|y2011.
WoodsBagot|sag|oba|des|gnstud|o
speo|a||s|ng|ndes|gnandp|ann|ng.
WoodsBagothasSusta|nab|||ty(Green}
Teamsestab||shed|na||stud|os.
ThereareanumberofAoored|ted
Profess|ona|s|na||WoodsBagot
stud|os |no|ud|ng GBOA Green Star,
|EED and BREEAM systems.
Researoh|sthepr|no|pa|foundat|on
thatunderp|nstheWoodsBagot
methodo|ogy.Ourg|oba|researoh
brand, Pub||o, has been estab||shed
tobr|ngaforma|fooustoourapp||ed
andtheoret|oa|researoh.ltoaptures
newth|nk|ngandaotsasap|atform
for o||ents, staff and oo||aborators to
feed|deasandoha||engeoonvent|ona|
theory.OreatedbyWoodsBagot
staff |n oonjunot|on w|th wor|d-|ead|ng
th|nkers, entrepreneurs and aoadem|os,
researoh|sd|ssem|natedthrough
pub||shed papers, sem|nars, books,
b|ogs, podoasts and projeots.
M|ohae|AndrewandM||osM||ut|nov|o
br|ngnumerousyearsofexper|enoe|n
h|gh-r|seoommero|a|aroh|teoturetothe
team.lnadd|t|onthe|rexper|enoea|so
|no|udesde||veryof|ead|ngsusta|nab|e
projeots suoh as Ade|a|de`s O|ty Oentra|
preo|notdeve|opment.
The oontext of th|s projeot |s a grow|ng
awarenessofthepotent|a|ro|eof
green |nfrastruoture, suoh as ||v|ng
wa||s, |n address|ng o||mate ohange
|ntheurbanformandpart|ou|ar|y
how|nd|v|dua|greenbu||d|ngsoan
oontr|bute s|gn|foant|y to the reduot|on
ofGreenhouseGases(GHG}and
therbanHeatls|and(Hl}effeot
produoedbythebu||tenv|ronment.
Thefeas|b|||tystudyhasthreema|n
a|ms:
ldent|fythe||v|ngwa||des|gnor|ter|a
appropr|atetotheextremeoond|t|ons
ofAde|a|deso||mate
Assessthepotent|a|forreduot|on|n
Greenhouse Gases, OO2 and the
rbanHeatls|andeffeot
Addressandreso|vethehurd|esto
aoh|ev|ng|argesoa|eooverageat
he|ghtonmu|t|-storeybu||d|ngs
WOODSBAGOT.OOM
DesignCriteria
C|imate
Theo||mate|nAde|a|de|sextreme|y
demand|ng, espeo|a||y for p|ants,
andwhentheyarep|aoedh|ghonan
exposedwa||theseoond|t|onsareeven
moreextreme.
G|venthattheohang|ngo||mate
pred|ot|onsareforhotterandmore
extreme oond|t|ons, th|s study
reoommendsthesystembedes|gned
tosurv|ve|ntemperaturesupto45
o
O
w|th a re|at|ve hum|d|ty of just 4% on
somedays.
P|antSe|ection
lnadd|t|ontotemperatureand
hum|d|ty, w|nd |s a s|gn|foant faotor,
aspos|t|veandnegat|vepressures
are oreated around the bu||d|ng,
oaus|ngshearforoesoverthe||v|ng
wa|| systems. These |nfuenoes,
together w|th the faoade or|entat|on,
areextreme|y|mportantdes|gnor|ter|a.
lfthesystemfa||sdur|nganextreme
o||mat|oeventthep|antsoou|ddryout
andoo||apsebeyondreoovery.
Hardy, drought to|erant p|ants
thatareendem|ototheAde|a|de
P|a|ns w||| be ut|||sed, as these have
natura||yadaptedtogrow|ng|nharsh
env|ronmentsandouro||mate.
ReducingGreenhouseGas
EmissionsandtheUrbanHeat
Is|andEffect
||v|ng wa|| systems are part of the
o||mateohangeandGHGm|t|gat|on
prooessesthato|t|esareadopt|ng
aroundthewor|d.Byshad|ngthe
bu||d|ngfaadew|tha||v|ngwa||the
bu||d|ng heats up |ess, therefore the
bu||d|nguses|essenergyforooo||ng
andproduoes|essGHG.P|ants
absorbthesunsrad|at|onandthrough
evapotransp|rat|onproduoewater
vapourwh|ohooo|sthea|rtemperature.
Th|sreduoestheHleffeotof|nd|v|dua|
bu||d|ngsandtheo|tyasawho|e.
LargeSca|eandHeightonMu|ti-
StoreyBui|dings
Thefeas|b|||tystudy|nvest|gated||v|ng
wa|| systems ourrent|y ava||ab|e, wh|oh
fa|| |nto two ma|n oategor|es. The frst
|s the green faade, a o||mber tre|||s
systemthata||owsvent||at|onand||ght
through, w|th o||mbers p|anted |n the
groundorp|anterboxes.Theseoond
|sthegreenwa||thatusespane|s
(ofapprox|mate|y0.5m
2
}oonta|n|ng
grow|ngmed|umhe|d|nframeworkthat
|s fxed to the wa||. Th|s system shades
thewa||andoreatesooo|a|rmovement
beh|ndthesystem.Boththese
systemsarequ|te|abour|ntens|ve|n
|mp|ementat|onandaresu|tab|efor
wa||s1-4storeysh|ghasma|ntenanoe
|sfromtheground.
G|venthattheproposed||v|ngwa||
system|stoooverfaoadesupto20or
sostoreysanewsystem|srequ|red.
Mu|t|-storeybu||d|ngfaoadesare
des|gnedandoonstruotedona|arge
soa|e, so the ||v|ng wa|| system needs
tobeofequa|soa|e|ndes|gnand|n
|tsoomponentstotakeadvantageof
eoonomyofsoa|e|n|ts|mp|ementat|on.
ConceptforaNewLivingWa||
System
Ourrentmu|t|-storeybu||d|ngdes|gn
usesadoub|esk|norenv|ronmenta|
soreentoproteotthebu||d|ng|nter|or
fromheatbu||dup.Th|ssoreen|ng|s
he|donastee|frameworkattaohed
tothefaade.lfth|souter|ayerwas
rep|aoedbya||v|ngwa||thatoomb|ned
the benefts of both green faade
andgreenwa||attaohedtoastee|
framework, th|s oou|d rep|aoe the
ourrentsoreen.ltwou|dprov|dea||v|ng
env|ronment on the wa||, oonvert|ng
OO2|ntoO2 and water vapour, and
ooo||ngthebu||d|ng.
The projeot team propose to deve|op
pane|supto2storeysh|ghby1500
mmw|deorequ|va|enttothepart|ou|ar
bu||d|ng modu|e, to be |nsta||ed as pre-
fabr|oatedun|ts.Th|snewproposed
system|sbe|ngoa||edahybr|d||v|ng
wa||system.
Benets to the Bui|ding
Theproposedhybr|dsystem|sastee|
frameworkattaohedtothebu||d|ngw|th
thegreen||v|ngwa||ontheouts|deof
theframework.W|th|nth|sframework
a||ma|ntenanoeaot|v|t|esoanooour
for the bu||d|ng faade, thereby do|ng
w|thoutfaadeBMma|ntenanoe
systems.Theadvantagesofth|s
system are:
Reduoesthebu||d|ngsheat|ngand
ooo||ngoostsbyshad|ng(|essenergy
andGHG}
Reduoesthema|ntenanoeoap|ta|and
ongo|ngoosts
Spandre|pane|sareooveredw|th
thegreenwa||seot|onofthesystem
andtheg|assourta|nwa|||sno|onger
needed, therefore norma| shopfront
w|ndows oan be used between foor
s|abs
Oostof|rr|gat|on|sreduoedby2/3of
anex|st|nggreenwa||system
Reduoes the refeot|ve heat and uses
theevapotransp|rat|onofthep|ants
to ooo| the surround|ng env|ronment,
thereforereduo|ngtheHleffeotand
GHG
Oan be retroftted to ex|st|ng bu||d|ng
stook prov|ded there are fx|ng po|nts
tothepr|marystruotura|frameofthe
bu||d|ng.
Benets to the City
Thehybr|d||v|ngwa||systemw|||
beoomeaveryv|sua|e|ementw|th|n
the pub||o rea|m, whether |ooated |n
pr|vateorpub||oa|rspaoe.Th|sw|||be
an|mportanturbandes|gne|ementas
we||ass|gna|||ngthegreenoredent|a|s
of the bu||d|ng and o|ty. ||v|ng wa||s
oanbeoomeoneofthe|mportant
|ayersforthebu||tformtoaddress
o||mate ohange |n the o|ty. ||v|ng wa||s
arepartoftheo|tyswatersens|t|ve
urban des|gn (WSD} system, as
a ||v|ng wa|| |nteroepts 20% of the
ra|nfa||before|treaohestheground.A
||v|ngwa||p|aoed|ntheurbanoanyon
oan reduoe the adjaoent pavement
temperature by 5oO, and w|th |ts
v|sua|amen|tyoreatesan|nv|t|ngp|aoe
for oommero|a| aot|v|t|es to ooour,
|noreas|ngthe||veab|||tyoftheurban
oanyonsw|th|ntheo|ty.
These||v|ngwa||systemsoanbean
|ntegra|partoftheo|tysurbaneoo|ogy
byprov|d|ngnewhab|tatsandform|ng
stepp|ngstoneoorr|dorsthroughout
the o|ty, thereby |noreas|ng b|od|vers|ty
w|th|ntheo|tyenv|rons.
MakingitHappen
Thefeas|b|||tystudy|sbe|ngfo||owed
bythedes|gnand|nsta||at|onofa
prototypehybr|d||v|ngwa||systemfor
Tower8|ntheO|tyOentra|preo|not.
Thesystemw|||bemon|toredfor12
monthssothatdataoanbeoo||eoted
and ana|ysed to quant|fy the benefts
of th|s new ||v|ng wa|| system, w|th
speo|fo app||oat|on to Ade|a|de.
Introduction 012
C|assications 016
Benets 027
Wor|dContext 029
ProprietarySystemsinAustra|ia 039
LiteratureandProductReview
02
WOODSBAGOT.OOM
Introduction
Th|s feas|b|||ty study |s the frst of
three projeots ass|sted by the South
Austra||anStateGovernments
Bu||d|ng lnnovat|on Fund, prov|d|ng
ass|stanoetoAspenGrouptowork
oo||aborat|ve|yw|thWoodsBagotand
F|fth Oreek Stud|o: ||v|ng Aroh|teoture
to|nvest|gatethefeas|b|||tyofdes|gn|ng
and|nsta|||nganappropr|ate||v|ng
wa||systemforAde|a|desdemand|ng
o||mate.Feas|b|||tyoons|derat|ons
|no|ude: o||mate ohange adaptat|on,
reduo|ngthegreenhousegas
produoed by bu||d|ngs, determ|n|ng an
appropr|ateoosteffeot|vesystemfor
new bu||d|ngs and retroftt|ng ex|st|ng
bu||d|ngs.
Thefeas|b|||tystudy|sd|reoted
towardsdeve|opmentofa||v|ngwa||
systemforTower8oftheO|tyOentra|
Deve|opment.Wh||eTower8|sbe|ng
oomp|etedaprototypesystemw|||be
des|gnedand|nsta||edonthenearby
o|dte|ephoneexohangebu||d|ngand
mon|tored for |ts potent|a| benefts
tothebu||d|ngandtothew|der
o|tyenv|ronment.OnoeTower8|s
oomp|etedthe||v|ngwa||w|||bemoved
to Tower 8 |n Bentham Street, w|th
thesameor|entat|onma|nta|ned.ln
another projeot green roof prototypes
w|||betr|a||edontopofabu||d|ng|nthe
sameo|typreo|not.
The mu|t|p|e benefts of vegetat|on
|nurbanareashave|ongbeen
estab||shedw|th|nmosto|t|esaround
thewor|d.Th|shasbeenaoh|evedby
|mp|ement|ng street tree p|ant|ng, urban
parksandwet|andsprogramstoass|st
w|th a range of |ssues from a|r po||ut|on,
a|r temperature oontro|, to stormwater
management, and b|od|vers|ty and
hab|tatproteot|on.Are|at|ve|yreoent
oomponentofo|tygreen|ng|sthe
|mp|ementat|onofgreenroofsand
||v|ng wa||s. ||v|ng wa||s, a|so known
asgreenwa||sorvert|oa|gardensoan
prov|de the benefts of vegetat|on, w|th
addedspaoesav|ngadvantagesw|th|n
dense|y bu||t up urban spaoes, where
|t m|ght be d|ffou|t to estab||sh more
trad|t|ona|p|ant|ngs.Thepart|ou|ar
benefts of ||v|ng wa||s are the foous of
th|s feas|b|||ty study, as they are rap|d|y
beoom|ng a s|gn|foant oomponent of
an|ntegratedgreen|nfrastruoturethat
addressesabroadrangeofo||mate
andsusta|nab|||ty|ssues.
Ade|a|de`s o||mate, espeo|a||y when
dea||ngw|ththepred|otedr|se|n
temperature, more frequent |engthy
heatwaveoond|t|onsandextreme|y
|ow hum|d|ty |eve|s, oreates d|ffou|t
grow|ngoond|t|ons.Byus|ngendem|o
speo|esthatareaooustomedto
theseoond|t|onsam|oroo||mate
effeotsurround|ngthebu||d|ngoan
bedeve|opedbyra|s|ngthehum|d|ty
throughp|anttransp|rat|on.lnadd|t|on
tothegreenhousegasreduot|on
potent|a|ofth|sm|oroo||matethereare
other env|ronmenta| benefts. These
|no|udephys|oa|shad|ngthat|owers
thesk|ntemperatureofthebu||d|ng
and|nter|orooo||ngthatreduoesa|r
oond|t|on|ngrequ|rementsandenergy.
Byus|ngthe||v|ngwa||ssystemto
reduoethe|eve|sofheatrad|at|onfrom
thebu||d|ngsurfaoeandheatenergy
be|ng expe||ed from the bu||d|ng, the
amb|enttemperatureoanbe|owered.
There |s a|so a greater beneft to the
w|dero|tyenv|ronmentandreduot|onof
greenhousegas|eve|s.Th|soanp|ay
an|mportantro|e|nurbanheat|s|and
(Hl}effeotreduot|on.
||v|ng wa||s have the potent|a| for
oarbon sequestrat|on, wh|oh oan be
quant|fed and used as oarbon ored|ts.
Th|ssameprooessa|so|noreasesthe
oarbond|ox|de/oxygenexohange|n
the o|ty env|rons, thereby reduo|ng
potent|a|hea|thr|sksand|ower|ngthe
OO2domeovertheo|ty.
lnadd|t|ontothe|renergyand
env|ronmenta| benefts, ||v|ng wa||s
oana|so|mprovethewe||be|ngofo|ty
|nhab|tantsbyrestor|ng||nksbetween
humans and nature, th|s |s a|so
trans|ated|ntoanurbandes|gnfeature
oreat|ngurbantexturetothepub||oand
pr|vaterea|m.
Wh||ethesesystemsoanreduoethe
oarbonfootpr|nt|nan|nnovat|veway
theyst|||needtobeoosteffeot|veand
appropr|ate for new and retroftted
bu||d|ngs, mak|ng them a un|versa|
oomponent|nthegreenbu||d|ngtoo|
k|t.
lt|s|mportanttounderstandthes|te
speo|fo oond|t|ons |n order to se|eot
themostappropr|ate||v|ngwa||system.
lthasbeenagenera|be||efthatany
oommero|a|system|sappropr|atefor
any pos|t|on or o||mate, however, reoent
exper|enoehasshownthatth|s|snot
the oase. For |nstanoe, the vegetated
matwa||systemthatre||esma|n|yon
ep|phyt|op|antsandoonstantmo|sture
oansuffer|nextremeheatand|ow
hum|d|tytothepo|ntoffa||ure.Th|s|s
espeo|a||yre|evantforao|tysuohas
Ade|a|de.
Eaohofthesystemshasadvantages
andd|sadvantagesforvar|ous
oond|t|onsando||mate.ldent|fy|ng
thesew|||enab|ethedes|gnerto
reduoether|skfaotorsandg|vegreater
opportun|tyforopt|mumgrowthand
suooess.
WOODSBAGOT.OOM
Domesticandcommercia|sca|e
systems
lntheourrentmarkettherearem|n|ma|
d|st|not|onsbetweendomest|oand
oommero|a|produotsandsystems.
However, there are some very
|mportantd|fferenoesre|evanttoth|s
study.
Thesoa|eofoommero|a|||v|ngwa||s
formu|t|-storeybu||d|ngsrequ|rea
d|fferentapproaohtodomest|osoa|e
systems.Themater|a|sneedtobeof
part|ou|ar|yh|ghqua||tyand|ongev|ty
toaooommodatether|goursofthe
extremeoond|t|ons.For|nstanoethe
extremeso|arrad|at|on|ntheharsh
o|tyenv|ronmentwou|dbreakdown
vunstab|emater|a|sveryqu|ok|y.
Struotura|stressesontheframework
to support the system, as we|| as the
w|nd |oad|ng, requ|res more |ntens|ve
eng|neer|ngthanw|thsma||ersoa|e
domest|oapp||oat|ons.Theh|gherthe
||v|ngwa||thegreaterthew|nd|oad|ngs
w||| be. ln add|t|on, the |ssue of serv|oes
andma|ntenanoerequ|res|ntegrat|on
|nto the bu||d|ng systems, rather than
app||edasanadd-onoomponentmore
app||oab|e|nadomest|osoa|e.
Commontermino|ogyfor|ivingwa||s
Theterm|no|ogytodesor|be||v|ng
wa||s needs to be defned. There are
manytermsused|nthe|ndustryand
|n d|fferent oountr|es, |no|ud|ng vert|oa|
garden, green wa||, b|o-wa|| and green
faade.Th|sstudy|sadopt|ngthe
now genera||y aooepted o|ass|foat|on
systemwheretheterm||v|ngwa||
oovers a|| var|at|ons, but oan be
subd|v|ded |nto two major areas: 'green
faadeandgreenwa||.
Mostoftheava||ab|edooumentat|on
|sbasedonoverseasoond|t|onsw|th
very ||tt|e |nformat|on that |s speo|fo to
Austra||anoond|t|ons.Th|sstudyw|||
exam|neoomponentsandsystems
from manufaoturers and |nsta||ers,
andassessre|evantresearohw|th|n
an Austra||an oontext, w|th part|ou|ar
app||oat|ontothedr|erreg|onssuohas
Ade|a|de.
Introduction
WOODSBAGOT.OOM
C|assications
||v|ng wa||s oan be externa| or |nterna|
to the bu||d|ng enve|ope, but for th|s
studywew|||on|yoons|derexterna|
||v|ngwa||systems.Theyoanbe
o|ass|fed |nto two oategor|es: green
faoadeandgreenwa||.
Greenfacade
Th|s|satypeof||v|ngwa||system|n
wh|oho||mb|ngp|antsoroasoad|ng
groundooversaresupportedon
speo|a||ydes|gnedstruotures.The
p|antsaree|thergrown|nthegroundor
|ne|evatedoonta|nerswheretheyare
wateredandfert|||sed.
Se|f-o||ng|ngp|antshavebeenused
to oreate green wa||s for oentur|es,
howeverthe|rsuokerrootssystem
thatattaohestothewa||oandamage
thewa||surfaoe.Teohn|oa||nnovat|ons
|nreoentt|meshaveresu|ted|nthe
deve|opment of new tre|||ses, modu|ar
pane|sandoab|eandw|re-ropenet
systems.
Tre||is
Aser|esofw|resoroab|es|sattaohed
to a struoture, a||ow|ng the o||mb|ng
p|antstogrowuptheoab|estooreate
ap|antsoreen/wa||.Thesestruotures
oanbeattaohedtothebu||d|ng
enve|opeoroanbefreestand|ng.
Oap|ta| Oentre, Oanberra ||v|ng wa|| after 25 years - des|gned and oonstruoted by Graeme Hopk|ns
(PhotosouroedfromF|fthOreekStud|o}
Oab|esystemw|tho||mbers|nJapan
WOODSBAGOT.OOM
C|assications
Modu|artre||ispane|system
The modu|ar system |s a r|g|d, ||ght
we|ght, three-d|mens|ona| pane| made
fromwe|dedstee|thatsupportsp|ants
bothonthefaoegr|daswe||asthe
pane|depth.Th|ssystem|sdes|gned
tokeepthegreenfaoadeoffthewa||
surfaoesothatthep|antmater|a|
oannotattaohtothebu||d|ng.These
pane|soanbestaokedtogetheror
jo|ned to span between struotures.
Greensoreensystempub||o|tybroohure
O||mbers soreen|ng oo|umns |n Roppong| H|||s, Japan
Cab|eandwire-ropenetsystem
Theoab|eandw|re-ropenetsystem
usese|theroab|esand/orw|renet.
Oab|esareusua||ydes|gnedforfaster
grow|ng o||mb|ng p|ants, whereas w|re
netsareusedforsupport|ngs|ower
grow|ngp|antsthatneedsupportat
o|oser|nterva|s.Bothsystemsuse
h|gh tens||e stee| oab|es, anohors and
supp|ementaryequ|pment.
Rooftop of OH2 Oouno|| House, Me|bourne
WOODSBAGOT.OOM
C|assications
Greenwa||
Thesesystemsoanbeoonstruoted
from pre-vegetated pane|s, vert|oa|
modu|esorp|antedb|ankets(vegetated
mat wa||} that are fxed to struotura|
frameworkortoawa||.
Thesesystemsaretyp|oa||ymadefrom
stee| framework, p|ast|o, expanded
po|ystyreneandsynthet|ofabr|oto
supportavar|etyofd|vers|tyand
dens|tyofp|antspeo|es.Greenwa||s
tendtorequ|remorema|ntenanoe
suohasfert|||serandwaterthangreen
faoadesystemsthatarep|anted|nto
theground.
WOODSBAGOT.OOM
C|assications
Modu|argreenwa||
Modu|arsystemsoons|stofpane|s
thatho|dgrow|ngmed|atosupportthe
p|antmater|a|.sua||ythesepane|sare
pre-grown, prov|d|ng an |nstant effeot
after|nsta||at|on.Thesesystemsrequ|re
|rr|gat|onatd|fferent|eve|sa|ongthe
wa||us|nggrav|tytomovethewater
throughthegrow|ngmed|a;s|m||ar|y
thenutr|entandfert|||s|ng|soarr|edout
throughth|smethod.
||v|ng wa|| tr|a|s at Fytogreen
Vegetatedmatwa||
Th|s system, p|oneered by Patr|ok
B|ano, |s oomposed of two |ayers of
synthet|o fabr|o w|th pookets f||ed
w|ththep|antsandgrow|ngmed|a.
Thefabr|owa||saresupportedona
frameworkandbaokedbyawaterproof
membraneaga|nstthebu||d|ngwa||.
Nutr|entsandwaterarede||vered
throughan|rr|gat|onsystematthetop
ofthewa||.
Tr|o Apartments, Sydney - des|gned by Patr|ok B|ano
WOODSBAGOT.OOM
C|assications
Interiorgreenwa||
lnter|or||v|ngwa||soanbeoonstruoted
fromanyoftheabovesystems.There
|sapart|ou|arsystemdes|gnedfor
|nter|or purposes, oa||ed the B|of|trat|on
system, that |s |ntegrated |nto the
bu||d|ng|nfrastruotureanddes|gnedto
b|of|ter |ndoor a|r and prov|de therma|
regu|at|on.
JAS Robertson bu||d|ng, Toronto
B|owa|| and |nformat|on pane| exp|a|n|ng the b|of|trat|on system
Spontaneous|ivingwa||s
Theseare||v|ngwa||sthatooour|nthe
urbanareawhereseedsgerm|nate
wherever they oan and start grow|ng,
usua||y|nhost||eenv|ronments.These
p|antsareoftengardenesoapeesor
weedsthatoreateanewurbanhab|tat
orenv|ronmenttosupportgreaterb|o-
d|vers|ty|ntheo|t|es.
Spontaneousgrowtha|ongthetra|n||neneartheSydneyO|ymp|os|teredeve|opment
(PhotossouroedfromF|fthOreekStud|o}
WOODSBAGOT.OOM
Benets
There are a number of benefts that
||v|ngwa||sbr|ngtothe|nd|v|dua|
bu||d|ngandtothew|deroommun|ty
w|th|n the o|ty. These |no|ude:
Reduo|ngtheurbanheat|s|and(Hl}
effeot
Reduo|ngenergyoonsumpt|onand
greenhousegases
lnoreas|ngthetherma|performanoe
ofbu||d|ngs(|ower|ngenergyoosts}
Reduo|ngrunoffand|mprov|ngwater
qua||ty(WSD}
lmprov|nga|rqua||ty
Reduot|onofno|sepo||ut|on
lnoreasedurbanb|od|vers|tyand
urbanfoodproduot|on
lmprovedhumanhea|thandwe||be|ng
(oonneot|ontonature}
A|| benefts do not neoessar||y ooour
oneaoh|nd|v|dua|||v|ngwa||asthey
dependonthepart|ou|ars|teandtype
ofsystem.Whendes|gn|nga||v|ngwa||
system, oons|derat|on shou|d be g|ven
to as many of the above benefts as
poss|b|e.
Pub|ic and private benets
Some of the benefts of ||v|ng wa||s
re|ated|reot|ytothepub||oenv|ronment
and oan be o|ass|fed as pub||o
benefts. The benefts that affeot the
bu||d|ng|tse|fand|tsoooupantsare
desor|bed as pr|vate benefts.
Pub|ic benets
Reduoesurbanheat|s|and(Hl}
effeot: promotes natura| ooo||ng
prooesses, reduoes amb|ent
temperature |n urban areas, breaks
vert|oa| a|r fow wh|oh then ooo|s
the a|r as |t s|ows down, shad|ng
surfaoes/peop|e.
lmproved exter|or a|r qua||ty: oaptures
a|rbornepo||utantsandatmospher|o
depos|t|on on |eaf surfaoe, f|ters
nox|ousgasesandpart|ou|atematter.
Aesthet|o |mprovements: oreates
v|sua| |nterest, h|des/obsoures
uns|ght|yfeaturesandprov|des
|nterest|ngfreestand|ngstruotura|
e|ements.
Private benets
lmproved energy effo|enoy: traps
a |ayer of a|r w|th|n the p|ant mass,
||m|tsmovementofheatthroughth|ok
vegetat|on mass, reduoes amb|ent
temperaturev|ashad|ngandp|ant
prooesses of evapotransp|rat|on,
oreatesabufferaga|nstthew|nd
dur|ng the w|nter months, |nter|or
wa||sreduoeenergyassoo|atedw|th
heat|ngandooo||ngoutdoora|rfor
|ndooruse.
Bu||d|ng struoture proteot|on: proteots
exter|or fn|shes from v rad|at|on,
thee|ementsandtemperature
fuotuat|ons that wear down mater|a|s,
benefts the sea| or a|r-t|ghtness of
thebu||d|ng.
lmproved |ndoor a|r qua||ty: oaptures
a|rbornepo||utantssuohasdust
and po||en, f|ters nox|ous gases and
vOOs from oarpets, furn|ture and
ftt|ngs.
No|se reduot|on: the grow|ng med|a
|n||v|ngwa||systemsoontr|butes
toareduot|onofsound|eve|sthat
transm|t through or refeot from the
||v|ngwa||.
Market|ng: |mproved aesthet|os
that he|p to market the projeot and
prov|deva|uab|eamen|tyspaoe.
Ourrentresearoh|sshow|ngthat
greenbu||d|ngs(|no|ud|ng||v|ngwa||s}
arega|n|ngaprem|umpr|oeanda|so
|eas|ngear||erandatah|gherrent.
WOODSBAGOT.OOM
MFO Park, Zur|oh (Photos souroed from |ambert|n| & |eenhardt} Ex-Duoat| Bu||d|ng, R|m|n|, lta|y (Photos souroed from |ambert|n| & |eenhardt}
Oua| Bran|y Museum, Par|s (Photo souroed from |ambert|n| & |eenhardt} Oentre Oommero|a| Ouatre Temps, Par|s (Photos souroed from |ambert|n| & |eenhardt}
Wor|dContext
Europe
Europehashada|ongtrad|t|onw|th
green roofs, and has |ead the way |n
researohanddeve|opments|m||ar|y
w|th part|ou|ar areas of ||v|ng wa||s,
notab|ythegreenfaadeandthe
vegetatedmatwa||system.Espeo|a||y
onaoommero|a|soa|e.
These green faade projeots have
beenseentopushtheenve|opew|th|n
th|sd|so|p||neforbothoonstruotab|||ty
and for bu||d|ng env|ronment benefts,
aswe||asaesthet|osandwe||be|ng
benefts. W|th examp|es suoh as: a
oab|e and w|re-rope net system, as
used on the MFO Park Zur|oh, where
themeta|struoturethatenoompasses
MFOParkhase|evatedp|atformsand
wa|kwaystotakeoverthevert|oa|
d|mens|on.
Aseoondexamp|eus|ngatre|||s
system|stheEx-Duoat|Bu||d|ngat
R|m|n| lta|y, where the growth of the
o||mb|ngp|ants|ssupportedbythe
meta|tre|||sthatw|||eventua||yo|osethe
surfaoeofthefaade.On|ytheg|ass
surfaoe on the ground foor w||| be free
ofp|antgrowth.
Awe||known||v|ngwa||des|gner
Patr|okB|anop|oneeredthevegetated
matwa||systemandhasexported
th|soonoeptfromPar|stoa||parts
ofthewor|d.Th|ssystem|sthemost
reoogn|sedofa||||v|ngwa||systems
asaresu|tofthepub||o|tyand
adventurous projeots, espeo|a||y |n
soa|e.A|thoughthereareanumberof
suooessfu| projeots around the wor|d,
espeo|a||y |ndoors, th|s system re||es on
oonstanthydropon|oteohno|ogywhere
waterandnutr|ent|oadsarede||vered
bygrav|tythroughamembrane.lnvery
hot weather w|th dry hum|d|ty, p|ant
mater|a|oandryoutandoo||apse|f
notoonstant|ymon|tored.ln|ooat|ons
ofextreme|ydryhum|d|tysuohas
Ade|a|de th|s system w||| have d|ffou|ty
tokeepupw|ththeevaporat|onrates
ofthep|ants.
WOODSBAGOT.OOM
vanoouver Aquar|um (Photo souroed from ||v|ng Aroh|teoture Mon|tor}
vanoouver Aquar|um (Photo souroed from ||v|ng Aroh|teoture Mon|tor} North Amer|oan green faoade (Photo souroed from ||v|ng Aroh|teoture Mon|tor}
NorthAmerica
OanadaandtheSAhaveseenrap|d
growth |n the green roofs |ndustry,
buthavenottakenonthe||v|ng
wa||teohno|ogyatthesamepaoe.
Researohers|nOanadadeve|opeda
B|of|trat|on wa|| system, often referred
to as an 'aot|ve` ||v|ng wa|| that f|ters
|ndoora|randprov|destherma|
regu|at|on.Th|ssystemhasbeenused
|nthe|nter|orofbu||d|ngsandoons|sts
of two |ayers of a synthet|o fabr|o,
w|thp|antssandw|ohedbetween.Th|s
system|sfedbyahydropon|osystem
andthenutr|entr|ohwater|sde||vered
atthetopandgrav|tyfedthroughthe
membrane.Therootm|orobesremove
a|rbornevo|at||eorgan|ooompounds
(vOOs}wh||ethefo||ageabsorbs
oarbonmonox|deandd|ox|de.The
p|antsnatura|prooessesproduoe
ooo|fresha|rthat|sdrawnthrough
thesystembyfansandd|str|buted
throughoutthebu||d|ng.A|thoughth|s
system|sforthe|nter|orofbu||d|ngs
thepr|no|p|esfora||v|ngwa||ona
oommero|a|bu||d|ngareveryre|evantto
th|sstudy.
Thegenera|trend|nNorthAmer|oahas
beentouseagreenfaadesystemor
vegetatedmatwa||systemorvar|at|ons
ofth|ssystem.ltwasnotunt||2007
w|th the vanoouver Aquar|um projeot
thatath|okmed|abasedmodu|ar
system (G-Sky} was frst used. Th|s
wasanawardw|nn|ngwa||bySharp
and D|amond |andsoape Aroh|teots.
Th|swa|||mpressedthedes|gnersand
o||entw|ththerootgrowth|ntheth|oker
med|a.Duetotheo||mate|nNorth
Amer|oatherequ|rementofmo|sture
retent|on|nthemed|a|snotsuoha
oons|derat|on, but even there |f th|s
med|aaotsmore||kegrow|ngmed|a
therootdeve|opment|sfarbetterand
enhanoesthep|antgrowth.
Greenfaadesystemsontheother
handarewe||deve|oped|nNorth
Amer|oa, and are oommon|y used
on|argeoommero|a|soa|ebu||d|ngs.
Th|ssystemhasbeendeve|oped
toass|stw|ththetherma|oontro|of
bu||d|ngsandtheenoouragementof
b|od|vers|tyhab|tatw|th|noommero|a|
deve|opments.
Wor|dContext
WOODSBAGOT.OOM
S|ngaporeBotan|oGardens||v|ngwa||short|yafter|nsta||at|on|n2006(PhotosouroedfromF|fthOreekStud|o}
Newton Su|tes, S|ngapore (Photos souroed from Aroh|teoture Austra||a}
Singapore
TheS|ngaporeGovernmentthrough
|tsNat|ona|ParksBoardhasbeenone
ofthepowerhouses|nresearohand
deve|opmentof||v|ngwa||s.Theytook
theapproaohofwork|ngtowardsa
o|earunderstand|ngofwh|ohsystems
andp|antsbestsu|tS|ngapores
o||matebeforeembark|ngonaro|e-out
ofth|steohno|ogy.
TheNat|ona|ParksBoardhassetup
aser|esoftr|a|satthe|rnewBotan|o
Gardenv|s|torreoept|onpreo|not.
Featur|nganumberofoommero|a|
||v|ngwa||systemsthatareava||ab|e
now or w||| be |n the near future, so that
theperformanoeofeaohsystemoan
beobservedbytheoommun|ty.The
tr|a|s|no|udeanumberofexper|menta|
||v|ngwa||sasan|ntegra|partofthe
bu||tform.A|thoughthe|rre|at|ve|ywet
o||mate has he|ped th|s prooess, the
pr|no|p|eof|ntegrat|ngthe||v|ngwa||
aspartofthebu||d|ngshou|dbenoted
w|th|nth|sstudy.
This type of performance based
research is something that could
be developed in South Australia
through our Botanic Gardens,
providing an exemplar for the
community with the necessary
research for our testing climate.
A|so |n S|ngapore, a green faade
systemhasbeendeve|opedfor
appropr|ateuseonh|ghr|sebu||d|ngs
on the Newton Su|tes projeot. The
greenfaadeapp||oat|onoontr|butes
tothebu||d|ngoomfortandv|sua|
de||ght, as we|| as br|ng|ng the |ndoor/
outdoorpotent|a|ofthetrop|osto||fe
|nasusta|nab|eh|ghr|sebu||d|ng.Th|s
pr|no|p|eshou|dbenotedand|no|uded
|ntoth|sstudyasava|uab|eoomponent
ofh|ghr|ses|tuat|ons.
Wor|dContext
WOODSBAGOT.OOM
Temporarybu||d|ngs|tehoard|ngs|nTokyo(PhotosouroedfromF|fthOreekStud|o} Greensoreensusedonpub||orooftops(PhotosouroedfromF|fthOreekStud|o}
||v|ng wa|| on a n|ghto|ub |n Japan, and deta|| of the mat system (Photo souroed from F|fth Oreek Stud|o}
Japan
Japan oan be |dent|fed as one of the
mostprogress|veanddeve|opmenta|
oountr|esfor||v|ngwa||systems.Both
greenfaadeandgreenwa||systems
are advanoed |n des|gn, p|ant mater|a|,
app||oat|on and fabr|oat|on mater|a|s,
us|ngon|ytheverybestmater|a|s
suohassta|n|essstee|andw|re-rope
systemsforsafetyand|ongev|ty.The
Japanesedes|gnersando||entssaw
th|steohno|ogyasa|ong||feso|ut|on
forthe||feofthebu||d|ng.Therewere
|nnovat|vesystemsbe|ngdeve|oped
oreat|nghybr|dsystemsbetweengreen
faadeandgreenwa||systems.Th|s
hybr|dwayofth|nk|ng|s|mportantto
th|s study |n that not just one system
may be the so|ut|on, but a oomb|nat|on
oou|dbetheanswer.
Manyofthe|argebu||d|ngoontraotors
weredeve|op|ngmodu|ar||v|ng
wa||systemsasmanyofthenew
deve|opmentsrequ|redgreenroofsand
wa||saspartofthe|rapprova|prooess.
Th|s |s the major oommero|a| dr|ver
forth|sresearohanddeve|opment|n
Japan.Thesegreenwa||stendtobe
basedonamodu|ardes|gnthatoou|d
be|noorporated|ntothebu||d|ngor
bo|ted to the fn|shed struoture or even
tobu||d|nghoard|ngsastemporary
|nsta||at|ons.
Greenfaadesystemsareoftenused
tosoreenorshadeanareaofbu||d|ng
that fronts onto the pub||o rea|m,
espeo|a||y|nh|ghr|seopenspaoes.
Th|soou|dbeaoh|evedbyqu|ok
ooverageofatre|||soroab|esystem
and|sa|sonotab|eforbe|ng||ght
we|ght.
Japana|soprov|desanumberof
|mpress|vevegetat|vematwa||systems
adaptedtoh|ghr|sebu||d|ngs.These
systemsappeartobean|ntegra|part
ofthebu||d|ngdes|gnun||keanadd-on
orafterthought.
Wor|dContext
WOODSBAGOT.OOM
Ade|a|deZoo||v|ngwa|||nsta||at|on|near|y2010(PhotosouroedfromF|fthOreekStud|o}
Tr|o Apartments, Sydney - des|gned by Patr|ok B|ano (Photo souroed from F|fth Oreek Stud|o}
Austra|ia
Austra||aspos|t|onre|at|vetotherestof
thewor|d|sfa|r|yadvanoed|nthe||v|ng
wa|| d|so|p||ne. The frst oommero|a|
systemsappearedonthemarket|n
2006.Therehasbeenoons|derab|e
researohanddeve|opments|noethen
w|thmanynewpropr|etarysystems
and |nsta||at|ons ooourr|ng, both
|nter|orandexter|or.Therewerea
few exper|menta| green wa||s ear||er,
buton|yonan|nd|v|dua|oasesuohas
var|ous projeots by Mark Pau| from the
Greenwa||Oompany.
A|thoughsomegreenfaade
|nsta||at|onsdatebaoktoaround1985
w|th projeots |n the AOT by Graeme
Hopk|ns, and vegetat|ve mat wa||
systemsdeve|opedby|andsoape
aroh|teoture frm Room 4.1.3 (R|ohard
We||er and v|ad|m|r S|tta}, the bu|k of
Austra||an||v|ngwa||s|sveryreoent.
SomeoftheourrentAustra||an||v|ng
wa||teohno|ogy|s|ead|ngthewor|d.
Most of the ||v|ng wa|| projeots |nsta||ed
todayaredomest|o|nsoa|eand|n
|nter|or|ooat|ons.veryfewoommero|a|
soa|e projeots have been |nsta||ed so
far. A reoent oommero|a| projeot has
been the Ade|a|de Zoo projeot featur|ng
a |arge outdoor ||v|ng wa|| as the major
attraot|onthat|s|ntegrated|ntothe
bu||tformofthenewzooentry.The
soa|e of th|s projeot |ntroduoes many
ofthe|ssuesenoounteredonh|ghr|se
bu||d|ngs.
Another projeot that has re|evanoe
toth|sstudy|sthenewworkofthe
wor|dsta||est||v|ngwa||byPatr|ok
B|anoonares|dent|a|deve|opment
|nSydneys|nnerwest.Th|s|sa33
storeynorthfao|ngvegetatedmatwa||
system us|ng 4,528 nat|ve Austra||an
p|antsfrom69speo|esthatarefedby
agreywaterdr|pper|rr|gat|onsystem.
Thedeo|ded|yoommero|a|soa|eof
th|s projeot estab||shes a oha||eng|ng
measureforoompar|sonofother
projeots, |no|ud|ng th|s study.
Wor|dContext
WOODSBAGOT.OOM
ProprietarySystemsinAustra|ia
Thefo||ow|ng|nformat|on|staken
d|reot|yfrompromot|ona|mater|a|that
|spub||o|yava||ab|e.Theseproduots
are not endorsed, however they are
|no|udedtog|vesomesenseofwhat
|sourrent|yoommero|a||yava||ab|e|n
Austra||a.
Se|ectionof|ivingwa||systemsand
website|inks
Fytowa||byFytogreen
http://www.fytogreen.oom.au/Fytowa||/
Th|s|samodu|arsystemthathasbeen
usedsuooessfu||y|nAde|a|deand
hasbeenonthemarketforanumber
ofyears.lt|susedfordomest|o
and oommero|a| soa|e app||oat|ons,
but needs mod|foat|on for h|gh-r|se
use, as the front of the pane|s wou|d
needreta|n|ngandseour|ngtothe
support|ngframework.
Jung|efyGreenWa||
http://www.jung|efy.oom/web/green-
wa||s.htm|
Th|s|samodu|arsystemthat|svery
newtothemarketand|sd|reoted
todomest|osoa|eapp||oat|on.Not
su|tab|eforh|gh-r|seapp||oat|on|n|ts
ourrentform.
Greenwa||Company(Ex-Parrot}
http://www.greenwa||.oom.au/Exparrot.
aspx
Th|s|samodu|arsystemthathasbeen
onthenat|ona|marketforanumberof
years, but has on|y been used |n one
major |ndoor app||oat|on |n Ade|a|de.
Thesystem|smadefrommeta|mesh
bent |nto shape, thus has potent|a| for
h|gh-r|seapp||oat|onbeoauseof|ts
struotura|oapao|ty.
E|michGreenWa||
http://www.e|m|oh.oom.au/vGM/about.
php
Th|s|samodu|arsystemthathas
beenused|nAde|a|deandhasbeen
|nthemarketp|aoeforsomet|me.The
system|smadeupfromp|ast|oboxes
w|thmeta|framework.Forh|gh-r|se
app||oat|onthereoou|dbesome
quest|onsaboutthep|ast|ostruotura|
|ntegr|ty.
Ronstan
http://www.ronstanaroh|teotura|.oom/
aroh_au/story.asp?story=2096
Th|s|saoab|eandnetw|re-rope
systemthatoou|dbeused|nAde|a|de.
At|antisGro-Wa||
http://www.gro-wa||.oom.au/
New|yava||ab|emodu|arsystemthat|s
d|reotedtothedomest|osoa|emarket.
Greenwa||Austra|ia
http://www.greenwa||austra||a.oom.au/
Speo|a||s|ng|nmodu|arandvegetated
mat|ndoorsystems.
PatrickB|anc
http://www.vert|oa|gardenpatr|okb|ano.
oom/
Thevegetatedmatwa||(ormurvegeta|}
systemhasbeenused|nSydneyand
Me|bournew|thvary|ngsuooess.lt
|s su|tab|e for h|gh-r|se app||oat|on,
butth|ssystem|squest|onab|e|n
Ade|a|deso||mate.
C|imate Inuences 043
P|ant Se|ection 056
Soi|GrowthMedium 059
Irrigation 060
Cost Benets 064
Maintenance 070
SiteResearch
03
WOODSBAGOT.OOM
SiteResearch
C|imate Inuences
G|oba|warm|ngtrends|nd|oate
thattemperatures|nAde|a|deare
gradua||y r|s|ng, and aooord|ng to the
lntergovernmenta|Pane|onO||mate
Ohange (lPOO}, the |norease here |s at
arateh|gherthanthenat|ona|trend.
The IPCC states that Adelaides
summer temperatures are predicted
to rise by 0.4 to 0.9
o
C by 2030, or
even higher if CO2 emissions are not
stabilised.
As we|| as h|gher temperatures,
Ade|a|desaveragenumberofdaysper
yearover35
o
O |s projeoted to |norease
to 21-26, and the average number of
daysperyearover40
o
O |s projeoted to
|noreaseto3-5.Theseo||mateohange
projeot|ons prov|de a oompe|||ng
argumentfor||v|ngwa|||n|t|at|ves.
Abr|ef|ookatsomeoftheo||mate
dataourrent|yava||ab|eforAde|a|de
w||| he|p to set the soene for the future,
g|ventheseo||mateohangepred|ot|ons.
||v|ng wa||s, w|th the|r many benefts,
oanbeemp|oyedtohe|pm|t|gatethe
effeots of o||mate ohange, however, |n
des|gn|ngsuooessfu|||v|ngwa||sthe
extremesofouro||matemustbetaken
|ntooons|derat|on.
P|ants|nAde|a|deso||mateneedto
adapttoextremes|nanumberof
faotors: heat, evaporat|on and very
|owre|at|vehum|d|ty.Thesefaotors
are|mportanttothesuooessof||v|ng
wa||s, espeo|a||y green wa||s where the
grow|ngmed|um|sexposedtothe
surround|ngatmospher|ooond|t|ons.
Extreme|y h|gh temperatures,
oomb|ned w|th hot, dry w|nds, oreate
h|ghevaporat|onratesandvery|ow
re|at|vehum|d|ty.Thusthegrow|ng
med|um|sunderstressw|ththe
potent|a|ofdry|ngout.lftheroot
systems, and |n part|ou|ar the root
ha|rs, dry out then the p|ant system
oo||apses.Thereforetheor|t|oa|o||mat|o
faotorsthatneedtobeunderstoodand
oons|dered are: temperature, re|at|ve
hum|d|ty, evaporat|on and w|nd.
Temperature,re|ativehumidityand
evaporation
TheAustra||anGovernmentsBureau
of Meteoro|ogy (BoM} has fgures for
twos|tesfortheAde|a|deOBD;one
be|ngtheourrentobservat|ons|te|n
Kent Town, some 2km east of the o|ty
oentre, and the seoond be|ng the West
Terraoe s|te, 3.2km west of the o|ty
oentre, w|th fgures up to 1977.
Whendes|gn|ng||v|ngwa||s|t|s
|mportanttounderstandthe|ooa|
o||mate and the speo|fo oharaoter|st|os
the o||mate presents. |ook|ng on|y
atthemonth|yaveragetemperature
andre|at|vehum|d|tyoveranumberof
yearsw|||notg|veatruep|otureofthe
extreme oond|t|ons, whereas exam|n|ng
the fgures on an |nd|v|dua| month|y or
evenda||ybas|sw|||prov|de|nformat|on
that|smoreusefu|todes|gners.
Th|s|s|||ustratedbythefo||ow|ng
Bureau of Meteoro|ogy fgures. The
frst set of observat|ons represents the
meantemperatureandre|at|vehum|d|ty
fgures for January for the years 1977
to 2009, wh||e the seoond set shows
themeanforJanuary2009.
WOODSBAGOT.OOM
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C|imate Inuences
Januarymean
max|mumtemperature
29.1
o
O
Januarymean
temperature(h|ghest}
at9am
21.6
o
O
Januarymeanre|at|ve
hum|d|ty(|owest}at
9am
53%
Januarymean
temperatureat3pm
27.8
o
O
Januarymeanre|at|ve
hum|d|ty(|owest}at
3pm
37%
KentTownobservations
1977-2009
As oan be seen, the fgures for January
2009showh|ghertemperatures
and|owerre|at|vehum|d|tythanthe
mean fgures taken over a per|od
ofapprox|mate|y30years.These
d|fferenoeswou|daffeotthedes|gn
bas|sfora||v|ngwa||.G|venthatthe
expeotedweatheroond|t|onsare
pred|oted to beoome more extreme,
w|th heat waves ooourr|ng more often,
thedes|gnshou|doons|derthese
extremeoond|t|onsotherw|sethe
systemsw|||fa||.
By exam|n|ng the da||y fgures w|th|n
themonthofJanuary2009theextreme
oond|t|onsoaneas||ybeseen.For
|nstanoe, |nstead of a month|y mean
max|mumtemperatureof32
o
O, the
max|mumda||ytemperatureof45.7
o
O
needstobeoons|dered.S|m||ar|ythe
|owestre|at|vehum|d|tyread|ngwas
on|y 4% at 3pm on one part|ou|ar
day, so th|s demonstrates an extreme
oond|t|onoomparedw|ththemonth|y
mean of 23%.
In practical terms this means that
if a living wall system is designed
to withstand the average summer
temperature and humidity levels,
when extreme conditions inevitably
occur the living wall may not survive.
DesignCriteria
Des|gn for |ooa| o||mate extremes, not
just for average o||mat|o oond|t|ons
Januarymean
max|mumtemperature
32
o
O
Januarymean
temperatureat9am
23.7
o
O
Januarymeanre|at|ve
hum|d|tyat9am
37%
Januarymean
temperatureat3pm
30.8
o
O
Januarymeanre|at|ve
hum|d|tyat3pm
23%
2009
Furtheroompar|sonsoanbemade
betweenthemonthofJanuary|n
the years 2009 and 2010, |no|ud|ng
evaporat|onratesandw|ndspeed
fgures from BoM observat|ons.
H|ghestmax|mum
temperature
45.7
o
O
|owest re|at|ve
hum|d|tyat9am
10%
|owest re|at|ve
hum|d|tyat3pm
4%
H|ghestevaporat|on
(Northw|ndspeed
30km/h}
32.2mm
January2009
H|ghestmax|mum
temperature
42.8
o
O
|owest re|at|ve
hum|d|tyat9am
7%
|owest re|at|ve
hum|d|tyat3pm
13%
H|ghestevaporat|on
(Northw|ndspeed
57km/h}
36mm
January2010
Noton|yaretheh|ghestmax|mum
temperaturesoons|stent|ywe||over
40
o
O, but the re|at|ve hum|d|ty range
of between on|y 4% and 13%, means
thattoavo|ddehydrat|onmost||v|ng
th|ngs, |no|ud|ng p|ants, an|ma|s and
humans, need a regu|ar supp|y of water
tooompensateforthe|aokofmo|sture
vapour|nthea|r.Anevaporat|onrate
of36mmatthehe|ghtofsummer|sput
|ntooontextwhenoomparedw|ththe
mean evaporat|on rate of just 3.3mm
forthew|ntermonthofAugust2009.
The s|gn|foanoe for ||v|ng wa||s of w|nd
gustsonmo|sture|eve|sandother
faotors|sfurtherexam|nedbe|ow.
DesignCriteria
Max|mumtemperature45
o
O
Re|at|ve hum|d|ty at 9am 7%
Re|at|ve hum|d|ty at 3pm 4%
Evaporat|onrate36mmw|thNorth
w|ndspeed60km/hr
If the living wall system cannot
withstand these extreme climatic
conditions it will fail.
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C|imate Inuences
Windeffect
W|nd fow around h|gh r|se bu||d|ngs
needs to be understood, frst|y for
the bu||d|ng |n |so|at|on, and seoond|y
w|th|nao|tyorstreetformat|on.
W|nd fow on a s|ng|e h|gh r|se bu||d|ng
has been we|| dooumented, and a
genera|understand|ng|sthatw|nd
ve|oo|ty|noreasesw|thhe|ghtandthat
above 10 foors the ve|oo|ty |noreases
at a h|gher rate than be|ow 10 foors.
D|agramfromKenYeang
Whenw|nd|sperpend|ou|artothe
h|ghr|sebu||d|ngthew|nd|sd|verted
over the roof, around the ends of the
bu||d|ngandsome|sd|verteddownthe
faoadetoground|eve|andsomeup
thefaoadetoroof|eve|.
Whenth|sw|nd|sd|vertedaround
thebu||d|ngtheve|oo|t|esohange
asthea|r|soompressedaroundthe
bu||d|ngoorners.W|ndshadowsare
a|sooreatedonthe|eewards|deof
bu||d|ngs.
D|agramfromKenYeang
WOODSBAGOT.OOM
SiteResearch
C|imate Inuences
Thew|ndwardfaadesofta||bu||d|ngs
have|ooa||sedw|ndourrentsand
|noreased ve|oo|ty, oaus|ng downdrafts
toground|eve|andupdraftstothetop
ofthebu||d|ng.
Thesew|ndourrentsareofpart|ou|ar
|nterestto||v|ngwa||systemsas
|noreasedw|ndve|oo|tyhasan|mpaot
on the grow|ng oond|t|ons of the p|ants,
thestruotura|oapao|tyofthep|antsand
thestruotura|oapao|tyofthesystem
and how |t |s fxed to the faoade.
Whenbu||d|ngsare|no|ustersor|na
streetenv|ronmentthereareadd|t|ona|
|nfuenoes on the w|nd patterns and
ve|oo|t|es. |ooa||sed w|nd patterns and
turbu|enoe, edd|es and sw|r|s ooour
as we|| as |noreased ve|oo|t|es, as the
w|nd|softenforoedthroughsma||er
open|ngs.
D|agramadaptedfromP|erreTeasda|e
WOODSBAGOT.OOM
SiteResearch
C|imate Inuences
lthasbeennotedthat|nMe|bourneat
's|xty-fve metres above the ground the
w|ndsoftengustatve|oo|t|eswe||over
100 k||ometres per hour`(O`|oan}. Th|s
wou|dnotbed|ss|m||artooond|t|ons
|nAde|a|de.Thus|fthe||v|ngwa||s
wereata|ower|eve|thenthew|nd
ve|oo|t|esw|||be|essandtherefore|ess
demand|ngonthesystems.
The|nd|v|dua|p|antsneedtobe
fxed |nto the system so that they are
notb|ownawaybythew|ndonthe
w|ndward s|de and s|m||ar|y fxed |nto
thesystemtopreventbe|ngsuoked
outonthe|ees|deofthebu||d|ngs.
As shown above, greater w|nd

speed|sassoo|atedw|th|noreased
evaporat|on, wh|oh |s an |mportant
faotortobeoons|dered|n||v|ngwa||
des|gn|fthep|antsaretobeprov|ded
w|th suffo|ent water for strong growth.
D|fferentp|antshaved|fferentwater
requ|rements, so se|eot|ng the most
appropr|atep|antsforthepart|ou|ar
|ooat|on |s or|t|oa|, and |s d|soussed |n
moredeta||be|ow.
W|nd|oad|ngsonthestruotura|frame
ofthe||v|ngwa||systemw|||beoome
aprom|nentfaotor|nthedes|gnof
the fram|ng, espeo|a||y when the ||v|ng
wa|||s|ooatedh|gherontheh|ghr|se
faoade.
Speo|foa||y, the w|nd |oad|ng on
the fx|ng dev|oe onto the faoade |s
extreme|yor|t|oa|g|venthepotent|a|a|r
pressured|fferent|a||nthegapbetween
thefaoadeandrearofthefram|ng
system.
The next or|t|oa| faotor |s the fx|ng
betweenthep|antsandp|ant|ng
med|umoonta|nerandthefram|ng
system.Mostofthepropr|etysystems
havea|argeproport|onofp|ast|osand
|t |s d|ffou|t to pred|ot the|r struotura|
behav|ourunderextremew|nd
|oad|ngs.Manyofthesenewand
reoyo|edmater|a|shavea|owd|stort|on
|eve| w|thout struotura| fa||ure, and
oomb|nedw|thpotent|a||ongtermv
degradat|on;thesemater|a|smaynot
besu|tab|e.Preferab|ythefram|ngand
oonta|nersystemsshou|dbeofmeta|
sothatthestruotura|oapao|tyoanbe
eas||yoa|ou|atedandthe|rweather|ng
|ongev|tyassured.
DesignCriteria
W|ndve|oo|ty|noreasesw|thbu||d|ng
he|ght
W|ndve|oo|tyandturbu|enoe|s
affeotedbythespaoebetween
bu||d|ngs
Struotura| fx|ngs and fram|ng for w|nd
|oad|ng
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C|imate Inuences
Orientation
Theor|entat|onofthe||v|ngwa|||s
or|t|oa|for|tssuooessduetomany
faotors.Aoruo|a|one|sthepos|t|on
onthebu||d|ngwa||.lfposs|b|eat
street|eve||tmaybeshadedbyother
objeots, or |f h|gh on the faoade |t may
reoe|vethefu||exposureofthesun.
Theor|entat|onw|||affeotthe
performanoeofthe||v|ngwa||system
andoarefu|oons|derat|onshou|dbe
g|venbeforedes|gn|ngthesystems
andthe|r|ooat|ononthebu||d|ng.For
|nstanoe, therma| proteot|on from
ear|ymorn|ngsunoanbeprov|ded
on the eastern s|de of the bu||d|ng, or
a|ternat|ve|yafternoonproteot|onfrom
thehotwestsunm|ghtberequ|red.lf
thesystem|sforfoodproduot|onthen
anorthernaspeotwou|dbepreferab|e.
WOODSBAGOT.OOM
SiteResearch
C|imate Inuences
lntheor|entat|ond|agram|toanbe
seen that, for |nstanoe, on the northern
s|deofabu||d|ngthereoou|dbefu||day
sun exposure extend|ng from 8:30am
to 3:30pm |n summer. Whereas on
thewesterns|deofthebu||d|ngth|s
sunexposurewou|dextendthrough
to7pm.P|antsneedtobese|eoted
aooord|ngtothe|r||ghtandheat
requ|rementsandtothe|roapao|tyto
w|thstandthepart|ou|aroond|t|ons.
Onthesouths|deofthebu||d|ngon|y
|nd|reot ||ght |s ava||ab|e, so p|ants
se|eotedforth|sor|entat|onwou|d
needtohave|ow||ghtandooo|er
temperature requ|rements, wh|oh
wou|da|soreduoethe|eve|of|rr|gat|on
neoessary.
S|m||ar|ythedom|nantw|ndpattern
shou|d be a oons|derat|on, espeo|a||y
the hot, dry summer w|nd or strong ra|n
|adenw|nd|nthew|nterorautumn.The
dom|nantw|nds|nAde|a|dearenorth
tonorthwest|nsummerandsouthwest
|nw|nter.
The|ooat|ononthefaoadew|||a|so
affeot the or|entat|on, as the h|gher the
systemthegreatertheexposureand
|esstheshadow|ngfromne|ghbour|ng
propert|es.Theor|entat|onandhe|ght
|ooat|onw|||be|mportantfaotorsfor
the evaporat|on rate, affeot|ng the
waterrequ|rements/|rr|gat|onandp|ant
se|eot|on.
DesignCriteria
W|ndve|oo|tyvar|esdepend|ngonthe
faoadeor|entat|on
Aspeote.g.northfao|ngwa||
Sunexposure
W|ndexposure
He|ghtonthefaoade
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SiteResearch
P|antSe|ection
As shown, w|nd |s one of the major
p|antgrowthfaotorsfor||v|ngwa||sas
thew|ndora|rmovement|noreas|ng
overthep|ant|eavesdeoreasesthe
ab|||tyofthep|anttoabsorbmo|sture
fromthea|r.W|th|noreasedve|oo|t|es
th|s beoomes a major dry|ng |ssue for
the|eavesaswe||astherootsystems.
ltdoesnotmatterhowmuohwater|s
ava||ab|e to the root system, beoause
|ftheevaporat|onrate|sextreme|y
h|ghthe|ossofwaterv|athep|ant
|eavesoannotbematohedbythewater
uptakeoftherootsystem.
Apart from w|nd exposure, temperature
beoomesaor|t|oa|faotorasp|ants
starttobeoomestressedaround32
o
O
andstarttoshutdownaround40
o
Oto
ma|nta|nthe|rsurv|va|.Droughtto|erant
p|antsoftend|sp|ayameohan|sm
wherethestomata|nthe|eaves
aotua||yo|osedur|ngthehottestpartof
thedayandopenon|y|near|ymorn|ng
andeven|ng.Th|s|storeduoethe
evapotransp|rat|onand|sameansof
oonserv|ngwaterforsurv|va|.These
p|antsshowstrongoharaoter|st|os
su|tab|e for ||v|ng wa||s, espeo|a||y at
he|ghtonbu||d|ngs.
Thereareanumberofp|antspeo|es
ooourr|ng|nnatura|env|ronmentsand
a|so|ntheharshbu||tenv|ronment
thatoanadapttoandex|st|nthese
oond|t|ons. For |nstanoe, p|ant speo|es
thatgrowono||fftopsoronthefaoe
ofo||ffsoanbesu|tab|espeo|esfor
||v|ng wa||s, as a o||ff faoe aots |n
thesamewayasabu||d|ngfaoade
does|n|ts|nteraot|onw|thw|nd.ln
thebu||tenv|ronmentp|antspeo|es
p|anteda|ongtheroadedgeor|n
med|an str|ps are subjeoted to w|nd
buffer|ng from pass|ng veh|o|es, so
manyofthesespeo|eswou|dexh|b|t
theoharaoter|st|osneededfora
h|ghr|se||v|ngwa||.P|ants|nnatura|
assoo|at|onsthatareexposedto
h|ghw|ndve|oo|t|esw|||exh|b|tthe
oharaoter|st|osofoo-dependenoeand
a se|f-susta|n|ng hab|tat, wh|oh |s a
goodstart|ngpo|ntforp|antse|eot|on
forh|ghr|se||v|ngwa||s.
Thetrad|t|ona|wayoforeat|ngawa||
ooveredw|thvegetat|onthatdates
baok oentur|es, |s to grow se|f-
support|ngoreepers.Thespeo|es
mostoommon|yused|nthetemperate
o||mates were |vy (Hedera he||x}, Boston
|vy(Parthenoo|ssustr|ousp|data}and
v|rg|n|aoreeper(P.qu|nquefo||a}.Th|s
methodhassome||m|tat|ons|nthatthe
o||mbers usua||y on|y grow about 10m,
oooas|ona||y 20m, w|th exoept|ona|
examp|essomet|mesreaoh|ng30m|n
he|ght.
v|rg|n|aoreeper|sapreferredspeo|es
as|tdoesnothaveatendanoyto
damagethewa||substrate|n|ts
prooess of support|ng |tse|f, as
opposedto|vy.v|rg|n|aoreeperuses
m|nutesuot|onoapstoseourethe
p|ant struoture to the wa||, typ|oa||y
br|okormasonrywa||s.Th|stypeof
soreen p|ant|ng |s o|ass|fed as a green
faoadesystemandut|||sesthenatura|
oharaoter|st|osofo||mb|ngp|antsto
prov|devegetat|onoover.
v|rg|n|a oreeper on a bu||d|ng faoade, Toronto
Therehasbeenvery||tt|eresearoh
oarr|edoutonp|ant|ngspeo|essu|tab|e
for ||v|ng wa||s |n Austra||a, and |n
part|ou|ar |n Ade|a|de, apart from F|fth
OreekStud|owhohaveoarr|edout
tr|a|ss|noe2006us|ngspeo|esfrom
theAde|a|dep|a|nsandoommon|y
usedhybr|dsofnat|vespeo|es.ln
v|otor|a, n|vers|ty of Me|bourne`s
Burn|eyOampus|eoturerJohnRayner
hasoarr|edoutresearohandprov|ded
oonsu|tat|onontheO|tyofMe|bournes
OH2Bu||d|ng.
Therehasbeensomeresearohby
systemmanufaoturersforthe|rown
|nformat|on and usage, predom|nant|y
us|ngspeo|esknownfromoverseas
exper|enoe.Speo|esfromsubtrop|oa|
o||mates, ||ke ep|phytes, ||thophytes,
brome||ads and ferns, have been
typ|oa||y used |n other states, but w|th
Ade|a|desun|queo||matethesespeo|es
arenotsu|tab|eforouts|de||v|ngwa||s.
However, they oan be used for |nter|or
||v|ngwa||swheretheo||mateoanbe
oontro||ed.
||v|ng wa|| tr|a| at Fytogreen, v|otor|a
||v|ng wa|| tr|a| at F|fth Oreek Stud|o, South Austra||a
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SiteResearch
P|antSe|ection
Speciesse|ection
Speo|esse|eot|onshou|dbebasedon
des|gnor|ter|aforthepart|ou|artype
of||v|ngwa||systemandtheo||mate.
Or|ter|aforthetwoma|noategor|esof
||v|ng wa||s:
Greenfacade
O||mberspeo|esthatut|||sethenatura|
oharaoter|st|os of o||mb|ng p|ants:
Fastgrow|ng
Fo||agefromgroundtotop
Res|stanttow|ndbuffer|ng
Or|entat|ontofu||sunexposureor
shad|ng
Part|a|shadow|ngdur|ngthedayfrom
nearbybu||d|ngs
Greenwa||
P|antspeo|esgrown|named|umw|th
||m|ted root zone vo|ume:
F|brousrootsystem
Strongstemtorootoonneot|on
Res|stanoetow|ndbuffer|ng
Goodgrowthhab|t
Or|entat|ontofu||sunexposureor
shad|ng
Oarefu|oons|derat|onofthegrowth
hab|ts of speo|es needs to be made,
assomespeo|estendtoohangehab|t
as they mature, suoh as phototrop|sm,
wheretheygrowoutwardstowards
thefu||sun(||ght}unt||grav|tytakes
overandthep|antstartstobend
downwards.Th|soanoreatean
overshadow|ngeffeotthatshadesthe
p|ants|mmed|ate|ybe|ow.lfthese
|owerp|antshavearequ|rementforfu||
sunexposurethentheywou|dsufferor
evend|eundertheseoond|t|ons.
DesignCriteria
Typeof||v|ngwa||systemproposed
P|antse|eot|onor|ter|a
SiteResearch
Soi|GrowthMedium
Abas|ounderstand|ngofgrow|ng
med|umand|tsbehav|ourwhen
p|aoed on the s|de of the bu||d|ng, w|th
oerta|n above ground |nfuenoes |s
needed.Th|s|sespeo|a||y|mportant
for the root zone of the p|ants, as
theseoharaoter|st|osbeoomeoruo|a|to
suooessfu|growth.lnnatura|ground
waterandnutr|entsarefound|nthe
topso|| |ayer, usua||y at a depth of
150-250mm, so the p|ants` feed|ng
rootsarea|sofound|nth|s|ayer.lna
||v|ngwa||s|tuat|onthetopso|||ayer|s
turned vert|oa||y, therefore a depth of
150-250mmbe|owthep|ant|nthewa||
|s |ts feed|ng zone, as we|| as on the
hor|zonta|p|ane.
Theso||surfaoetemperature
forbareso||oaneas||yheatup
to50
o
O, therefore the resu|t|ng
subso||temperatureso||mbsteep|y.
Temperaturesabove35
o
Oattheroot
zoneareaoanoausetherootstobeg|n
to shut down, therefore no water |s
senttothe|eavesfortransp|rat|onand
the|eavesstartheat|ngupaswe||.Th|s
oanbeapotent|a||ssuefor||v|ngwa||s
|n Ade|a|de`s summer, w|th hot dry a|r
surround|ngthegrow|ngmed|um.lf
the so||s are wet, the so|| heats up
mores|ow|ythandryso||does.Water
takesmoreenergy-|atentheat-to
heatupthanso||e|ements.Therefore
thegrow|ngmed|umshou|dnotbe
a||owedtodryoutoomp|ete|ybutbe
keptmo|sttoreduoetheso||/grow|ng
med|umtemperature.
Onoetherootsystemhasshutdown
from exoess|ve heat, suoh as dur|ng
a heat wave, the roots are unab|e to
takeup|argequant|t|esofwater|nthe
so||.Therootsystemw|||notusea||
the ava||ab|e water, thus a||ow|ng the
a|rspaoes|ntheso||toberep|aoed
w|thwater.Theso||beoomesoxygen
dep|eted and water |ogged, a||ow|ng
potent|a|fungusgrowth.Thereforethe
grow|ngmed|ummustbere|at|ve|yfree
dra|n|ngbutbeab|etoreta|nsome
mo|sturefortherootsystem.
DesignCriteria
Grow|ngmed|umm|n|mumdepth
150-250mm
Grow|ngmed|umtobekeptmo|st
Grow|ngmed|umtobefreedra|n|ng
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Irrigation
||v|ng wa||s oons|st of two types of
grow|ng systems: |n-ground for green
faades, and the green wa|| oonta|ner
typeus|nghydropon|owater|ng
pr|no|p|es. Typ|oa||y, ||v|ng wa||s use
aboutha|fthewaterthatastandard
|n-groundgardenoonsumes.
In-groundgreenfacadesystem
Th|s uses a |ow vo|ume, |ow pressure
dr|psystemorsubso||dr|psystemfor
the|n-groundgrowno||mbers.The
system|ss|m||artooommongarden
bed|rr|gat|onsystems.
Greenwa||containersystem
Th|s|sbas|oa||yahydropon|osystem
thatsupp||esthegrow|ngmed|umw|th
waterandnutr|entsv|asomemeansof
meohan|oa||rr|gat|on.Eaohoonta|ner
ormodu|e|s|rr|gatedbyadr|p||neat
thetopofthemodu|eandthewater
andnutr|ent|soarr|eddownthrough
themodu|ebygrav|ty.
Atthebottomofthemodu|eor
oonta|nersystemadr|ptrayshou|d
be|noorporated|ntothesystemto
oo||eotexoesswaterandnutr|entfrom
thesystem.Th|sexoesswaterand
nutr|entoanbereoyo|edbaok|ntothe
feedsystem.lfth|sreoyo|edsystem
|sused|tshou|dbenotedthatthere
w|||bean|noreased|eve|ofnutr|ent
and adjustment shou|d be made w|th|n
the system, so that p|ants are not over
fert|||sed, wh|oh oan be damag|ng.
lnthemodu|aroonta|nersystemthere
shou|dbeadr|ptray|ooatedatabout
every four to fve modu|es h|gh, or
about 3 metres apart, otherw|se the
waterandnutr|ent|eve|w|||bu||dup
|nthebottommodu|esduetothe
grav|tat|ona|pu||ofwaterthroughthe
system.
Typ|oa||yamodu|aroonta|nersystems
waterrequ|rementsformax|mum
summeruseare5||tres/m
2
per day,
and |n w|nter, 1 ||tre/m
2
perday.
Watersensorsoanbep|aoedw|th|n
the||v|ngwa||systemtomon|tor
themo|sture|eve|andautomat|oa||y
turnonoroffthe|rr|gat|onsystem
asrequ|red.Thesensorsshou|dbe
p|aoed |n the root zone, not on the
surfaoe, as |n Ade|a|de`s un|que o||mate
theoharaoter|st|osoftherootzone|s
or|t|oa|forthep|antssurv|va|.
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Irrigation
Equipmentandservicesrequirement
A||||v|ngwa||srequ|respaoefor
|rr|gat|onandaoontro||eroab|net
remotefromthewa||.Thephys|oa|
requ|rement|sabout1mx1mx1.5m
h|gh.E|eotr|oa|requ|rementsarea
doub|eGPO|nsta||edatam|n|mumof
1300mm from the foor or ground. A
watersupp|y|srequ|redw|tha|ookab|e
20mm gate va|ve, w|th fema|e thread.
The|rr|gat|onoutfeed||neoanbea
20mmPvOp|petothe||v|ngwa||.
Thewatersupp|yoanbema|ns
pressure, preferab|y separate to the
bu||d|ng supp|y, but on-s|te ra|nwater
oo||eot|onandstorage|senoouraged
tobeused|nthesystem.The|rr|gat|on
oontro||eroanbe||nked|ntothe
bu||d|ng serv|oes system, ||ke OBS,
butreoentexper|enoehasshownthat
aseparateand|ndependentsystem
fromthebu||d|ngserv|oes|sdes|rab|e.
Th|shasbeenaprob|emforanumber
ofex|st|ng||v|ngwa||sthatdr|edoutor
had major water re|ated prob|ems.
Asma||weatherstat|onoanbeused
formon|tor|ngthem|oroo||mat|o
oond|t|ons around the ||v|ng wa||, and
oanbeoonneotedtothe|rr|gat|on
oontro||ersothatwater|sde||vered
preo|se|ywhenneeded.Th|s|sa
s|m||arprooesstothesystemusedfor
water founta|ns, where w|nd ve|oo|ty |s
mon|toredforopt|mumperformanoe.
lntheoaseofa||v|ngwa||the
mon|tor|ng of temperature, evaporat|on
andre|at|vehum|d|tyoanbeusefu|
whenshad|ngoooursaorossthe||v|ng
wa||atvar|oust|mesofthedayor|na
w|nd tunne| effeot zone. The effo|enoy
ofwatersupp|ytothe||v|ngwa||oan
be max|m|sed, w|th oost benefts as
we||as|mprovedgrowthofthep|ant
mater|a|.
Greywaterrecyc|ing
Therearesomepropr|etarysystems
thatusenon-potab|ewater(greywater}
ando|eanth|swatertoareoyo|ab|e
non-potab|estandardtobereused
w|th|nthebu||d|ngorouts|de|nthe
|andsoape.These||v|ngwa||systems
oanbedeve|oped|ntoeoo|og|oa|
systems, suoh as the outdoor examp|e
at vauo|use, New South Wa|es by
the Greenwa|| Oompany, and the
|ndoorsystem|ntheboardroomofthe
Oanada ||fe bu||d|ng |n Toronto.
Thesesystemsreusethewaterfor
fsh hab|tat, and the nutr|ent r|oh water
|sthenpumpeduptothetopofthe
||v|ngwa||as|rr|gat|onwater.The
nutr|entsfert|||sethep|antsandthe
p|ant roots o|ean the water, w|th the
refreshed water returned to the fsh
pond.Th|spr|no|p|eoou|dbeusedon
agrandersoa|easpartofaneoo|og|oa|
statementforthebu||d|ngorthe
ne|ghbourhood.
DesignCriteria
Typeof||v|ngwa||
He|ghtofwa||
Water supp|y, storage and potent|a|
reoyo||ng
Serv|oesandspaoerequ|rementfor
equ|pment
Oanada ||fe boardroom, Toronto
Pr|vate Res|denoe, Sydney
(PhotosouroedfromGreenwa||Oompanywebs|te}
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Costs Benets
Overseasexper|enoe|nd|oatesthat
||v|ng wa||s prov|de s|gn|foant oost
benefts to bu||d|ngs and to the w|der
env|ronment, however, there are no
preo|se fgures yet |n an Austra||an
oontext.Th|sfeas|b|||tystudyw|||be
fo||owedbya|argesoa|eoonstruoted
prototypeanddeta||edmon|tor|ng
so that data on energy, water and
temperature benefts oan be oo||eoted
andana|ysed.Meanwh||eweoan
summar|se the projeoted benefts
w|th|n three ma|n areas: eoonom|o,
eoo|og|oa|andsoo|a|.
Economic benets
||v|ng wa||s oan prov|de fnano|a|
benefts d|reot|y to bu||d|ng owners and
oooup|ers, and more broad|y to the
oommun|tyandtheo|tys|nfrastruoture
oosts.
Therma|performance
Theshad|ngpropert|esofa||v|ng
wa||oanreduoethesk|ntemperature
ofthefaoadeand|mprovethe
bu||d|ngstherma|performanoe.Th|s
|saoh|evedbyreduo|ngthe|nterna|
bu||d|ng temperature |n summer, thus
reduo|ngtheooo||ngrequ|rements
ofthebu||d|ng.S|m||ar|y|nw|nter
thesk|ntemperature|s|noreased
bytheb|anket|ngeffeotofthe||v|ng
wa||, thereby reduo|ng the heat|ng
requ|rements. Th|s mod|foat|on of the
bu||d|ngstherma|performanoehasa
d|reot fnano|a| beneft.
lthasbeenreportedthatapart|ou|ar
propr|etarysystem|nMe|bournehas
aoh|evedan11
o
O summer reduot|on,
us|ngagreenwa||oonta|nersystem.
Theprototypewa||tobe|nsta||ed
|nAde|a|defo||ow|ngth|sfeas|b|||ty
studyw|||beusedtomon|torthesk|n
temperatureofthebu||d|ngand|ts
effeotonthe|nter|orofthebu||d|ng.
Oost Beneft
Reduoebu||d|ngsk|ntemperatureby
shad|ng
Mod|fy|nterna|temperature
Reduoeenergyoonsumpt|on
Urbanheatis|and(UHI}effect
By|ower|ngthetemperatureof
thebu||d|ngsexter|orsurfaoethe
surround|ngamb|enttemperature
oan be |owered, wh|oh oontr|butes
to a |ower|ng of the Hl |nfuenoed
temperature of the o|ty, and u|t|mate|y
reduo|ngtheo|tysenergyoonsumpt|on
and|ower|nggreenhousegas
em|ss|ons.
A ||v|ng wa|| adjaoent to the street oan
oreateafavourab|eenv|ronmentfor
outdooraot|v|t|essuohasoafesand
restaurants.
It has been shown that wall-
climbing vines can reduce summer
temperatures on a street by 5%, so if
strategically positioned, living walls
can offer an economic advantage to
street focused businesses and the
public realm.
Byreduo|ngstreetando|ty
temperaturesthepub||ohea|thr|sk
fromheatre|ated|||ness|sa|so
dramat|oa||y reduoed, thus oreat|ng an
eoonom|osav|ngtothehea|thsystem
andemergenoyserv|oes.Thenumber
ofextremedaysover38
o
Ooanbe
reduoedby|ower|ngo|tytemperature.
Oost Beneft
Reduoesurround|ngtemperature
Reduoeextremetemperaturedays
Reduoegreenhousegasem|ss|ons
Watersensitiveurbandesign
||v|ng wa||s oan beoome part of the
o|tysstormwatermanagementthrough
reduo|ng the amount of runoff, v|a the|r
ab|||tytoabsorbandreoyo|ewater.As
thera|nwaterperoo|atesdownthe||v|ng
wa||some|sabsorbedbythep|ants
and|atertransp|redbaok|ntothe
atmosphere.Th|s|essenstheamount
reaoh|ngtheo|tysstormwatersystem.
lt has been est|mated that 20% of
ra|nfa|||sreta|ned|n||v|ngwa||systems.
Byoo||eot|ngra|nwater||v|ngwa||s
reduoe re||anoe on ma|ns water supp|y,
oonserv|ngthema|nssupp|yfor
potab|ewaterrequ|rements.
||v|ng wa||s oan be des|gned as
vert|oa|wet|andswherethebu||d|ngs
grey water from eaoh foor |s passed
through a hor|zonta| reed bed, o|ean|ng
thewatertoanon-potab|ereoyo|ed
standard to be used |n the next foor
down.
Oost Beneft
Reduoe stormwater up to 20%
Reoyo|egreywater
Reoyo|eoo||eotedra|nwater
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Costs Benets
Space saving benet
||v|ng wa||s offer an opportun|ty to
deve|opthebu||d|ngfaoadeasa
|andsoapee|ementthatotherw|se
wou|drema|nvaoant.Theyoan
rep|aoetheground|eve||andsoape
requ|rement, wh|oh frees up va|uab|e
ground spaoe for other aot|v|t|es,
whether|nthepub||oorpr|vaterea|m.
The eoonom|o benefts of oreat|ng extra
spaoearepart|ou|ar|yre|evantw|th|n
therestr|otedspat|a|env|ronmentof
the o|ty, but the pr|no|p|e app||es to any
s|tuat|onwhere||v|ngwa||sare|nsta||ed.
Oost Beneft
Sav|nggroundspaoe
Propertyva|ues
lnoorporat|ng||v|ngwa||s|ntoa
deve|opmentorbu||d|ngaddsva|ueby
mak|ng a 'green` statement, and adds
tothephys|oa|attraot|venessofthe
bu||d|ng.Greene|ementsaddva|ue
tothepropertythrough|noreas|ngthe
sa|e pr|oe and mak|ng sa|es qu|oker,
andtheyattraoth|gherrenta|sw|th
qu|oker|ett|ngturnaround.Wh||e
there are no preo|se fgures for the
|noreasedva|uebroughtby||v|ngwa||s
|n part|ou|ar, there |s ev|denoe of the
eoonom|o benefts that |andsoape
orgreenerybr|ngstoaproperty.ln
d|souss|ng the eoonom|o benefts of
green roofs, Steven Peok, founder of
Green Roofs for Hea|thy O|t|es, refers
tostud|es|nAmer|oaandBr|ta|n|n
the|ate1990sshow|ngthatgood
treeoover|noreasespropertyva|ueby
6-15%` (Peok et a|., 1999}.
A|though||v|ngwa||sdonotofferthe
same|eve|ofreoreat|ona|aooess|b|||ty
thatsomegreenroofsdotheydo
prov|deah|gh|eve|ofv|s|b|||tyw|th|n
thepub||orea|m.Anart|o|ebyToma|ty
andKomorowsk||ntheNorthAmer|oan
||v|ng Aroh|teoture Mon|tor (2010}
offersthefo||ow|ngassessmentofthe
monetaryva|ueassoo|atedw|thgreen
roofs, from wh|oh we oan extrapo|ate
that fnano|a| beneft a|so app||es to
||v|ngwa||s.
.propert|esw|thaooess|b|egreen
roofs are subjeot to a 20 peroent
property va|ue prem|um, wh||e
thosew|throoftopfoodgardens
ga|nsevenperoent|nproperty
va|ue.Ne|ghboursofbothtypesof
green roofs a|so stand to beneft
s|gn|foant|y from the|r presenoe.
Thosewhohavev|ewsontoagreen
roofoou|dga|nupto4.5peroentof
property va|ue, wh||e those adjaoent
torooftopfoodgardensoou|dga|n
fromtwoperoenttosevenperoent.
ltshou|dbenotedthatthesumof
the[s|o|a||thepropertyva|uega|ns
aooru|ngtone|ghbour|ngpropert|es
oou|dbeoons|derab|y|argerthan
the va|ue of the beneft aooru|ng to
thehostproperty.
. For examp|e, a reoreat|ona|
roofgardenwasbu||tonafour-
storeyoommero|a|bu||d|ngat401
R|ohmondStreetWest|nToronto.
Thegarden|saooess|b|etothe
res|dentsofthehostbu||d|ngand
v|s|b|efroma14-storeyres|dent|a|
bu||d|ngaorossthestreet.s|ng
the formu|ae g|ven above, the tota|
propertyva|ue|noreaseduetoth|s
roofgardenoanbeest|matedat
$2.3m||||on.
Further, the eoonom|o beneft extends
beyond|noreasedsa|eandrenta|
va|ues.ThePropertyOouno||of
Austra||aaot|ve|yfao|||tatessusta|nab|e
bu||d|ng des|gn and oonstruot|on, and
through|tswebs|teyourbu||d|ng
prov|desap|atformfor|nformat|on
shar|ng.Anart|o|ebyWas||ukand
others(2007}o|ear|yart|ou|ates
the fow-on va|ue of susta|nab|e
oommero|a| bu||d|ng praot|oes, wh|oh
oou|d be read||y app||ed to ||v|ng wa||s,
asonesusta|nab|eoomponentofa
bu||d|ng
Bu||d|ngownersandoooup|ersmay
beneft from an |mproved oorporate
prof|e and oommun|ty re|at|ons:
'Theownerofagreenbu||d|ngor
the oompany |t houses oan fnd
that|ts|mage|sseenmuohmore
pos|t|ve|y.Th|she|pstoattraotand
reta|n tenants, emp|oyees, o||ents
and supp||ers and thus, arguab|y, to
make |t more attraot|ve to owners,
oooup|ers and shareho|ders' (RlOS,
2005, p.20}.
Others, suoh as deve|opers,
bu||ders, des|gners and managers,
may beneft from add|t|ona| pub||o|ty
andmarketab|||tyduetothe|r
assoo|at|onw|thasusta|nab|e
oommero|a|bu||d|ng.Serv|oe
prov|ders oan estab||sh a prof|e
of projeots to demonstrate the|r
frm's oomm|tment to susta|nab|||ty
andtooreat|ngbu||d|ngsthat
meetandexoeedo||entneedsand
expeotat|onsforsusta|nab|||ty.
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Costs Benets
Eco|ogica| benets
The eoo|og|oa| oost benefts are
espeo|a||y|mportanttoo||mateohange
|ssuesandtheadaptat|onofo|t|esto
o||mate ohange. The oost benefts are
re|evanttotheo|tyasawho|easwe||
asthe|nd|v|dua|bu||d|ngsbyreduo|ng
temperatureandtheem|ss|onof
greenhouse gases. The open spaoe,
b|od|vers|tyandoorr|dorsareespeo|a||y
|mportanttoa||owmovementthrough
theo|tyashab|tatsohange|nresponse
totheohang|ngo||mate.
OpenSpace
lt|s|mportanttounderstandthatopen
spaoe|snoton|yonthehor|zonta|
p|ane, but oan a|so be on the vert|oa|
p|ane.t|||s|ngthebu||d|ngfaadeas
a green open spaoe, espeo|a||y |n h|gh
dens|ty areas ||ke Ade|a|de`s OBD,
oreatesadd|t|ona|openspaoethatmay
not be usab|e for wa|k|ng on, but |s
greatforv|sua|p|easureandwe||be|ng.
Asgroundopenspaoewou|drequ|re
oons|derab|eexpensetoaoqu|re|n
the m|dd|e of the OBD, th|s ||v|ng wa||
oonoeptoou|dprov|deadd|t|ona|open
spaoeunderbothpr|vateandpub||o
ownersh|p.
Oost Beneft
Add|t|ona|openspaoew|thouttak|ng
upva|uab|egroundspaoe
Biodiversity
As another form of open spaoe, ||v|ng
wa||systemsw|||prov|deextrahab|tat
w|th|ntheo|tyarea|nadd|t|onto
ex|st|nggroundspaoe.var|ousp|ant
speo|esandhab|tatsoanbetargeted
toenoouragese|eotedspeo|esorto
d|soourage other speo|es, espeo|a||y
w|th|ntheb|rdoommun|ty.s|ngdense
o|ump|ngp|antspeo|es|nthe||v|ngwa||
w|||attraotsma||b|rdspeo|esasthe
fo||agew|||prov|deaproteotedhab|tat.
Oost Beneft
Add|t|ona|hab|tattoo|tyareaw|thout
tak|ngupva|uab|egroundspaoe
Corridors
||v|ng wa||s oan form hab|tat and open
spaoeoorr|dorsoonneot|ngtheground
w|ththerooftopsaswe||asaoross
the o|ty, potent|a||y oonneot|ng to the
Park|ands.lfthese||v|ngwa||soou|d
bestrateg|oa||yp|aoedonbu||d|ng
faoades, th|s oou|d form stepp|ng stone
oorr|dors for an|ma|, b|rds and |nseots
topassthroughandbreed|ntheo|ty.
Th|swou|denr|ohboththeb|od|vers|ty
andthehea|thofhuman|nhab|tants|n
theo|tyoentre.Th|spos|t|veb|ophys|oa|
effeotofpeop|esoonneot|ontonature
hasbeenwe||dooumented.
Oost Beneft
lnter-oonneot|v|tyofhab|tatand
humanwe||be|ng
Oxygen/CO2exchange
||v|ng wa||s oan p|ay an |noreas|ng|y
|mportantro|e|nreduo|ngtheamount
ofOO2|ntheatmospherethrough
theprooessofphotosynthes|swhere
p|antsabsorbOO2andre|easeO2
|ntotheatmosphere.W|th|noreased
|eve|sofOO2fromo||mateohange
p|antgrowthw||||noreaseandtherefore
absorbmoreOO2andre|easemore
O2.Byth|smeohan|smp|ants(||v|ng
wa||s}oanstab|||setheatmospheres
oompos|t|on (oxygen, n|trogen p|us
sma||amountsofOO2, water vapour,
argonandothertraoee|ements}.
ResearohbyKuhn|n1996saysthat
through the prooess of photosynthes|s:
155m
2
of plant surface area can
produce enough oxygen for one
person for 24 hours.
lno|tystreetswherespaoeand
serv|oesooourthatdonota||owfor
streettreep|ant|ngthen||v|ngwa||s
oou|dbeoometherep|aoement
forthesestreettreesandthe|r
env|ronmenta| benefts ||ke remov|ng
a|rbornepo||utantsandprov|d|ngthe
OO2/O2exohange.
Oost Benefts
||v|ng wa||s oan rep|aoe street trees
and the|r env|ronmenta| benefts
155m
2
ofp|antsurfaoeareaproduoes
enoughO2foronepersonfor24
hours
Socia| Benets
||v|ng wa||s prov|de therapeut|o
and pub||o hea|th benefts that oan
beequatedw|thoons|derab|eoost
benefts to the oommun|ty and
|nd|v|dua|bu||d|ngowners.The
b|ophys|oa| beneft of v|sua| and
phys|oa|oontaotw|thnatureoan
reduoe stress, |mprove pat|ent reoovery
ratesandprov|deh|gherres|stanoeto
|||ness.Th|sthenreduoestheuseof
thepub||ohea|thsystemandtherefore
reduoesthehea|thbudget.
S|m||ar|ythehea|thandwe||be|ngof
offoe workers |n h|gh r|se bu||d|ngs
|saffeoted.lntroduo|ng||v|ngwa||sto
offoe bu||d|ngs w||| reoonneot workers
to the b|ophys|oa| benefts of vegetat|on
and|noreaseworkerproduot|v|tyand
reduoe the number of s|ok days, as has
beendooumentedforMe|bourneO|ty
Oouno||sbu||d|ngOH2.
||v|ng wa||s oan mod|fy the |ooa| m|oro-
o||matebyreduo|ngthetemperature
andprov|d|ngap|easantenv|ronment
orpub||ospaoethatenoouragesnew
eoonom|oopportun|t|essuohaoafes
andoutdooreat|ng.
Oost Beneft
Reduoestressonthepub||ohea|th
system|nh|ghdens|tyareas
lnorease offoe worker produot|v|ty
Enoourageneweoonom|o
opportun|t|esbyoreat|ngp|easant
pub||ospaoes
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SiteResearch
Maintenance
Ma|ntenanoeofa||v|ngwa||shou|dbe
nomoreonerousthanw|th|andsoape
p|ant|ngs |n the ground: prun|ng,
feed|ng, weed|ng and water|ng. lf
ma|ntenanoeofthe||v|ngwa|||s
oons|deredatthedes|gnstageany
|ssuesoanbereso|ved|nthedes|gn.
Thespaoeforequ|pmentandsupp|y
ofpowerandwaterneednotbean
|ssue|ftheyareaooommodatedatthe
des|gnstage.
There are three major ma|ntenanoe
|ssues to be oons|dered:
Suffo|ent water|ng dur|ng
estab||shment
A|rborneseedgerm|nat|on
Aooesstothewa||forequ|pment
Ade|a|deZoo||v|ngwa|||nsta||at|onus|ngafork||ftsystem(PhotosouroedfromF|fthOreekStud|o}
Oab|eanohorpo|ntongreenroofatAde|a|deZoo(PhotosouroedfromF|fthOreekStud|o}
Ama|ntenanoep|anandbudgetneeds
tobepartofthedes|gnprooessand
not an afterthought onoe the projeot |s
oomp|eted.Ma|ntenanoe|sespeo|a||y
or|t|oa|dur|ngtheestab||shmentper|od
toensurethesuooessofthe||v|ngwa||.
Th|s |no|udes adjust|ng the |rr|gat|on
systemtoaooommodateanyohanges
orspeo|a||ssues.
Regu|arma|ntenanoe|nspeot|ons
shou|dbeprogrammedforthewater
and fert|||ser systems, and a fa||
safedev|oe|nsta||edw|the|eotron|o
oommun|oat|onstothema|ntenanoe
personne|oroontraotorssothatany
systemfa||uresoanbeaddressed
qu|ok|y.nwantedspontaneous
weedsshou|dberemoved|mmed|ate|y
beforetheytakeho|d.
Aooesstothe||v|ngwa||mayneedto
beprov|dedbya||ft|ngdev|oesothat
ma|ntenanoepersonne|oanbe||fted
upthewa||toundertakeanyrequ|red
weed|ngorprun|ngannua||y.Aooess
equ|pmentoantaketheformofwork
p|atforms, e|evat|ng work p|atforms,
fork||ft truoks, soaffo|ds, fork||ft work|ng
p|atforms, |ndustr|a| rope aooess
systemsor|adders.Astab|eareaof
pav|ng|srequ|redatthebaseofthe
wa||, and veh|o|e aooess to de||ver and
removesuohequ|pment.
lfanabse|||ngsystem||kethesort
usedforw|ndowo|ean|ngforh|gh
r|se bu||d|ngs |s used, |t w||| requ|re
aframeworkbu||t|ntothe||v|ngwa||
frame, e|ther at the top of the system or
abovethewa||attaohedtothebu||d|ng
struoture.TwoAustra||anStandards
need to be taken |nto aooount: AS
1891lndustr|a|fa||-arrestsystemsand
dev|oesandAS4488lndustr|a|rope
aooesssystems.Thesestandards
ooverarangeoffaotors|no|ud|ng
se|eot|on, use and ma|ntenanoe,
safety be|ts and harnesses, |oads
and defeot|on, suspens|on trauma,
pendu|um effeots, test|ng or|ter|a,
andserv|oe|nterva|sandoheoks.AS
4488lndustr|a|ropeaooesssystems
|no|udesarequ|rementoftwotro||eys
perpersononeforthework|ng||ne
andoneforthesafety||ne.
A||ma|ntenanoesystemsproposed
and|nsta||edmustoomp|yw|thre|evant
Austra||anStandardsassummar|sed
bySafeWorkSA|nthedooument
Work|ng at He|ghts:
AS/NZS1576Soaffo|d|ng
AS 1657 F|xed p|atforms, wa|kways,
sta|rways and |adders - Des|gn,
oonstruot|onand|nsta||at|on
AS1801lndustr|a|safetyhe|mets
AS/NZS1891lndustr|a|fa||-arrest
systemsanddev|oes
AS1892Portab|e|adders
AS/NZS2210Oooupat|ona|
proteot|vefootwear
AS2359Powered|ndustr|a|truoks
AS2550OranesSafeuse
AS/NZS4576Gu|de||nesfor
soaffo|d|ng
AS4488lndustr|a|ropeaooess
systems
lnformat|ononpersona|fa||proteot|on
prov|ded|nSafeWorkSAsWork|ng
atHe|ghts|sofpart|ou|arre|evanoe
to||v|ngwa||s.Systemsofworkand
equ|pmentthatseoureapersontoa
bu||d|ng or struoture are defned as
persona| fa|| proteot|on, and shou|d be
used to m|n|m|se the r|sk of:
Apersonfa|||ngfromahe|ght(trave|
restra|ntdev|oes}
lnjury to a person after they have
fa||enfromhe|ght(fa||-arrestsystems}.
Bui|ding Environment Contro| 074
Biodiversity Habitat and Corridors 077
Urban Heat Is|and (UHI} Effect 078
CO2 and Carbon Footprint 082
Water Supp|y and WSUD 084
Contribution to Shading and Venti|ation 088
ContributiontoGreenStarRating 091
Benets to Ade|aide Bui|dings
04
WOODSBAGOT.OOM
Bui|dingEnvironmentContro|
Therma|contro|-shading/insu|ation
A||||v|ngwa||sw|||prov|deaoerta|n
|eve|ofshad|ngontothebu||d|ng
faade, but some types w||| have more
|ntenseshad|ngthanothers.Green
faoadesfor|nstanoegenera||yaremore
transparentandthereforeg|ve|ess
shad|ngand|nsu|at|onthangreenwa||s
thatareusua||yso||danda||owno||ght
throughthem.Shad|ngthebu||d|ng
faadew|||affeottheheat|ngand
ooo||ng|oadsonthea|r-oond|t|oners
andthusaffeottherunn|ngoostsofthe
bu||d|ng.
Greenfaade
Depend|ngonthep|antspeo|es
se|eot|on, p|ant|ng oentres, type of
support|ng system, and he|ght for the
p|ant to oover, vary|ng dens|t|es oan be
deve|oped from very ||ght 10% oover to
very dense 80% oover. An |mportant
faotor|swhetherthep|antspeo|es|s
deo|duous, oreat|ng vary|ng dens|t|es
throughouttheyearfromvery||tt|e
ooveragedur|ngw|ntertoa||oww|nter
sun |nto the bu||d|ng, to denser oover
|nsummertopreventtheextreme|yhot
sunpenetrat|ng|ntothebu||d|ng.
Greenwa||
By the|r very nature, be|ng an enve|ope
orframeworkoonta|n|nggrow|ng
med|um, then one wou|d expeot no
||ghttopenetrate|ntothebu||d|ng
through the green wa||. S|m||ar|y, the
|nsu|at|onpropert|esofthesegreen
wa||s are qu|te oons|derab|e, w|th
aneodota|read|ngsoftemperature
dropsof2-11
o
O.
Therma|contro|-evaporative
coo|ing
||v|ng wa||s w|th the|r p|ant|ng and
vegetat|onooverproduoeaprooess
of evapotransp|rat|on, oonsum|ng
OO2andproduo|ngwatervapour.As
desor|bed |n the seot|on on Hl, the
prooessofevapotransp|rat|onaotua||y
ooo|sthesurround|nga|rtherefore
reduo|ngtheheat|oadontothe
bu||d|ng faade. As d|soussed, the a|r
oonta|n|ngwatervapourooo|stothe
openskyqu|ok|ythusreduo|ngthe
|ooa|a|rtemperature.
Natura||ighting
There oan be a oonf|ot or oompet|ng
usesbetweentheneedfora||v|ng
wa||andtheneedfornatura|||ght.
S|m||ar to the shad|ng effeot, a green
wa||w|||b|ookoutthenatura|||ght|nto
the bu||d|ng, whereas a green faade
w||| a||ow ||ght to pass through |t,
depend|ngonthedens|tyofp|ant|ng.
Thereareotherteohn|quesforhav|nga
greenwa||andnatura|||ghtatthesame
t|me.For|nstanoetheOH2bu||d|ng|n
Me|bournerequ|redbothnatura|||ght
and a ||v|ng wa||, so they set the ||v|ng
wa||atr|ghtang|estothebu||d|ngto
shadethebu||d|ngatanang|ewh||e
a||ow|ngnatura|||ghttostream|ntothe
bu||d|ng.
Po||utantsanddustcontro|
One of the benefts of ||v|ng wa||s |s
the|rab|||tytotrapdustandremove
po||utantsfromthea|randfromra|nfa||.
P|ao|ng||v|ngwa||s|nurbanoanyons
suohasbusyo|tystreetsoanbe
benefo|a| to the o|ty env|ronment, as by
us|ngthevegetat|ono|osetothepo|nt
souroeofthepo||ut|onthep|antsoan
absorborho|dthea|rbornepo||utants.
Atthesamet|metheextraOO2
be|ngproduoedoanbeusedbythe
vegetat|ononthesewa||s.Researoh
oarr|edouta|ongs|demotorways|n
Germanymeasuredtheperoentageof
part|ou|ateooverageonthe|eafsurfaoe
ofp|antssuohas|vy.ltwasfoundthat
part|ou|ates and dust oovered 40% of
the|eafsurfaoe.
Noisedampening
A||||v|ngwa||shaveaneffeotonno|se
transm|ss|ontovary|ngdegrees.
Greenwa||sreduoeno|setransm|ss|on
oons|derab|ybeoausetheyaremade
of so||d mater|a|s, grow|ng med|um and
p|ant|ng, whereas green faoades are
permeab|e and f|ter no|se through the
system, reduo|ng the sound |eve|s to
a|esserdegree.Greenwa||soanbe
usedstrateg|oa||y|nthe|rp|aoement
to|nteroepttheno|seandabsorbor
refeot the no|se away from the area to
beproteoted.
Connectiontonature
lt|s|mportantforo|t|es||keAde|a|de
tonot|osetheoonneot|onw|thnature
|ntheurbanenv|ronment.lthas
beenwe||dooumentedthaturban
env|ronmentsthat|osethe|roonneot|on
tonaturedeve|oppub||ohea|thre|ated
prob|ems.Th|s|sextreme|y|mportant
|noommero|a|bu||d|ngsthat|ookout
ontootheroommero|a|bu||d|ngfaoades
andwherepeop|ework|nthemfor
|onghours.Mon|tor|ngofMe|bournes
OH2 bu||d|ng, w|th |ts green faade
and natura| vent||at|on, showed an
|noreased produot|v|ty of 10.9% |n the
frst year, together w|th a reduot|on
ofs|okdays.Th|s|sattr|buted|npart
tothegreenfaadethatpeop|eoan
seefromthe|rdesksandatbreakout
areas.
Ah|ghr|seoommero|a|bu||d|ngoan
house 2,000 peop|e and these peop|e
need aooess to natura| surround|ngs,
just as they need break out spaoes for
ooffee and from the oonstant art|fo|a|
|nter|orenv|ronment.Thepopu|at|on
ofthesebu||d|ngsoanbeoompared
to a sma|| suburb of 2,000 peop|e
whereopenspaoe|srequ|redforthe
we||be|ng of the res|dents, so th|s
pr|no|p|eshou|dequa||yapp|ytoh|gh
r|se bu||d|ngs. ||v|ng wa||s oan be seen
asthe|andsoapeoomponentorthe
natura|e|ement|nthebu||d|ng.
WOODSBAGOT.OOM
B|rdsnestona||v|ngwa||atF|fthOreekStud|o
BiodiversityHabitatandCorridors
||v|ng wa||s oan p|ay a s|gn|foant ro|e
|n the |ntegrat|on of natura| systems,
p|ant oommun|t|es, an|ma|s, b|rds
and|nseots|nteraot|ngw|theaoh
othertosurv|veandoperateasan
eoosystem.Justasboundaryhedges
andfenoe-||neshrubbery|nsuburban
s|tuat|onsprov|deahavenforsma||
b|rds |n part|ou|ar, |n a o|ty env|ronment
||v|ngwa||soanprov|demuohneeded
she|terandasouroeoffoodfor
sma||oreatures.When||v|ngwa||sare
oomb|nedw|thgreenroofstheymake
oonneot|onsbetweenthe|andsoape
ontheroofandthe|andsoapeonthe
ground, enhano|ng opportun|t|es for
hab|tatd|vers|tyandaooess|b|||tyeven
further.
lthasbeenshown|nEuropeanand
NorthAmer|oanstud|esthatevengreen
roofs not speo|foa||y des|gned as '||v|ng
b|od|vers|tyroofshavebeenoo|on|zed
byspontaneousdeve|opment
froma|rborneseedsandan|ma|s.
Th|sopportun|st|ooo|on|sat|onof
eoosystemsw|||behave||keanyother
eoosystem onoe estab||shed, requ|r|ng
the same key faotors to surv|ve. ||v|ng
wa||soanp|ayav|ta|ro|e|nadd|ngto
amosa|oofstepp|ngstonehab|tat
andm|grat|onoorr|dorsaorosstheo|ty.
Byut|||s|ngab|oreg|ona|b|od|vers|ty
des|gnapproaohaser|esofvegetat|on
stepp|ngstonesoou|deventua||y||nk
theo|tyoentrew|ththesurround|ng
park|andsand|andsoapedsquaresv|a
anetworkofgreenopenspaoes.
ln terms of urban eoo|ogy, both
res|dentandm|gratoryb|otaut|||seand
areoftendependentonsuoh|nter||nked
networks. Speo|es suoh as b|rds,
nooturna|m|orobats(espeo|a||yva|uab|e
for eat|ng mosqu|toes}, butterf|es and
other|nseotsareab|etomovebetween
|s|andsofvegetat|ontosouroefood
andshe|ter.lnfaotao|osemosa|oof
stepp|ngstonehab|tatpatohesmay
beaseffeot|veasaoont|nuousstr|p|n
a||ow|ngmanyspeo|estopermeatethe
who|earea.
ln Ade|a|de, the term 'bushtop` has
beenoo|nedtorefertoarooftop
|andsoapethatbr|ngsa||tt|eofthe
bushoroutbaok|ntotheo|ty.Bushtops
are not on|y s|tes for nat|ve fora, but
are hab|tats for nat|ve fauna, so ||v|ng
wa||soanprov|dethetransport||nk
betweenthegroundandtherooffor
speo|essuohassma||||zards.
WOODSBAGOT.OOM
Theurbanheat|s|and(Hl}effeot
referstothewarm|ngoftheurban
temperatureoomparedtothe
surround|ngnon-urbanareas.The
Hl|soausedbythestorageofso|ar
energy|ntheurbanfabr|odur|ngthe
dayandre|easeofth|senergy|nto
theatmosphereatn|ght.Theprooess
ofurban|sat|ona|terstheba|anoe
betweentheenergyfromthesunused
forra|s|ngthea|rtemperature(heat|ng
prooess}andthatusedforevaporat|on
(ooo||ng prooess}, beoause the ooo||ng
effeotofvegetatedsurfaoes|srep|aoed
w|th|mperv|ouseng|neeredsurfaoes.
TheHl|sananthropogen|o
mod|foat|on of the o||mate, oaused
byohangestothe|andsurfaoeand
atmosphere.Byrep|ao|nggreen
spaoesw|th|mperv|oussurfaoes
||ke bu||d|ngs and roads the therma|,
rad|at|ve, mo|sture and aerodynam|o
propert|esofthe|andsurfaoeand
atmospherearea|tered.rban
oonstruot|onmater|a|shaved|fferent
therma|(heatoapao|tyandtherma|
oonduot|v|ty} and rad|at|ve (refeot|v|ty
andem|ss|v|ty}propert|esoompared
to the surround|ng rura| areas, wh|oh
a||owsmoresunsenergybe|ng
absorbed and stored |n urban surfaoes,
oomparedtorura|surfaoes.
UrbanHeatIs|and(UHI}Effect
Anadd|t|ona|oause|sthehe|ghtof
bu||d|ngs and how they are arranged,
wh|ohaffeotstherateofesoape
atn|ghtofthesunsenergythat
|sabsorbeddur|ngthedaybythe
bu||d|ngmater|a|s.Theresu|t|sthat
urbanareasooo|atamuohs|ower
rate than rura| areas at n|ght, thus
ma|nta|n|ngoomparat|ve|yh|ghera|r
temperatures.A|sourbanareastend
tobedr|erthanrura|areasbeoause
of|aokofgreenspaoeoomparedto
|mperv|oussurfaoesanddra|nage
systemsthataredes|gnedto
removewaterqu|ok|yfromtheurban
env|ronment.Th|soomb|nat|onof
oausesa|terstheenergyba|anoeofthe
urban env|ronment, a||ow|ng more sun`s
energyabsorbedbythe|andsurfaoe
go|ng|ntoheat|ngtheatmosphereand
thus ra|s|ng the a|r temperature, rather
than |nto evapotransp|rat|on, wh|oh |s a
ooo||ngprooess.
There are d|fferent types of Hl, as
defned by surfaoe or a|r temperature.
Tod|st|ngu|shthed|fferenttypesthe
fo||ow|ngdesor|pt|onsapp|y.There
aretwoma|n|ayers|ntheurban
atmosphere: the rban Boundary |ayer
(B|} that |s above the average he|ght
of the bu||d|ngs, and the rban Oanopy
|ayer that |s be|ow the rooftops |n the
spaoe between bu||d|ngs, as shown |n
thed|agrambe|ow.
TheHleffeotontheo|tysovera||
energy and temperature uses the B|
|ayer data, whereas when |ook|ng at
theHleffeotoreatedbyan|nd|v|dua|
bu||d|ng we use the O| |ayer data.
||v|ng wa||s on bu||d|ngs are |ooated
w|th|n th|s O| |ayer.
The energy ba|anoe oan be quant|fed
by |noom|ng and outgo|ng energy fow
or fux, to oreate a surfaoe energy
budget, as shown |n the d|agram
be|ow.Th|sbudget|sd|fferentfor
urban and rura| areas, due to the
|mperv|ousorvegetatedsurfaoe
d|fferenoesdesor|bedabove.Suoh
d|fferenoesoanaffeotthegenerat|on
andtransferofheatforsurfaoeanda|r
temperaturesofvar|ousurbanandrura|
areas.
Thereare6e|ementsthatmakeupth|s
surfaoe energy budget:
Short-wave rad|at|on: |s u|trav|o|et,
v|s|b|e||ghtandnear-|nfraredrad|at|on
fromthesunthatreaohestheearth.
Th|senergy|sthekeydr|verofHl.
Therma| storage: |s part|y due to
|ower so|ar refeotanoe of urban
surfaoes (a|bedo}, a|so |nfuenoed by
thetherma|propert|esofoonstruot|on
mater|a|s, and urban geometry. rban
geometryoanoauseshort-wave
rad|at|onespeo|a||yw|th|ntheurban
oanyon to be refeoted onto nearby
surfaoessuohasbu||d|ngfaoades
where|t|sabsorbedratherthan
esoap|ng|ntotheatmosphere.
|ong-wave or |nfra-red rad|at|on:
oanbe|nteroeptedon|tswayto
theatmospherethroughtheurban
geometrysuohasurbanoanyons.
The|noom|ngshort-waverad|at|on
that|sabsorbedbybu||d|ngsoanbe
re-rad|atedas|ong-waveenergyor
heat.lftheurbangeometryorurban
oanyon|ssuohthatthe|ong-wave
energyoannoteas||ybere|easedto
theooo|eropenskytheheatbu||ds
upandoontr|butestotheHl.
|atent heat: |s the energy oonsumed
|ntheprooessofevapotransp|rat|on.
Th|s|sevaporat|ngwaterfrom
theearthssurfaoetothea|rand
weoommon|yfee||tashum|d|ty.
rbanareastendtohave|ess
evapotransp|rat|onbeoauseof
|mperv|ousdrysurfaoesthatheat
up to h|gh surfaoe temperatures,
oontr|but|ngtoh|ghera|r
temperatures.
Sens|b|e heat: th|s |s the warm|ng of
thea|rfromthehotsurfaoeandthe
format|onofoonveot|ono|rou|at|on
upwards.
Anthropogen|o heat: refers to heat
generatedbyhumanmadesouroes
||ke oars, a|r-oond|t|oners, |ndustr|a|
fao|||t|eseto.
WOODSBAGOT.OOM
Effectof|ivingwa||sonUHI
||v|ng wa||s oan beoome an |ntegra|
part of the urban geometry, mak|ng
a s|gn|foant |mpaot w|th|n the urban
oanyon.Byshad|ngthebu||d|ng
faoadea||v|ngwa|||nteroeptsshort-
waverad|at|onandreduoestherma|
storageandre-rad|at|onof|ong-wave
or|nfraredrad|at|ontotheopensky.
Asthebu||d|ng|nter|or|sshadedfrom
therma|storagetheenergyrequ|rement
ofthebu||d|ng|sreduoedandthe
anthropogen|oheat|sa|soreduoed.
S|m||ar|yw|thgreaterevapotransp|rat|on
ooourr|ng around the ||v|ng wa||, the a|r
temperaturew|||bereduoedthrough
the|atentheatprooess.Oonsequent|y
the|eve|ofhum|d|tyw|th|ntheurban
oanyon(street}w|||bera|sed.
Thera|sed|eve|ofanthropogen|oheat
from traffo vo|umes |n the street a|so
produoesOO2 wh|oh may be benefo|a|
tothe||v|ngwa||byenoourag|nggreater
ratesofgrowthforthevegetat|on
w|th|n the ||v|ng wa||, thus |noreas|ng
theevapotransp|rat|onand|atentheat
ooo||ngeffeot.
Theooo||ngeffeot|ntheurbanoanyon
oan be |nfuenoed by a|r temperature
and water vapour. As stated by O|ay,
Maghrab| and W||d (2006}, 'Bod|es
onthesurfaoeoftheEarthrad|ate
(therma|}energy|ntospaoethrough
ouratmospherebyabroadrange
ofwave|engthssomet|mesreferred
toas|ong-wave|nfra-red.Oneofthe
observat|onstheymake|sthata|rw|th
h|gherwatervapouroontentw|||ooo|
qu|oker to the o|ear sky, thus reduo|ng
thetemperature.Th|sobservat|onmay
thenbere|atedtotheenhanoementof
theeffeotofanyo|earskytemperature
ohanges s|noe the oo|d, |ooa|, a|r w|||
haveapart|ou|ar|ystrong|ong-wave
|nfra-redem|ss|v|tyw|th|tsadd|t|ona|
watervapouroontent.
Therefore|fa||v|ngwa||p|aoed|nan
urbanoanyon|s|ntheprooessof
evapotransp|rat|onthewatervapourw|||
esoapequ|ok|ytotheo|earsky|n|ong-
wave |nfra-red wave|engths, reduo|ng
thesurround|nga|rtemperature.
Urbancoo|is|and(UCI}effect
lno|t|es||keAde|a|deandothero|t|es
w|ths|m||arMed|terraneano||mate
anurbanooo||s|and(Ol}effeotoan
deve|opw|th|ntheurbangeometry
oftheurbanoanyon.lftheoanyon
geometryprov|dessummershad|ng
th|sw|||oreateaooo||ngeffeot.
S|m||ar|y |n w|nter, |f the urban oanyon
geometry|ssuohthatthe|ong-wave
rad|at|onor|nfra-redrad|at|on|s
a||owedtoesoaped|reot|ytotheopen
skythenaooo||ngeffeotooours(Ol}.
Workbe|ngdeve|opedbyW||||amson
andSoebartoatthen|vers|tyof
Ade|a|deexam|nesth|seffeotand
supports|tw|thaoomputermode|||ng
too|tooa|ou|atethereduot|on|n
energyoonsumpt|on|nthesurround|ng
bu||d|ngs.
UrbanHeatIs|and(UHI}Effect
CO2andCarbonFootprint
lndense|ydeve|opedoentres||ke
Ade|a|desOBDwherespaoefor
trees, shrubs and |awns |s restr|oted,
||v|ngwa||sofferana|ternat|vefor
taok||ngenv|ronmenta||ssues||keOO2
oonsumpt|onandtheproduot|onofO2
throughprooesses||kephotosynthes|s.
TheEuropeano|tyofStuttgarthas
been prov|d|ng fnano|a| support for
greenroofss|noe1986anda|so
supportsthe|mp|ementat|onof||v|ng
wa||s to prov|de s|m||ar benefts. lt |s
o|a|med that a 'green wa|| just under
40squaremetres|ns|ze|sasmuoh
beneft to the env|ronment as a tree
w|th a orown measur|ng fve metres |n
d|ameter.
Overseasresearohhasfoundthata
oarbond|ox|dedome|soreatedover
a o|ty, w|th h|gher |eve|s of OO2than
thesurround|ngsuburbsandth|sOO2
dome w||| |nfuenoe the m|oro o||mate
ofthato|ty.Researohbe|ngoarr|ed
outbytheDepartmentofP|ann|ng
and |ooa| Government and F||nders
n|vers|tyontheAde|a|deOBDand
the |nfuenoe on the Hl effeot of the
park|andsand|ooa||zedvegetat|onon
bu||d|ngsw|||a|sopotent|a||y|dent|fy
thepresenoeofaOO2domeover
Ade|a|de.Theresu|tsofth|sresearoh
w|||enab|eusto|noorporatevegetat|on
w|ththebu||tformtoaddressthe
|noreasedOO2.Th|s|s|||ustrated|nthe
d|agrams adjaoent.
Researoh |n Me|bourne by Ooutts,
Ber|ngerandTapper(2007}hasshown
thatOO2|ntheatmosphereofurban
areas|spr|mar||yfrommotorveh|o|e
em|ss|ons.Asaresu|ttheyd|soovered
that 'd|urna| patterns of fux were
|arge|y |nfuenoed by traffo vo|umes,
w|thtwod|st|notpeaksooourr|ng
at morn|ng and even|ng traffo peak
hours.
Summer fuxes of OO2tothe
atmospherewere|owerthan
w|nter fuxes due to the greater
photosynthet|o aot|v|ty of vegetat|on,
aswe||asreduoednatura|gas
oombust|on |n that season. Further,
thephotosynthet|oaot|v|tyofp|ants
throughoutthesummer||m|tedthe
souroeofOO2 |n the afternoon, yet was
notenoughtooombatthestrong|ooa|
anthropogen|oem|ss|onswh|ohwere
a|waysdom|nant.Theseresearohers
oono|udedthatthemagn|tudeand
patternsofsuburbanOO2 fuxes
|nMe|bourneweres|m||artothose
observed|nNorthernHem|sphere
suburbanareas.
G|ven these fnd|ngs we wou|d expeot
s|m||ar resu|ts |n Ade|a|de, but w|th
amoreexaggerateddomeoverthe
OBDasaresu|tofthephotosynthet|o
aot|v|tyofthesurround|ngpark|ands.
Theresu|tsoftheMe|bourneresearoh
showthatvegetat|onhasan|mpaot
onthequant|tyofOO2sous|ng||v|ng
wa||sono|tybu||d|ngs|nthestreets
ofthesouroew|||substant|a||yreduoe
theOO2|ntheatmosphereandreduoe
thedomeeffeot.Address|ngtheOO2
at|tssouroepo|nt|san|mportant
opt|onandus|ngvegetat|onasas|nk
|sor|t|oa|forth|sreduot|on.Part|ou|ar|y
where spaoe |s ||m|ted, ||v|ng wa||s oan
addressth|s|ssue.
Mon|tor|ngthe||v|ngwa||forthe
quant|tyofOO2be|ngoonsumed
w|||a||owaquant|tat|veest|mateof
thesquaremetreamountof||v|ng
wa||requ|redtoreduoetheOO2
fromanthropogen|oem|ss|onstoan
aooeptab|e|eve|.Th|sw||||owerthe
oarbonfootpr|ntofthebu||d|ngand
surround|ngenv|ronment.
DesignCriteria
||v|ng wa||s oonsume (x} OO2perm
2
||v|ng wa||s produoe (x} O2perm
2
WOODSBAGOT.OOM
A|| ||v|ng wa||s requ|re a safe, seoure
supp|yofwater.Genera||y||v|ngwa||s
requ|reaboutha|fthewaterrequ|red
foran|n-groundgardenbeddur|ng
summer.Tosupp|y||v|ngwa||sw|th
water|ntheo|tyw|thoutus|ngma|ns
supp|yandtheassoo|atedwater
restr|ot|onsrequ|restheuseofwater
sens|t|veurbandes|gn(WSD}
teohn|questoharveststormwater.Th|s
oanbee|therfromtheroofw|thno
treatment, or v|a surfaoe runoff that |s
treated, norma||y by b|o-f|trat|on and
storedons|te.lfo|tybu||d|ngsareto
begreenedby||v|ngwa||sthen|t|s
|mportantthatthewatersupp|yshou|d
oomefromtheo|tystormwaterand
notbedependentontheo|tysma|ns
supp|y.
Greenfaadesystem
lfp|anted|nthegroundthe
vegetat|onwou|drequ|res|m||arwater
requ|rementstoan|n-groundgarden
bed of s|m||ar s|ze. However, |f the
greenfaadesystem|sp|anted|nan
e|evatedp|ant|ngoonta|nerthenthe
watersupp|yrequ|rementsw|||be
s|m||artoanyoonta|ner|sedp|ant|ng
bedw|thdr|porsubso|||rr|gat|on
system.
Greenwa||system
Th|s|sbas|oa||yahydropon|osystem
thatsupp||esthegrow|ngmed|umw|th
waterandnutr|ents.Th|ssupp|yof
waterneedstobesafeandseoureso
thatno|nterrupt|onsoanooour.
Mainssupp|y
Ma|nssupp|yoanbeaooessedfrom
thebu||d|ngserv|oessystemorhave
|tsownded|oatedsupp|y.From
reoentexper|enoe|t|sdes|rab|eto
prov|deaded|oatedsupp|yforthe
||v|ngwa||beoauseth|ssupp|yneeds
tobeava||ab|eeverydaytowater
thep|antsandnotbeturnedofffor
other ma|ntenanoe, damage or other
aot|v|t|ese|sewhere|nthebu||d|ng
oomp|ex.Th|sded|oatedsupp|y||ne
needstobe|noorporated|ntothe||v|ng
wa||systemframeworkw|th|tsown
|ookab|eoonneot|on.
lnt|mesofwaterrestr|ot|ons|t|s
poss|b|ethatma|nssupp|ytodr|por
subso|||rr|gat|onmayberestr|otedfrom
t|me to t|me, therefore a baokup supp|y
shou|dbedes|gned|ntothesystemfor
theseevents.Otheropt|onssuohas
ut|||s|ngreoyo|edwatersupp||esshou|d
a|sobeoons|deredtodeterm|nethe
mosteffeot|vesupp|yforthepart|ou|ar
projeot under oons|derat|on.
Rainfa||roofharvesting
A||roofstormwatershou|dbe
harvested and stored for reuse, suoh
asfor||v|ngwa||supp|y.Thera|nwater
storagetanksareusua||y|ooated|n
thebasement|eve|or|ntheoarpark
|eve|softhebu||d|ng.lfthesestorage
tanksarenotdes|gned|ntothe
bu||d|ngatthestartthentheyoantake
up oons|derab|e foor spaoe. Most
propr|etarysystemsareo|rou|arandnot
spaoesav|ng|nthe|rshape.However
therearesomenewmodu|arsystems
that oome ||ke a fat paok and o||p
together |n reotangu|ar seot|ons to fx
eas||y|ntobu||d|ng|eftoverspaoessuoh
asundersta|roases.
WaterSupp|yandWSUD
Stormwaterharvestingstorage
Pav|ngstormwateroanbeharvested
and stored, or o|eaned through a
b|o-f|trat|on str|p or swa|e to make
|tsu|tab|eforreuse|nthe||v|ng
wa||system.lt|sposs|b|etostore
th|swater|nthepub||orea|mor
pr|vaterea|munderthepavementor
|andsoapedareas.ltoanbestored|n
thesubgradeofthepav|ngoreventhe
road pavement w|thout jeopard|s|ng the
struotura| |ntegr|ty, wh||e st||| a||ow|ng
surfaoeusage.Th|s|sextreme|yusefu|
fordense|ybu||tupareas.
Storagewithinthe|ivingwa||system
Storageofwaterwhere|t|stobeused
|s the most effo|ent use of energy, but
therearesevera|oons|derat|ons.Water
stored|nthe||v|ngwa||framework
oreates |ssues for fx|ng to the faade
as |t adds oons|derab|e we|ght, and
a|soaoons|derab|equant|tywou|d
needtobestoredtoma|nta|noonstant
supp|y.
WOODSBAGOT.OOM
Recyc|ingthewastewater
Greenwa||systemsandoonta|ner|sed
greenfaadesystemsw|||requ|re
dr|ptraystooo||eottheexoesswater
dra|n|ngthroughthesystem.Th|s
wastewatershou|dbereoyo|edbaok
|ntothe|rr|gat|onsystemtobereused.
Thereforeawastewaterp|peneeds
tobeprov|ded|ntothe||v|ngwa||
framework.
WaterSupp|yandWSUD
Aoaut|onarynote|sthatthewaste
waterw|||oonta|nsomefert|||serand
other e|ements |n sma|| quant|t|es,
wh|ohneedstobetaken|ntoaooount
|nthereoyo||ngsystem.
Recyc|inggreywaterfromthe
bui|ding
||v|ng wa|| systems oan be deve|oped
toreoyo|egreywaterfromthebu||d|ng
ando|eanth|sgreywaterthrougha
||near wet|and or b|o-f|trat|on system
|noorporated|ntoagreenwa||system
to prov|de reusab|e water that |s 'ft for
purposeattheotherend.
Th|swou|doreateaoasoadeeffeotof
grey water supp|y at one |eve|, w|th
waterava||ab|eforreuseonthenext
foor down.
WOODSBAGOT.OOM
ContributiontoShadingandVenti|ation
H|ghr|sebu||d|ngstodayrequ|reah|gh
|eve|ofnatura|||ghttopenetratethe
|nter|orspaoeforhumanoomfortand
reduot|on of art|fo|a| ||ght.
P|ao|nga||v|ngwa|||nfrontofa
w|ndowoou|doreateprob|emsw|th
||ght penetrat|on, vent||at|on and v|s|on
out, but on a b|ank wa|| there are no
|ssues oonoern|ng ||ght. Heat, ||ght and
no|seareeas||ytransm|tted|ntothe
bu||d|ng |nter|or through the w|ndow,
therefore|fthew|ndow|ssh|e|dedfrom
thesee|ementsthebu||d|ng|nter|or
|s a|so sh|e|ded, reduo|ng the |nter|or
bu||dupofheat.Thep|aoementof
||v|ng wa||s requ|res a fne ba|anoe
betweenproteot|ngthe|nter|orfromthe
e|ementsanda||ow|ngday||ght|ntothe
|nter|or.
Greenfaade
lfagreenfaadewasusedtheamount
of||ghta||owedtopenetratee|theronto
thebu||d|ngfaadeor|ntothe|nter|or
ofthebu||d|ngoanbeoontro||edbythe
dens|tyofthegreenfaade.
The|ssuehere|sthatagreenfaoade
has a max|mum of 4 foors growth
he|ght per p|ant|ng bed, and a|so takes
somet|metoaoh|eveth|sdens|ty.
Greenwa||
lfagreenwa||wasp|aoedonthe
bu||d|ngfaadethentherew|||be
therma| shad|ng benefts both to the
faadeandthe|nter|orofthebu||d|ng
asprev|ous|ystated.But|fth|swas
oont|nuedoverthew|ndowsthere
wou|dbegreattherma|andno|se
benefts, however, no ||ght wou|d
penetrate.
Designoptions
Bu||d|nguse
Offoe
Res|dent|a|
Oarpark|ng
Oommero|a|
sedforg|assfaoadebu||d|ngs
Designoptions
Bu||d|nguse
P|antrooms
Oarparks
Serv|oeareasand||fts
Faotoryusedforb|ankwa||s
WOODSBAGOT.OOM
lfthetwofaadesystemswere
oomb|ned|ntoahybr|dsystemthen
aoomprom|seoou|dbedeve|oped
between||ghtpenetrat|onandheat
ga|n.lfthegreenwa||seot|onwas
p|aoed |n front of the spandre| pane|,
th|sw|||prov|deshad|ngandan
awn|ngeffeotforthesunout-offang|e
to proteot the bu||d|ng |nter|or, wh||e
a||ow|ng ||ght to be f|tered by the green
faadeoomponentofthe||v|ngwa||
hybr|dsystem.
ContributiontoShadingandVenti|ation
ln|t|a|oonsu|tat|onw|ththeGreen
Bu||d|ngOouno||ofAustra||a(GBOA}on
the subjeot of ||v|ng wa||s reoe|ved the
fo||ow|ng |nformat|on:
GreenStardoesaddressgreenwa||s
|nanumberofOred|ts|navar|ety
of|tsrat|ngtoo|smoreoommon|y|n
the |and se and Eoo|ogy Oategory,
speo|foa||y |n the Eoo-4 Ohange of
Eoo|og|oa|va|ueOred|t.
You may fnd that the use of 'green
wa||smayhe|poontr|butetoored|t
po|ntsbe|ngawarded|nthefo||ow|ng
GreenStartoo|sOategor|esand
Ored|ts:
Green Star - Offoe v3
GreenStarReta||Oentrev1
GreenStarEduoat|onv1
GreenStarMu|t|n|tRes|dent|a|v1
GreenStarHea|thoarev1
lnOategoryEoo-4Ohange|n
Eoo|og|oa| va|ue:
Green Star - lndustr|a| Pl|OT
lEO-19BreakoutSpaoe
GreenStarMu|t|n|tRes|dent|a|v1
Eoo-5OutdoorOommuna|Fao|||t|es
(GBOAema||10Maroh2010}
Theabove||stofpotent|a|ored|ts
seems rather ||m|ted, g|ven that ||v|ng
wa||sprov|debu||d|ngenergysav|ng
benefts, stormwater reduot|on,
reduoedHlandsoon.Onoea
prototype||v|ngwa|||s|nsta||edand
mon|tored for temperature, shad|ng,
re|at|vehum|d|tyandOO2thenso||d
statements of beneft oan be app||ed to
eaohbu||d|ngproposa|.
S|m||ar|y, onoe the prototype ||v|ng wa||
|s des|gned, |nsta||ed and mon|tored
|ts|mpaotonbu||d|ngperformanoe
and env|ronmenta| benefts oan be
assessed|nre|at|ontoNABERS.
ContributiontoGreenStarRating
andNABERS
DesignOptions 094
Systems for Mu|ti-storey Bui|ding Facades 097
Integration with Bui|ding Facade 098
Retrotting Options 104
MonitoringMethodo|ogy 110
AirRightsandEncroachments 112
Procedures 113
CostAna|ysis 114
FutureDirections 115
Bui|dingInteractions
05
WOODSBAGOT.OOM
Oap|ta| Oentre, Oanberra (Photo souroed from F|fth Oreek
Stud|o}
DesignOptions
Eaoh||v|ngwa||systemhasadvantages
andd|sadvantagesdepend|ngonthe
|ooat|on and speo|fo requ|rements of
the part|ou|ar app||oat|on. ln summary:
Greenfacade
A||ows||ghtandvent||at|onto
penetratethroughtothebu||d|ng
s|ng|n-groundo||mbersthere|s
a max|mum of 4 foors |n he|ght
beforep|anteroonta|nersneedtobe
|ntroduoed onto the faoade, requ|r|ng
astruotura|framework
veryusefu||noarparkbu||d|ngsso
thatnatura|vent||at|on|sa||owed
throughthefaoade
Designoptions
Bu||d|nguse
Offoe
Res|dent|a|
Oarpark|ng
Oommero|a|
sedforg|assfaoadebu||d|ngs
Greenwa||
Prov|destota|vegetat|onooverage
andshadeforthebu||d|ng
Oan be fxed d|reot|y to |arge
expansesofb|ankoonoretesuoh
ast||t-uppane|sormasonrywa||s.
Thesemodu|argrow|ngpane|sare
fxed to a framework attaohed to the
so||dwa||
Oanbestrateg|oa||yp|aoedtout|||se
m|oroo||mateoond|t|onssuohasooo|
a|rfora|r|ntakeorforooo||ngthewa||
temperature
Ade|a|de Zoo, Ade|a|de SA (Photo souroed from F|fth Oreek
Stud|o}
Designoptions
Bu||d|nguse
P|antrooms
Oarparks
Serv|oeareasand||fts
Faotoryusedforb|ankwa||s
WOODSBAGOT.OOM
DesignOptions
Oomb|n|ngthesoreen|ngeffeota|ready
used|nmu|t|storeygreenbu||d|ngs
Concept of using both
green wall and faade
for their advantages
Allow daylight
into building
Green wall
Green facade
O|tyOentra|Tower2(PhotosouroedfromWoodsBagot}
Deve|opingNewHybridSystem
SystemsforMu|ti-storey
Bui|dingFacades
Th|sfeas|b|||tystudy|s|ook|ngatmu|t|-
storeyfaoadesw|thhe|ghtsofupto
68m (17 foors} or poss|b|y even h|gher.
Theproposed|ooat|ononTower8|s
5mabovethegroundandooversa
numberofstoreys.Thereforethesoa|e
of||v|ngwa||and|tsoomponentryw|||
bed|fferenttothatofa1-2storeyh|gh
||v|ngwa||atground|eve|.
Thepropr|etarygreenwa||sourrent|y
usere|at|ve|ysma||tab|etsorpane|sof
about0.5m
2
thatneedtobe|nsta||ed
bytwopeop|eandaret|meoonsum|ng
|n p|aoement, so therefore oost|y over
a|argearea.Ma|ntenanoeofthese
systemsrequ|resaooessforequ|pment
suohasaoherryp|okerorw|ndow
o|ean|ngsystemfromabove.Th|s
requ|resasystemseparatefromthe
green wa|| |nsta||at|on, an added oost.
S|m||ar|ythegreenfaoadesoommon|y
used on|y extend 2-3 foors h|gh
abovethegroundastheyut|||se|n-
ground grow|ng med|um. ln mu|t| foor
ooverageh|gherupthebu||d|ngfaoade
th|sbeoomesan|ssuetoestab||shthe
he|ghtofo||mberspeo|esrequ|redor
othermeansofp|ant|ngh|gherupthe
bu||d|ng. A|so, ma|ntenanoe requ|res
equ|pmentaooess|nfrontofthewa||
orsomesystemfromabovequ|te
separate from the green faoade, add|ng
totheoperat|ngoosts.
Hybridsystem
The|ssuesabovepo|nttothe
deve|opmentofahybr|dsystemsothat
|argeareasoanbeoovereddur|ngthe
|nsta||at|onprooess.lf|arger2-3storey
pane|soanbe|nsta||ed|noneoperat|on
th|sprooesswou|dbeoomemore
eoonom|o.Th|ssystema|soneedsto
haveama|ntenanoesystem|ntegrated
|ntothefabr|oofthe||v|ngwa||.The
Tower8|ooat|onhasnogroundaooess
to the wa||, so ma|ntenanoe aooess
mustbee|ther|ntegratedorprov|ded
fromabove.
lfthegreenwa||andgreenfaoade
systemsareoomb|ned|ntoanew
hybr|dsystemtheadvantagesofeaoh
d|fferentsystemoanbemax|m|sed.
Th|shybr|dsystemusesthegreen
wa||systemasthegrow|ngoonta|ner
andwou|dbep|aoed|nfrontofthe
spandre| pane| on|y, prov|d|ng shade
tothespandre|pane|anda||ow|ng
||ght|ntothebu||d|ng.Theserv|oesand
aooesstraoksoanbep|aoedbeh|nd
thegreenwa||pane|sonaframework
w|thout|nterrupt|ng||ghtpenetrat|on
|ntothebu||d|ng.
Thegreenfaoadeseot|onw|||oonneot
thegreenwa||grow|ngoonta|nersand
formave||ofgreenthata||owsthe||ght
to penetrate |nto the bu||d|ng, but at
thesamet|mereduoesomeoftheheat
bu||dupandbu||d|ngenergyusage.
Suohahybr|dsystemshou|dnot
start be|ow the seoond or th|rd foor
|eve|forsevera|reasons.Theground
foor frontage shou|d be an aot|ve
frontagere|at|ngtothepub||orea|m
andfootpathandthereforeshou|dnot
be o|osed off. A|so, the frst ooup|e
of foors wou|d not beneft from the
shad|ngeffeotbeoauseoftheo|ty
oanyon street oonfgurat|on where
there |s no d|reot sun||ght to be f|tered.
F|na||y, a non oont|nuous framework
fromtheground|eve|upw|||remove
potent|a|vanda||smopt|ons.
Recommendations
Green wa||s - |ower foors up to 3 or
4 foors h|gh aga|nst so||d wa||s
Green faoades - |ower foors up to
3 or 4 foors h|gh |f us|ng |n-ground
p|antstooover|argeareasoffaoade
Hybr|d system - H|gher foors to oover
|argeareasoffaoadestart|ngfrom1
to 4 foors above ground |eve|
WOODSBAGOT.OOM
IntegrationwithBui|dingFacade
s|ngthehybr|dsystemfora||v|ng
wa||g|vestheopportun|tyto|ntegrate
th|ssystemw|ththebu||d|ngfaoade
and the bu||d|ng struotura| system,
w|thadvantagestoboththe||v|ngwa||
systemandthebu||d|ng.
Th|s|ntegrat|onreduoesthestand
a|onestruotura|systemandthew|nd
|oad|ng on the system and bu||d|ng,
andhasadvantagesfortheg|az|ng
system and refeot|v|ty of var|ous
wave |engths of sun ||ght, supp|y of
serv|oes suoh as water and waste, and
ma|ntenanoeaooess.These|ssuesare
|||ustrated|nthed|agrams.
The|ntegrat|onofthe||v|ngwa||
struoturew|ththebu||d|ngfaoadeand
struotura|e|ementsofthebu||d|ng
r|ghtfromdes|gnstagethroughtothe
oonstruot|onw|||haveoons|derab|e
sav|ngs|nt|meandoosts.lfthehybr|d
system|susedthentherearesome
advantages|nthefaoadeoonstruot|on
methods, w|th oons|derab|e sav|ngs
forthefaoadesquaremeterrate.The
g|assourta|nwa||systemforthefaoade
oanberep|aoedw|ththe||v|ngwa||
frameworkandthew|ndowsoanbe
standardshopfrontg|az|ngsystems
thatareoons|derab|yoheaperthan
ourta|nwa||s.
S|m||ar|y, the outs|de ma|ntenanoe of
theh|ghr|sebu||d|ngoandeterm|ne
thetypeof||v|ngwa||hybr|dsystem
requ|red.Des|gn|ngthe||v|ngwa||
frameworkw|thanaooessfor
ma|ntenanoe works for the p|ants,
serv|oesandw|ndowsmeansaBM
p|atform w||| not be needed, g|v|ng
a sav|ng of up to $300,000 |n some
oases.Thesesav|ngsoangotowards
theoostofthe||v|ngwa||framework
system.
WOODSBAGOT.OOM
10
08
12
03
10
10
10
10
10
08
08
01
02
W|nter(North}
Summer(North}
04
HybridSystem-withoutintegrated
maintenanceaccess
Th|sd|agramshowsahybr|dsystem
w|thoutama|ntenanoeaooess
system, but therefore us|ng a BM
p|atformforbothw|ndowand||v|ng
wa||ma|ntenanoe.
01O||mberspao|ngor|t|oa|
02v|s|onout-off-Modu|argreenwa||pane|
03Deo|duousspeo|esa||owsbetter
w|nter||ghtpenetrat|on
04Supportstruotureaotsasashadedev|oe
05 M|n|mum fxed struoture w|dth for
ma|ntenanoeaooess
06M|n|mumo|earanoeforma|ntenanoeaooess
07vert|oa|aooess|addersbetween|eve|s
08Struotureattaohmentpo|nts
09F|xedw|re|att|oeorvert|oa|oab|es
attaohedtoh|ngedframes
10Modu|argreenwa||pane|s
11 Open mesh traffoab|e grat|ng
12Exter|orBMortrave|towerma|ntenanoeaooess
W|nter(North}
Summer(North}
05
10
10
10
10
1200
06
07
01
3
5
0
0
(
n
o
m
|
n
a
|
}
m
|
n
|
m
u
m
02
02
600
06
HybridSystem-withintegrated
maintenanceaccess
Th|sd|agramshowsasystemthat
|s fxed at foor to foor, a||ow|ng
someaooessfromthebu||d|ngto
theaooessrun|nthe||v|ngwa||
framework.
Deve|op|ng th|s oonoept further, a
frameworkoanbedeve|opedthat|s
|ntegratedw|ththebu||d|ngstruoture
and w|th the |nter|or usage, suoh as
theamountofday||ghtpenetrat|on
requ|red for offoe workers.
WOODSBAGOT.OOM
Summaryofhybridsystemsoptions
Thehybr|dGreenFaoadesystems
proposedoanbeoategor|sed|ntotwo
types:
Hybr|d system: w|thout |ntegrated
ma|ntenanoeaooess
Hybr|d system: w|th |ntegrated
ma|ntenanoeaooess
Bothsystemsofferthefo||ow|ng
advantagesoveroonvent|ona|mu|t|-
storey ourta|n wa|| faoades:
seof|owoostshopfrontsty|e
foor to foor g|az|ng systems
oons|derab|y|ower|ngtheg|az|ng
systemoost.Moreexpens|veourta|n
wa||systemsoffernoaroh|teotura|or
oonstruot|ona|advantage.
lntegratedshad|ngsystem|ower|ng
theperformanoerequ|rements
offaoadeg|az|ngandspandre|
oonstruot|on.
Oreat|onofabu||d|ngenve|opem|oro
o||mate|ower|ng||feoyo|eenergy
oonsumpt|on.
Oreat|onofanurbanw||d||fe
sanotuary.
E||m|natesh|ghso|ar||ghtand
heat refeot|on from g|azed
faoades absorb|ng and f|ter|ng
sun||ght.lnsteadofenergybe|ng
absorbed and re-rad|ated, the
energy |s oonverted |nto growth,
photosynthes|sandrenewa|atthe
samet|meabsorb|ngandreduo|ng
OO2|eve|s.
Reduoestheurbanheat|s|andeffeot
oontr|but|ngto|ower|ngsummer
preo|nottemperatures
Reduoes refeoted heat on adjaoent
bu||d|ngssoreduoesthe|rooo||ng
|oads.
Thefo||ow|ng|ssuesarepo|ntsof
d|fferenoebetweenthetwosystems
d|soussed:
Hybridsystem.withoutintegrated
maintenanceaccess
Advantages
M|n|m|zesupfrontoap|ta|oost
M|n|m|zesspat|a|requ|rementoffset
fromg|azedfaoade(600mmnom|na|}
D|sadvantages
||m|ted to |ow r|se faoades up to 5
stor|es
Requ|resgoodaooessfor
ma|ntenanoefromground|eve|
p|atformsa||roundthebu||d|ng
G|az|ngma|ntenanoemustbeoarr|ed
outthroughtheo||mb|ngp|ant
supportsystem.
Hybridsystem.withintegrated
maintenanceaccess
Advantages
lntegratedma|ntenanoeaooess
freesthebu||d|ngoftheneedfor
aded|oatedfaoadema|ntenanoe
system
Not||m|tedto|owr|sefaoades
D|sadvantages
H|gherupfrontoap|ta|oost
|arger spat|a| requ|rement offset from
g|azedfaoade(1200mmnom|na|}
wh|oh may beoome s|gn|foant for
enoroaohment/a|rr|ghts|ssuesw|th
adjo|n|ng owners.
WOODSBAGOT.OOM
10
10
10
09
07
11
08
08
03
02
01
03
04
11
08
09
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05
1200
600
W|nter(North}
Summer(North}
11
11
Ex|st|ngFaoade NewGreenFaoade
Existingconcretefacade
01O||mberspao|ngor|t|oa|
02v|s|onout-off-Modu|argreenwa||pane|
03Deo|duousspeo|esa||owsbetter
w|nter||ghtpenetrat|on
04Supportstruotureaotsasashadedev|oe
05 M|n|mum fxed struoture w|dth for
ma|ntenanoeaooess
06M|n|mumo|earanoeforma|ntenanoeaooess
07vert|oa|aooess|addersbetween|eve|s
08Struotureattaohmentpo|nts
09F|xedw|re|att|oeorvert|oa|oab|es
attaohedtoh|ngedframes
10Modu|argreenwa||pane|s
11 Open mesh traffoab|e grat|ng
Retrotting Options
On the other hand green wa|| systems,
oons|st|ngofso||dpane|sofgrow|ng
med|ahe|d|nameta|frameworkthat|s
fxed d|reot|y to the bu||d|ng wa||, have
agreaterwe|ghtwh|ohneedstobe
struotura||yaooommodated.
Ex|st|ngb|ankorso||dwa||s|end
themse|ves to the green wa|| system,
wh|ohoanbebo|tedd|reot|yontothe
wa||.
Existingb|ankwa||s
A|| three systems oan be retroftted to
ex|st|ngbu||d|ngsprov|dedthatthe
wa|| struoture has suffo|ent struotura|
oapao|tytoho|dthese|eotedsystem.
Greenfaoadesoreate|essstruotura|
|oad onto the wa||, part|ou|ar|y when
thep|antsarep|antedd|reot|y|ntothe
ground, w|th no we|ght of p|ant|ng
med|umtobeoarr|edbythewa||.Even
whenp|anted|ntooonta|nersattaohed
to the wa||, these are spaoed between
foors w|th re|at|ve|y ||ghtwe|ght oab|es
oarry|ngtheo||mb|ngp|antsbetween
oonta|ners.
10
10
11
10
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08
06
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07
1200
Ex|st|ngFaoade NewGreenFaoade
4
.
2
m
a
x
|
m
u
m
2
m
a
x
|
m
u
m
11
WOODSBAGOT.OOM
04
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03
W|nter(North}
Summer(North}
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02
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06
03
Existingg|azedfacades
01ldea||ya||gnbaseofma|ntenanoe
p|atformsw|th|nter|orsoe|||ngs
02Modu|argreenwa||pane|sand
w|reoab|eor|att|oeonh|ngedframes
900mmw|deh|ngedmodu|es
03Spandre|he|ghtdeterm|nesv|s|onoutoff||ne
04Spao|ngsofo||mberw|resand|eafdens|ty
ofp|antspeo|esdeterm|nes|eve|ofw|nter
||ghtpenetrat|onandv|s|onout
05M|n|mumma|ntenanoeaooessw|dth
06Oons|derp|ant|ngofshadeto|erant
speo|estobaokfaoeofspandre|modu|es
to|mprove|nter|oramen|ty
Retrotting Options
Ex|st|ngg|azedandpreoastpane|
faoadesaremoreprob|emat|oasthe
fx|ng po|nts to the faoade may not
havethestruotura|oapao|tyforthe
add|t|ona||oad|ngandthepo|ntsmay
betoofarapart.
However, |f the green faoade system
oanbeattaohedd|reot|ytothe
pr|mary struoture, retroftt|ng shou|d
bere|at|ve|ystra|ghtforward.Ex|st|ng
faoadesw|thexpressedspandre|zones
|endthemse|vesmostsu|tab|ytogreen
faoade systems, water proofng of
attaohmentpo|ntsbe|ngtheor|t|oa|
faotor.
WOODSBAGOT.OOM
Retrotting Options
Maintenance
Ma|ntenanoe |s a major oons|derat|on
|n the h|gh r|se ||v|ng wa|| retroft
|nsta||at|onasthere|snoprov|s|on
madefortheex|st|ngw|ndow
ma|ntenanoesystem.lfaBM|s
prov|dedonthebu||d|ngroofthen
th|s oan be used but |f not, aooess
v|aabse|||ngorgroundbaseaooess
upto4-5stor|esv|atrave|towerare
theon|ya|ternat|ves.Thereforea
ma|ntenanoep|atformsystembu||t|nto
the ||v|ng wa|| hybr|d system, aooess|b|e
from the bu||d|ng |nter|or, shou|d be
|noorporated.
Loadings
Thepos|t|onofthe||v|ngwa||sonthe
bu||d|ng |s a|so |mportant, as prev|ous|y
po|ntedout|nre|at|ontow|nd|oad|ng.
The |oad|ngs may be vert|oa|, down
or up, and on the |ee s|de the suot|on
outwardmaybethedom|nant
foroe.Thesefaotorsare|mportant
|nassess|ngtherequ|rementsfor
retroftt|ng.
WOODSBAGOT.OOM
MonitoringMethodo|ogy
||v|ng wa||s |n Ade|a|de, |ndeed |n
Austra||a, need work|ng fgures for
the env|ronmenta| benefts to the
bu||d|nganda|sotothesurround|ng
env|ronment.Atthemomentthere
|snopub||shed|nformat|ononthe
performanoe of ||v|ng wa|| systems,
espeo|a||y for h|gh r|se bu||d|ngs, and
the|reffeotonthesurround|ngpreo|not
andtheeffeotontheatmospher|o
make up, suoh as water vapour and
OO2oompos|t|on.
The||v|ngwa||prototypetobedes|gned
and|nsta||ed|nAde|a|defo||ow|ngth|s
feas|b|||tystudyw|||bemon|toredw|tha
ser|es of systems to oover temperature,
re|at|ve hum|d|ty, ||ght |ntens|ty and
OO2, oompared w|th a ne|ghbour|ng
oontro|wa||ofthesameoonstruot|on
andaspeot.
Themethodo|ogyw|||betoreoord
read|ngsonthetr|a|||v|ngwa||at
var|ouspos|t|onsandmon|torat
se|eotedt|mesdur|ngthedayandn|ght
forafu||12monthper|odtoaoqu|re
thefu||rangeofseasona|var|at|ons.
The|oggersw|||bepos|t|onedonthe
||v|ng wa|| at the outs|de edge, on the
|ns|de edge, and a|so on the bu||d|ng
faoadesurfaoe.Th|sw|||g|vethe
d|fferenoesthroughthe||v|ngwa||as
we||asonthefaoadesurfaoe.Onoe
these faoade fgures are ava||ab|e then
aoa|ou|at|onthroughthefaoadeoan
bemadetoshowthed|fferenoe|nthe
bu||d|ng|nter|or.Th|sw|||beoompared
totheoontro|wa||forohanges|nOO2,
temperature and re|at|ve hum|d|ty, and
thefaoadesurfaoe.
Thepotent|a|ohanges|ntheOO2and
re|at|vehum|d|tyread|ngsbetween
theprototypeandoontro|wa||w|||
showthed|fferenoes|nsurround|ng
atmospherethataffeotsthem|oro
o||mateofthebu||d|ng.Th|sw|||show
theOO2ohangesbroughtaboutbythe
||v|ngwa||andpotent|a||yoanbeused
foroa|ou|at|onstooffsettheoarbon
produot|onofthebu||d|ng.
Themeasurementofthe||ghtd|fferenoe
|nthe||v|ngwa||w|||beofva|uetothe
aroh|teotfortheamountofday||ght
enter|ngthebu||d|ngthroughthe
w|ndows.Mon|tor|ngthevar|ous
dens|t|esofthew|re/oab|esand
d|fferentp|antspeo|esw|||demonstrate
thevar|ousday||ght|ntens|t|esw|th|n
thebu||d|ng.
n|vers|tyofAde|a|deAssoo|ateProfessorTerryW||||amson|nsta|||ngtemperature|oggersonF|fthOreekStud|ostr|a|||v|ng
wa||s|n2009(PhotosouroedfromF|fthOreekStud|o}
WOODSBAGOT.OOM
AirRightsandEncroachments
lnthes|tuat|onwhereabu||d|ng|s
bu||t aga|nst the property boundary,
a||v|ngwa||attaohedtothebu||d|ng
m|ghtoverhangorenoroaohonto
the adjaoent property, even |f |t |s
we||aboveground|eve|.Whereth|s
|soverpr|vatepropertyanegot|ated
agreementbetweenthepart|esforuse
of a|r r|ghts oan ooour, e|ther by rent|ng
thea|rspaoeorbuy|ngth|sspaoe.ln
theo|tyoentre|fanenoroaohment|s
over pub||o |and, |no|ud|ng roads and
oommun|ty |and, Ade|a|de O|ty Oouno||
hasanEnoroaohmentsPo||oyand
prov|desasetofOperat|ngGu|de||nes
-Enoroaohmentstoass|stw|thperm|t
app||oat|ons.
TheOperat|ngGu|de||nes-
Enoroaohments states that,
Oons|derat|onsofenoroaohmentsover
thepub||orea|mneedtobeba|anoed
betweenshorttermand|ongterm
ga|ns. ln add|t|on, enoroaohments
needtobeoons|dered|nre|at|onto
what benefts they offer to the pub||o.
Enoroaohmentsoanaddv|sua||nterest
tothestreetsoapeand|nd|v|dua|
bu||d|ngsand|mprovepedestr|an
amen|ty by prov|d|ng shade, she|ter
and|nforma|surve|||anoe.Potent|a|
pub||o benefts are oons|dered w|th|n
Oouno||spr|no|p|estomaketheO|ty
of Ade|a|de ou|tura||y v|brant, soo|a||y
just, env|ronmenta||y susta|nab|e,
eoonom|oa||yv|ab|eandoutward
|ook|ng.Wherethese||v|ngwa||
enoroaohmentsooour|nthepub||o
rea|mnopartofthe||v|ngwa||sha||
oonta|nanyformofoommero|a|
operat|onorbu||d|ngspaoe.Wh||e
th|s re|ates speo|foa||y to the O|ty of
Ade|a|de, those seek|ng to deve|op
||v|ng wa|| projeots |n other metropo||tan
orreg|ona|oouno||areasshou|doonsu|t
d|reot|yw|ththe|r|ooa|author|t|es.
Thefo||ow|ngstandardoperat|ng
prooeduresre|atetotheassessmentof
enoroaohmentperm|tapp||oat|ons.
App|ication
Anapp||oat|onforanEnoroaohments
Perm|t|sreoe|ved(|fadeve|opment
app||oat|on|s|odgedpr|ortoan
Enoroaohment Perm|t app||oat|on, the
enoroaohment shou|d be |dent|fed
dur|ngthe|n|t|a|p|ann|ngassessment
andtheapp||oat|onreferredto
Approva|s};
Pre|iminaryAssessment
Theapp||oat|on|sassessedto
determ|newhethertheenoroaohment
proposa||s|naooordanoew|ththe
EnoroaohmentsPo||oyandOperat|ng
Gu|de||nesandwhetheraperm|t
shou|dbe|ssued.'lnpr|no|p|e'approva|
orrefusa|ofanEnoroaohmentPerm|t
|s|nd|oatedtotheapp||oantand
Deve|opmentAssessment;
Procedures
Deve|opmentAssessment
Thedeve|opmentapp||oat|on|s
assessedaga|nsttheAde|a|de(O|ty}
Deve|opmentP|anandadeo|s|on
made|nre|at|ontowhethera||ofthe
re|evantoonsentsoanbegranted
(|no|ud|ngProv|s|ona|Deve|opment
P|an Oonsent, Enoroaohment
Oonsent, Bu||d|ng Ru|es Oonsent and
Deve|opmentApprova|};
PermitIssue
lfanEnoroaohmentsPerm|toanst|||
be supported, the Perm|t (|no|ud|ng
oond|t|onsandfees}|sgeneratedand
then|ssuedw|ththeDeve|opment
Approva|;
Enforcement
Ensur|ngthata||enoroaohments
have the neoessary perm|t, and that
theenoroaohment|sma|nta|ned|n
aooordanoew|ththeperm|toond|t|ons;
Maintenance
Adm|n|strat|on of renewa| of, ohanges
|n, or oanoe||at|on of perm|ts and
oo||eot|onofannua|fees.
(O|tyofAde|a|de}
WOODSBAGOT.OOM
CostAna|ysis
Thetwohybr|dsystemsbe|ng
oons|deredoffertheadvantagethat
ourta|nwa||faadesoanberep|aoed
w|thg|azedshopfrontoonstruot|on
between foor s|abs. Th|s great|y
s|mp||fes oonstruot|on and reduoes the
oostoftheg|azedfaoadeoomponent.
lnd|oat|veoost|ngsarebasedonthe
twoproposedhybr|dopt|onswh|oh
are st||| at the feas|b|||ty stage, so are
genera||nnatureandnot|ntendedto
prov|de any speo|fo adv|oe.
The two hybr|d systems are:
Hybr|d System: w|thout |ntegrated
ma|ntenanoeaooess
Hybr|d System: w|th |ntegrated
ma|ntenanoeaooess
Abr|efsummaryoftheoost|mp||oat|on
thatwou|dbeoommontoboth
systems:
Sav|ngontheourta|nwa||faoade
(assumedord|naryshopfrontoanbe
used}
Sav|ngonsunshad|ng
Sav|ngonbu||d|ngma|ntenanoeun|t
(BM}forh|ghr|sebu||d|ngs.
Reduoestheamountofspeo|a|
g|az|ng (|ow E, app||ed f|m, t|nted
g|asseto.}
lnd|reotsav|ngsfromreduoedAO
p|antandequ|pmentoosts
Moredeta||ontheabovesav|ngsw|||
beava||ab|eaftertheperformanoeof
theprototypethatfo||owsth|sfeas|b|||ty
studyhasbeenassessedover|ts
mon|tor|ngper|od.
HybridSystem.withoutintegrated
maintenanceaccess
Thes|ng|eframesystemandshopfront
g|az|ngwou|dbeapprox|mate|ythe
sameoostastheourta|nwa||faoade
andthep|ant|ngandoonta|nersystem
wou|d add an extra 40% approx|mate|y
oftheoostofastandardgreenwa||
system.ABMwou|dst|||beneeded
forh|ghr|seo|ean|ngandma|ntenanoe
aooess.
HybridSystem.withintegrated
maintenanceaccess
Thedoub|eframesystemw|th
wa|kwayswou|dbeanadd|t|ona|30-
35% oost over the norma| ourta|n wa||
faoade, p|us 40-45% of a standard
greenwa||systemextraforp|ant|ng
andoonta|nersystems.lfthep|ant|ng
forthespandre|wasdoub|es|dedthen
th|s wou|d oome to about 80% of the
standardgreenwa||systemoost.
These fgures are on|y a gu|de and are
|nd|oat|veofthepre||m|naryoonoepts
forth|shybr|dwa||system.
ln the prototype projeot that w||| fo||ow
th|s feas|b|||ty study, the proposed
hybr|d||v|ngwa||systemw|||be
des|gnedanddeve|oped|ntoa2
or 3 foor h|gh modu|ar system w|th
abo|t-onframework.ln|t|a||y|tw|||
be|nsta||edontheo|dte|ephone
exohange bu||d|ng, and eventua||y
re|ooatedtoTower8atanappropr|ate
stageofthebu||d|ngsoonstruot|on.
Th|sre|ooatab|eopt|onopensupmany
poss|b|||t|es for the future, but espeo|a||y
for retroftt|ng to ex|st|ng bu||d|ngs.
Amodu|arhybr|d||v|ngwa||system
w|than|nterna||yaooess|b|eframe
oou|dpotent|a||ybed|sassemb|edand
re|ooatedtootherbu||d|ngs.lfth|s
was|nsta||edoverthea|rr|ghtsofa
pr|vate|yownedspaoeth|soou|dbe
rented out unt|| the adjo|n|ng s|te was
redeve|oped.Thehybr|d||v|ngwa||
oou|dthenbere|ooatedtoanother
s|te, a||ow|ng the |nfrastruoture to be
reoyo|edratherthan|ost.
Theposs|b|||t|esareexo|t|ngandpo|nt
toafuturemob||egreen|nfrastruoture
that enhanoes the susta|nab|e, green
oredent|a|sofAde|a|de.
FutureDirections
Th|sstudy|ntothefeas|b|||tyof||v|ng
wa||systemssu|tab|eforapp||oat|on
onmu|t|-storeybu||d|ngs|nAde|a|des
oha||eng|ngo||mate|soo||aborat|ve|y
fundedbyTheGovernmentofSouth
Austra||aandAspenGroup.Researoh
hasbeenundertakenbyF|fthOreek
Stud|oandWoodsBagotw|th
oontr|but|onsfromAureoonandDav|s
|angdon.
lnsummarythefeas|b|||tystudy
|no|udes:
||v|ng wa|| benefts - pr|vate and
pub||o
||v|ng wa|| o|ass|foat|on system
||v|ng wa|| des|gn faotors
O||mate
P|ant|ng
Benefts to the bu||d|ng
Natureandwater
rbanheat|s|andeffeotandOO2
||v|ng wa|| des|gn opt|ons
Mu|t|-storey retroftt|ng to ex|st|ng
stook
Mu|t|-storey|ntegratedw|thfaade
A|rr|ghtsandoosts
Th|sstudyshowsthat||v|ngwa||soffer
mu|t|p|eeoonom|oandenv|ronmenta|
benefts to |nd|v|dua| bu||d|ngs, the
w|derenv|ronmentandthepub||o
rea|m. They are beoom|ng a s|gn|foant
oomponentofan|ntegratedgreen
|nfrastruotureandAde|a|dew|||see
manymoreexo|t|ngand|nnovat|ve
||v|ng wa|| projeots |n future.
Summary
Toensurethesuooessofthese
||v|ng wa|| projeots, Ade|a|de`s
part|ou|aro||mateandthe|ooa|
natura|andbu||tenv|ronment
needstobeoons|dered|nthe
des|gn, fabr|oat|on and ongo|ng
ma|ntenanoeprogramm|ng.When
p|ann|ng|arge|nsta||at|onsonh|gh
r|se bu||d|ngs, these oons|derat|ons
beoome even more or|t|oa|,
w|th |ssues suoh as w|nd, so|ar
aooess, bu||t form oonfgurat|on
andpotent|a|enoroaohmentsa||
|mpaot|ngonthese||v|ngsystems.
Th|sfeas|b|||tystudyprov|desan
|||ustratedgu|dethroughaoomp|ex
rangeof|ssuestoproposesevera|
opt|onsfora||v|ngwa||system
su|tab|eformu|t|-storeyo|ty
bu||d|ngs.lntheendtherew|||be
no s|ng|e des|gn so|ut|on, but the
des|gnpr|no|p|esout||ned|nth|s
studyprov|deao|earstart|ngpo|nt.
lt |s hoped that des|gners,
deve|opers, government
representat|vesandmembersofthe
oommun|tyembraoetheoonoept
of ||v|ng wa||s, and support the
ongo|nggrowthofthe|ndustry
andassoo|atedresearohand
deve|opment.
06
O|ty of Ade|a|de, Enoroaohments
Operat|ng Gu|de||nes: Attaohment 2 -
Doono.AOO2007/64026
O|ty of Me|bourne, OH2 - Our green
bu||d|ng http://www.me|bourne.v|o.
gov.au/Env|ronment/OH2/Pages/
OH2Ourgreenbu||d|ng.aspx
O|ty of Stuttgart, For our env|ronment
(2009}, http://www.stadtk||ma-stuttgart.
de/|ndex.php?start_e
O|ay, R., Maghrab|, A. and W||d,
N. (2006}. |ooa| lnfra-red o|ear sky
temperatures, |n Transaot|ons of the
Roya|Soo|etyofS.Aust.
Ooutts, A., Ber|nger, J. and Tapper,
N. (2007}. Oharaoter|st|os |nfueno|ng
thevar|ab|||tyofurbanOO2 fuxes |n
Me|bourne, Austra||a, |n So|enoeD|reot
- Atmospher|o Env|ronment,
http://www.so|enoed|reot.oom/
so|enoe?_ob=Art|o|eR|&_ud|=B6vH3-
4M3BGW3-6&_user=542840&_
rdoo=1&_fmt=&_or|g=searoh&_
sort=d&_dooanohor=&v|ew=o&_
aoot=O000027659&_vers|on=1&_
ur|vers|on=0&_user|d=542840&md
5=e198oaa89312e38e9d45b91b16
db7777
Green Bu||d|ng Oouno|| of Austra||a,
http://www.gboa.org.au
GreenRoofsforHea|thyO|t|es(North
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