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  • The Financial and Social Implications of The Proposed Smoking Ban Upon Licensed Prermises

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    Pete Burbidge
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    “Hospitality operators should not be afraid to treat changing attitudes to smoking in the same way they as changing décor, food styles, beverages and service styles. In due course the customer’s refusal of ashtrays, the increased demand for non – smoking areas and objections to the smell of smoke will confirm to the most hesitant operator that encouraging smoking is bad for business” (Morrison, 1993) . The recent publication of the Government’s “Choosing Health” White Paper has ignited much controversy and garnered much media attention. The source of such dissension emanates from the proposed intention to ban smoking in all public places, including the majority of pubs and bars. This dissertation examines the Government’s proposals, the reasons for occurrence, the purpose behind which and what the subsequent likely affects may be, both in terms of the general public’s reaction (social / behavioural context) and the impact in terms of licensed premises trade (financial implications). The secondary research investigates the international perspective, examining attempts of tobacco control and restriction implemented in other countries, the success and outcomes from such attempts and whether such measures are transferable to this country. The primary research intends to discover the general public’s reaction to the proposals, present behaviours and future predicted behaviour after legislation is activated. Research discovered the proposed ban would impact on different businesses in different ways, as has been witnessed in other countries, such as Ireland and New York. Despite some reports of significant detrimental financial affect, the overall reported outcome is either positive or unchanged. Most guests surveyed replied they could not see changes in their current behaviours occurring and this was echoed in the majority of publican’s responses. Managers and publicans will need to consider who their clientele are and what these people want from their local pub. Governments have a fundamental duty to protect the health of all citizens. A comprehensive tobacco control policy needs to be adopted in order to reduce smoking prevalence. This must have complete acceptance from the majority of people to achieve compliance and must be supported correctly. Pubs will need much support (financial, advisory, enforcement and policing) if the proposed ban is to succeed. The government already have the majority support; from this will come commitment, leading to a healthier and happier pub culture environment for all, sustaining the traditional British institution.

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    The Financial and Social Implications of the Proposed Smoking Ban upon Licensed Prermises

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    “Hospitality operators should not be afraid to treat changing attitudes to smoking in the same way they as changing décor, food styles, beverages and service styles. In due course the customer’s refusal of ashtrays, the increased demand for non – smoking areas and objections to the smell of smoke will confirm to the most hesitant operator that encouraging smoking is bad for business” (Morrison, 1993) . The recent publication of the Government’s “Choosing Health” White Paper has ignited much controversy and garnered much media attention. The source of such dissension emanates from the proposed intention to ban smoking in all public places, including the majority of pubs and bars. This dissertation examines the Government’s proposals, the reasons for occurrence, the purpose behind which and what the subsequent likely affects may be, both in terms of the general public’s reaction (social / behavioural context) and the impact in terms of licensed premises trade (financial implications). The secondary research investigates the international perspective, examining attempts of tobacco control and restriction implemented in other countries, the success and outcomes from such attempts and whether such measures are transferable to this country. The primary research intends to discover the general public’s reaction to the proposals, present behaviours and future predicted behaviour after legislation is activated. Research discovered the proposed ban would impact on different businesses in different ways, as has been witnessed in other countries, such as Ireland and New York. Despite some reports of significant detrimental financial affect, the overall reported outcome is either positive or unchanged. Most guests surveyed replied they could not see changes in their current behaviours occurring and this was echoed in the majority of publican’s responses. Managers and publicans will need to consider who their clientele are and what these people want from their local pub. Governments have a fundamental duty to protect the health of all citizens. A comprehensive tobacco control policy needs to be adopted in order to reduce smoking prevalence. This must have complete acceptance from the majority of people to achieve compliance and must be supported correctly. Pubs will need much support (financial, advisory, enforcement and policing) if the proposed ban is to succeed. The government already have the majority support; from this will come commitment, leading to a healthier and happier pub culture environment for all, sustaining the traditional British institution.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    57 views135 pages

    The Financial and Social Implications of The Proposed Smoking Ban Upon Licensed Prermises

    Uploaded by

    Pete Burbidge
    “Hospitality operators should not be afraid to treat changing attitudes to smoking in the same way they as changing décor, food styles, beverages and service styles. In due course the customer’s refusal of ashtrays, the increased demand for non – smoking areas and objections to the smell of smoke will confirm to the most hesitant operator that encouraging smoking is bad for business” (Morrison, 1993) . The recent publication of the Government’s “Choosing Health” White Paper has ignited much controversy and garnered much media attention. The source of such dissension emanates from the proposed intention to ban smoking in all public places, including the majority of pubs and bars. This dissertation examines the Government’s proposals, the reasons for occurrence, the purpose behind which and what the subsequent likely affects may be, both in terms of the general public’s reaction (social / behavioural context) and the impact in terms of licensed premises trade (financial implications). The secondary research investigates the international perspective, examining attempts of tobacco control and restriction implemented in other countries, the success and outcomes from such attempts and whether such measures are transferable to this country. The primary research intends to discover the general public’s reaction to the proposals, present behaviours and future predicted behaviour after legislation is activated. Research discovered the proposed ban would impact on different businesses in different ways, as has been witnessed in other countries, such as Ireland and New York. Despite some reports of significant detrimental financial affect, the overall reported outcome is either positive or unchanged. Most guests surveyed replied they could not see changes in their current behaviours occurring and this was echoed in the majority of publican’s responses. Managers and publicans will need to consider who their clientele are and what these people want from their local pub. Governments have a fundamental duty to protect the health of all citizens. A comprehensive tobacco control policy needs to be adopted in order to reduce smoking prevalence. This must have complete acceptance from the majority of people to achieve compliance and must be supported correctly. Pubs will need much support (financial, advisory, enforcement and policing) if the proposed ban is to succeed. The government already have the majority support; from this will come commitment, leading to a healthier and happier pub culture environment for all, sustaining the traditional British institution.

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    of 135

    Hemis: 222428

    March 2006

    Contents Page
    Contents Page ii Statement of Originality.iv c!no"le#gements.v $stract..vi %lossary of &erms.vii Smo!ing &ime 'ine.viii

    Contents Page.................................................................................................................( Cha)ter (: *ntro#+ction..................................................................................................4 (.( *ntro#+ction..........................................................................................................4 (.2 ims an# O$,ectives ...........................................................................................Cha)ter 2: Metho#ology.................................................................................................. 2.( *ntro#+ction........................................................................................................... 2.2 Secon#ary research ............................................................................................... 2./ Metho#ology for secon#ary research.................................................................... 2.4 'imitations.........................................................................................................(0 2.0 Primary research ...............................................................................................(( 2.6 1rief *ncl+sion....................................................................................................(( 2.- Metho#ology for )rimary research ....................................................................(( 2.8 'imitations of )rimary research .................................................................(/ Cha)ter /: %overnment 2hite Pa)er3 4Choosing Health5...........................................(4 /.( *ntro#+ction .......................................................................................................(4 /.2 2here has the 2hite Pa)er come from..............................................................(4 /./ 6easons $ehin# 4Choosing Health5 2hite Pa)er..............................................(0 /.4 Other o)tions availa$le to the %overnment ......................................................20 Cha)ter 4: 'iterat+re 6evie" 7 &he %lo$al Pers)ective..............................................22 4.( *ntro#+ction .......................................................................................................22 4.28ee# for ction...................................................................................................22 4./ 9alling tren#s in the (..0s: :; hos)itality sector.............................................2/ 4.4 *nternational &o$acco control an# reg+lation....................................................24 *relan#...................................................................................................................24 8or"ay.................................................................................................................26 (

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    8e" <ealan#.........................................................................................................26 1h+tan..................................................................................................................26 6est of the 2orl# ....................................................................................................2+stralia ..............................................................................................................2Cana#a..................................................................................................................2:nite# States of merica ....................................................................................28 9rance...................................................................................................................2. &he 8etherlan#s ................................................................................................../0 6est of =+ro)e....................................................................................................../0 :nite# ;ing#om.................................................................................................../( =nglan#................................................................................................................./( Concl+sion................................................................................................................// Cha)ter 0: nalysis of collection of )rimary research.................................................// 0.( *ntro#+ction........................................................................................................// 0.2 C+stomer S+rveys ............................................................................................./4 0./ Piloting an# amen#ing ......................................................................................./4 0.4 >istri$+tion........................................................................................................./0 0.0 P+$lican ? manager s+rveys................................................................................/0 0.6 Piloting ............................................................................................................../0 0.- >istri$+tion of )+$ s+rveys .........................................................................../0 0.8 Pro$lems enco+ntere# "ith )rimary research..................................................../6 Cha)ter 6: Presentation an# >isc+ssion of 6es+lts from Primary 6esearch .............../6.( *ntro#+ction......................................................................................................../6.2 C+stomer S+rvey................................................................................................/6./ @+estionnaire to P+$lican ? Manager.................................................................48 Cha)ter -: nalysis of Primary 6esearch Com)are# to 'iterat+re 6evie"................00 -.( *ntro#+ction .......................................................................................................00 -.2 Com)arative 6evie"..........................................................................................00 Cha)ter 8: Concl+sions an# 6ecommen#ations...........................................................08 8.( Concl+sion..........................................................................................................08 8.2 6ecommen#ations .............................................................................................0. Contents Page...............................................................................................................62 ))en#iA (: &he History of Smo!ing &ime 'ine........................................................60 ))en#iA 2: 'ist of :; Smo!ing an# &o$acco 'egislation3 6eg+lations an# Bol+ntary greements.................................................................................................6))en#iA 4: #vice for %oo# >esign of @+estionnaires............................................-0 ))en#iA -: =Atracts an# S+mmary of Choosing Health 2hite Pa)er.......................-( 2

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    &a!en from 4Choosing Health5 %overnment 2hite Pa)er......................................-( ))en#iA8: Smo!ing an# Cancer................................................................................-0 ))en#iA .: 'ist of &oAins 9o+n# in &o$acco....................................................-))en#iA (0: =ffects of *nhaling =nvironmental &o$acco Smo!e CSecon# Han# Smo!eD.........................................................................................................................-8 ))en#iA ((: =Atracts from the Scientific Committee on &o$acco an# Health CSCO&HD......................................................................................................................-. Secon#Ehan# Smo!e: 6evie" of =vi#ence since (..8............................................-. ))en#iA (2: %overnment Pro)osals for a Smo!ing 1an in P+$lic Places.................8( ))en#iA (/: rg+ments 9or an# gainst the Pro)ose# Smo!ing 1an......................82 rg+ments 9or .........................................................................................................82 rg+ments against ..................................................................................................82 ))en#iA (4: Pro)ose# lternative Sol+tions to the Smo!ing 1an............................8/ &he Bol+ntary O)tion .............................................................................................8/ &he 'ocal O)tion.....................................................................................................8/ =Aem)ting P+$s........................................................................................................8/ ))en#iA (0: &o$acco an# Smo!ing control Meas+res *ntro#+ce# in Other Co+ntries ......................................................................................................................................84 ))en#iA (6: 6es+lts from Smo!e 9ree 2or!)laces in *relan#: One Fear 6evie" ......................................................................................................................................8. ))en#iA(61: ;ey 'essons from *relan#s Smo!e 9ree 'a".......................................( S+mmary G recommen#ations..................................................................................( S+mmary of *rish la"................................................................................................( &he Health case 7 ll"right re)ort .........................................................................( 9oc+s on "or!ers E "hy smo!eEfree meas+res m+st a))ly to everyone ..................2 =conomic im)act.......................................................................................................2 ))en#iA (-: SPSS Soft"are Com)are# to Microsoft =Acel......................................./ ))en#iA (8: SPSS Co#ing Man+al.............................................................................4 ))en#iA (.: 6es+lts of H+estionnaires to )+$ g+ests 7 in gra)h form ....................(00 ...................................................................................................................................(00 ))en#iA 20: 'ist of P+$s an# $ars +se# in collection of #ata..................................(22 ))en#iA 2(: 6es+lts of @+estionnaires to P+$licans 7 in ta$le format....................(2/ ))en#iA 22: Comments an# O)inions from @+estionnaires to P+$licans...............(2/

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    March 2006

    1i$liogra)hy...............................................................................................................(/0 1oo!s......................................................................................................................(/0 Io+rnals...................................................................................................................(/0 6e)orts...................................................................................................................(/( =lectronic 6eso+rces..............................................................................................(/2 MagaJines ? 8e"s)a)er articles? Press 6e)orts ? 6eleases....................................(/0

    Its easy to quit smoking. Ive done it hundreds of times. Mar! &"ain To see what is right, and not do it, is want of courage, or of principle Conf+ci+s Smoking is one of the leading causes of statistics today

    9letcher ;ne$le

    Chapter 1: Introduction
    1.1 Introduction
    &he 2orl# Health Organisation )re#icts that there are a$o+t 4.. million to$acco relate# #eaths each year "orl#"i#e. &his fig+re )+r)orts to$acco to $e the lea#ing ca+se of )reventa$le #isease in the "orl# to#ay C%lenna % 1o"er et al3 2000D(. Of this fig+re3 (203000 of the (/ million smo!ers "ithin the :; #ie each year of smo!ing relate# #iseases C1lac!"ell )+$lishing3 2004D2. &he 2HO f+rther )re#icts that3 +n#er the c+rrent climate3 this mortality rate "ill rise to (0 million $y the year 20/0. >+e
    (

    1o"er3 %lenna % an# =nJler3 >ave3 20003 rotecting students and faculty from environmental to!acco smoke, Health =#+cation Io+rnal3 Bol. (003 8o 43 P. 20.

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    March 2006

    to increase# social a"areness an# e#+cation of the ris!s to )ersonal health3 )l+s the attention attracte# thro+gh the me#ia an# )ress+re from $oth national an# international lo$$y gro+)s3 the %overnment have $een com)elle# to react to the sit+ation an# im)lement a feasi$le3 "or!a$le an# )ractical sol+tion. Smo!ing an# to$acco have $een a )revalent characteristic in 1ritish society since (0603 "hen the first shi)ment of to$acco arrive# in the :;. Since ince)tion into :; social c+lt+re3 to$acco has $een )erceive# "ith m+ch contention an# #isagreement an# it is a hotly #e$ate# to)ic "ith strong vie"s an# forcef+l o)inions emerging from $oth si#es: sta+nch )rotagonists an# loyal a#vocates contraste# to vehement a#versaries. &he #e$ate as to the social acce)ta$ility an# #esira$ility of smo!ing has rage# since the (0th Cent+ry "hen the )lant "as intro#+ce# to =+ro)e3 tho+gh it is +nclear as to "hom eAactly the res)onsi$ility can $e attri$+te#. 6o#rigo #e IereJ is reno"ne# as $eing =+ro)eKs first smo!er3 #evelo)ing a taste for it "hilst in C+$a. On ret+rning home he "as arreste# an# im)risone# for three years for enco+raging smo!ing to the local )o)+lo+s. 6ichar# %renville3 Sir 9rancis >ra!e an# Sir Iohn Ha"!ins have all $een recognise# as )otential conten#ers for first im)ortation3 ho"ever3 it is 2alter 6aleigh "ho can $e cre#ite# "ith ma!ing it a fashiona$le )+rs+it an# notorio+sly )o)+larise# it thro+gh the co+rt of =liJa$eth the 9irst. &he controversy s+rro+n#ing the iss+e has loome# ever sine3 "ith ;ing Iames the 9irst to #eno+nce the #r+g in his treatise3 4 co+nter$last to to$acco53 in (604 as "oathsome to the eye, hateful to the nose, harmful to the !rain, dangerous to the lungs C=ysenc!3 2000D/. Other )eo)le of s+ch infl+ence have $een less tolerant. *n 6+ssia in (06. a more severe an# )+nitive a))roach "as a#o)te# $y the first &sar3 Michael 9eo#orich. He for$a#e )ossession for any )+r)ose3 )+nishment $eing floggings or slitting in the li)s. Other nations too! this )+nitive a))roach to eAtremes "ith the #eath )enalty $eing )rescri$e# as c+re for the ha$it in &+r!ey3 Persia an# *n#ia. &o$acco has even come +n#er attac! from religio+s infl+ences3 "ith several Po)es )rono+ncing against the +se of to$acco in Ch+rch on )ain of eAE comm+nication. *n &+r!ey3 altho+gh regar#e# as fashiona$le an# )o)+lar3 the M+ftis o))ose# it $eca+se they consi#ere# it contrary to the teachings of the ;oran. *n the mi# (.th Cent+ry3 the first fears of smo!ing7relate# health concerns "ere raise# that co+l# $e s+$stantiate# "ith scientific evi#ence an# cre#i$ility. &he 'ancet )+$lishe# the first of s+ch fin#ings in (808 CHoo)er3 (..0D4. >es)ite s+ch initial concerns the )o)+larity contin+e# to soar an# $ecame a significant )art of life an# a tra#itional 1ritish )ast time3 no longer eAcl+sively reserve# for the genteel +))erEclass of the #ay $+t $ecoming accessi$le3 affor#a$le an# #esira$le to all. *t "as not +ntil (.00 that f+rther significant evi#ence "as )ro#+ce# s+))orting gro"ing health concerns an# i#entifying a lin! $et"een smo!ing an# illEhealth. &he 1ritish Me#ical Io+rnal )+$lishe#
    2

    Iac!son3 %raham3 Ian+ary 20043 Smoking# Suicide for some, $anslaughter for others % time for a !an in all pu!lic places, 1lac!"ell )+$lishing3 *ss+e 083 Bol. (3 P.( / =ysenc!3 H3I3 20003 Smoking, &ealth and ersonality3 &ransaction P+$lishers3 'on#on3 P.20 4 Hoo)er3 P3 (..03 Smoking Issues# ' (uick )uide, >aniels P+$lishing3 Cam$ri#ge3 P4-

    Hemis: 222428
    a re)ort from 6ichar# >oll an#

    March 2006
    1ra#for# Hill em)hasising the #istinct connection $et"een l+ng

    cancer an# smo!ing. &his i#ea "as corro$orate# in (.64 $y the :S S+rgeon3 %eneral '+ther &erry3 "hen he anno+nce# that smo!ing ca+se# l+ng cancer. >e$ate regar#ing social tolerance of smo!ing "as heightene# in (.88 "ith the #iscovery that there "as a #etecta$le lin! $et"een smo!ers an# non smo!ers3 this $eing recognise# as )assive smo!ing C'ynsey C+th$ert et al3 (...D 0 . &his initial concern $egan to gro" "ith action gro+)s an# lo$$yists "or!ing to im)ose restrictions "hilst the to$acco in#+stries com)ete# har# to )rotect their investment3 #efen# their )ro#+cts3 their re)+tations an# the in#+stry as a "hole. Political $o#ies an# governments have $een force# to reEact an# res)on# to $oth )arties #eman#s3 str+ggling to maintain a $alance of com)romise $et"een $oth )arties. M+ch legislation3 government $ills3 research an# attem)ts to control an# restrict to$acco an# smo!ing thro+gh )olicy has $een instigate# in res)onse. locate# in ))en#iA 2. *t is no" seen as increasingly +nacce)ta$le for )eo)le to smo!e "hen it affects the health of those aro+n# them. &he arg+ments are not solely confine# to those regar#ing the in#ivi#+al smo!er any longer3 $+t no" encom)ass consi#eration for those "ho choose not to smo!e $+t are still affecte#3 often having the affects invol+ntarily im)ose# +)on them. &he intention is to recognise non 7 smo!erKs rights an# offer them )rotection. 2ith an increase# )+$lic a"areness an# e#+cation from lo$$yists an# a+thoritative $o#ies3 co+)le# "ith the changes in #emogra)hy an# social )atterns 7 the aging )o)+lation3 the nation $ecoming health an# a))earance conscio+s an# the significant #ecrease in smo!ers3 the %overnment have ha# to res)on#. &his res)onse has $een )resente# in a format that has garnere# m+ch me#ia attention an# controversy. &his is the )+$lication of the %overnmentKs )ro)ose# 2hite Pa)er3 4Choosing Health53 "hich i#entifies an intention to im)lement legislation an# )ro)ose# sanctions to a $an of smo!ing in all )+$lic )laces3 "ith )rovisions es)ecially #esigne# for the hos)itality in#+stry an# license# tra#e. &he aim is to )rovi#e em)loyees an# g+ests "ith a safe3 )leasant an# to$acco free environment in "hich to "or!3 socialise an# relaA. &he )ro)ose# $an is ma#e +) of the follo"ing com)onents C&a!en from Caterer an# Hotel!ee)er3 2000D6: Smo!ing "ill $e $anne# in hotel lo$$ies3 resta+rants an# )+$s that )re)are an# serve foo# from mi# 200-. ll m+st #is)lay no smo!ing signs. Premises eAem)t are to incl+#e nonEfoo# )+$s3 )rivate mem$ers cl+$s an# hotel $e#rooms. Ho"ever3 smo!ing at the $ar "ill $e )rohi$ite#. C+stomers flo+ting the $an face fines of +) to L00. 'icensees "ho fail to enforce the $an "ill $e fine# L200 an# re)eat offen#ers ris! losing their license.
    0

    list of significant :; legislation can $e

    C+th$ert3 'ynsey an# 8ic!son3 >ennis3 (...3 Smoking in the restaurant industry# time for a !an3 *nternational Io+rnal of Contem)orary Hos)itality Management3 Bol. ((3 8o. (3 P. /( 6 9re"in3 man#a3 /r# 8ovem$er 20003 Smoking *ill 'ttracts +ire, Caterer an# Hotel!ee)er MagaJine3 P. .

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    March 2006

    P+$s an# $ars "ill not $e allo"e# to $ecome )rivate mem$ers cl+$s $eca+se they "o+l# have to offer alcohol on a 4not for )rofit5 $asis. &he reg+lations "ill $e enforce# $y local a+thorities an# "ill $e revie"e# after three years.

    &he !ey to s+ccessf+l im)lementation of s+ch meas+res "ill $e fo+n# in "inning the )+$licKs s+))ort an# ens+ring )ro)er enforcement C man#a San#for#3 200/D- .

    1.2 Aims and Objectives


    &he aim of this investigation is to eAamine the )otential im)act the )ro)ose# smo!ing $an may have on cons+mer $ehavio+r an# ho"3 in t+rn3 this might affect local license# tra#e3 $oth financially an# in terms of ho" )+$licans o)erate their $+sinesses. *nitial research "ill $e con#+cte# to eval+ate an# +n#erstan# the %overnmentKs 2hite Pa)er5 Choosing Health53 the motivation for its emergence3 the )+r)ose3 the )ro)ose# recommen#ations emanating from "hich an# if any alternative sol+tions eAist or have $een s+ggeste#. &hro+gh secon#ary research the legislative attem)ts an# to$acco control intro#+ce# $y other co+ntries "ill $e eAamine# an# the s+$seH+ent im)act this has ha# +)on the license# tra#e an# the social $ehavio+r of s+ch co+ntries. &hro+gh this research any )atterns an# correlations in cons+mer $ehavio+r an# financial o+tcomes "ill $e i#entifie#3 an# then "hether s+ch attem)ts are transfera$le to the :; "ill $e #isc+sse#. &he #esira$ility an# feasi$ility to 1ritish c+lt+re "ill also $e eAamine#.

    Primary research com)rise# of H+estionnaires to $oth )atrons an# lan#lor#?managers "ill $e #istri$+te# to a ran#om3 re)resentative sam)le of a#eH+ate siJe in or#er to ascertain: C+rrent $ehavio+r an# attit+#es to"ar#s smo!ing 6eactions an# o)inions to the )ro)ose# $an Pre#icte# effects the $an may have on cons+mers an# their s+$seH+ent $ehavio+r ny social or financial o+tcomes that may arise #irectly from s+ch a $an.

    &hese res+lts "ill then $e com)are# to fin#ings from secon#ary research3 an# then com)arisons $et"een each s+rvey "ill $e ma#e. 9inally3 concl+sions an# recommen#ations "ill $e )ro)ose#.

    San#for#3 man#a3 200/3 4)overnment action to reduce smoking, 6es)iratory3 Bol. 83 P.-

    Hemis: 222428

    March 2006

    Hemis: 222428

    March 2006

    Chapter 2: Methodology
    2.1 Introduction
    &he )+r)ose of this cha)ter is to i#entify the metho#ologies an# )rocesses em)loye# in con#+cting )rimary an# secon#ary research.

    2.2 Secondary research


    &hro+gh #etaile# an# inE#e)th secon#ary research the intention is to #iscover the em)hasis the %overnment )lace on the re#+ction of smo!ers an# smo!ing in license# )remises3 ho" they inten# to tac!le this iss+e an# "hat they aim to achieve. &his "ill $e #one thro+gh a thoro+gh analysis of the %overnmentKs 2hite Pa)er an# the )ro)osals for a smo!ing $an. Other %overnment3 in#e)en#ent an# international re)orts an# )revio+s )olicies3 arg+ments for an# against the $an an# "hat the inten#e# res+lt is from s+ch meas+res "ill also $e eAamine#. &his research "ill then eAamine other o)tions that "ere availa$le to the %overnment. Cha)ter 9o+r "ill contin+e to $+il# on this research $y revie"ing the )otential im)lications on license# tra#e of s+ch a $an3 +sing com)arisons to other co+ntries an# regions "hich have im)ose# similar )olicies an# meas+res an# the s+$seH+ent effects inc+rre# on license# )remises.

    2.3 Methodology for secondary research


    &his is a very c+rrent an# controversial to)ic garnering m+ch me#ia attention an# strong )+$lic o)inion. >+e to the timing of this research there has $een consi#era$le an# "i#es)rea# )+$lication of material an# comment from vario+s in#ivi#+als3 gro+)s an# organisations arg+ing many interesting an# #iverse )oints of vie". &he )ool of reso+rces availa$le an# the sco)e an# H+antity of information has $een co)io+s. $roa# range of ne"s)a)er an# magaJine articles3 )ress releases an# me#ia com)anyKs )+$lications an# "e$ site articles have $een instr+mental in attaining a holistic an# fair insight into the s+$,ect. 6anging in length3 style3 relevance3 relia$ility3 clarity3 format an# )resentation3 s+ch so+rces have )rovi#e# m+ch $ac!gro+n# rea#ing an# val+a$le information. &he area is heavily o)inionate# an# )ersonal )re,+#ice is evi#ent in many articles3 th+s ma!ing it a necessity to caref+lly consi#er the so+rce an# H+ality of all information to avoi# $ias3 irrelevance or s+$,ectivity. Io+rnals have $een far more relia$le an# consistent in terms of )rovi#ing +n$iase#3 a+thoritative an# #etaile# information. &he #ra"$ac! is that all aca#emic an# referee# ,o+rnals fo+n# "ere "ritten $efore the %overnment 2hite Pa)er 4Choosing Health5 or the s+$seH+ent )ro)osals. &hey ten# to

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    concentrate more on )revio+s legislation3 environmental an# health effects of smo!ing3 c+rrent $ehavio+rs of smo!ers an# the international )ers)ective. &his latter area has $een of most significance to this #issertation3 eAamining the im)lementation of to$acco control meas+res in other co+ntries. &ra#e ,o+rnals have $een incre#i$ly constr+ctive3 nota$ly the MCaterer an# Hotel!ee)er MagaJineK an# M&he P+$licanK3 $oth of "hich3 ho"ever3 offer vehemently o))osing vie"s an# strongly conflicting e#itorial $ias. +thoritative articles $y lea#ing in#+stry fig+res have $een loo!e# at3 $+t again these ten# to em)hasise one si#e of the arg+ment3 attem)ting to mani)+late rea#er sym)athies. &he *nternet an# electronic #ata$ase have contri$+te# significantly to this research in locating relevant information3 lin!s3 contacts3 articles an# $ac!gro+n# rea#ing. &he li$rary has )rovi#e# %overnment re)orts an# 2hite Pa)ers s+ch as the 9o+rth 6e)ort of the *n#e)en#ent Scientific Committee on Smo!ing an# Health3 4Choosing Health5 C2004D an# 4Smo!ing ;ills5 C(..8D an# re)orts? )+$lications from international $o#ies s+ch as the 2orl# Health Organisation 4 smo!e free =+ro)e5. S+ch re)orts "ere f+rther s+$stantiate# "ith +se of %overnment "e$ sites s+ch as the 8HS an# >e)artment of Health. &here are very fe" $oo!s "ritten regar#ing smo!ing an# to$acco control legislation in the 2(st Cent+ry an# on smo!ing $ans in license# )remises. &he $oo!s enco+ntere# ten#e# to $e #ate# an# largely irrelevant to this research. &hese $oo!s have $een +se# to learn a$o+t the history of smo!ing an# to$acco3 )revio+s meas+res of control3 )revio+s legislation an# government )olicy3 the im)act of smo!ing on health an# the environment an# to attain an +n#erstan#ing into the $ehavio+r an# )sychology relate# to smo!ing. 2e$sites for action gro+)s3 $oth anti an# )ro smo!ing3 s+ch as ction on Smo!ing an# Health lo$$y gro+) an# 9ree#om Organisation for the 6ight to =n,oy Smo!ing &o$acco lo$$y gro+) res)ectively have also $een con#+cive to this research )ro,ect3 )rovi#ing eH+al ,+stification for $oth si#es of the arg+ment.

    2.4 imitations
    >+e to the magnit+#e of this s+$,ect an# $rea#th of #ata acc+m+late# it has $een consi#era$ly #iffic+lt to remain foc+se# an# relevant. =A)ansive amo+nts of information eAist relating to the s+$,ect of smo!ing an# to$acco3 so concentrating s)ecifically on the research H+estions at han# has )rove# to $e challenging. &his research has attem)te# to remain #etache# an# +n$iase#. Many of the )ro7smo!ing lo$$y gro+)s are f+n#e# $y to$acco com)anies allo"ing the o))ort+nity for $ias to eAist. ltho+gh the %overnment )+$lications an# reso+rces sho+l# $e the most relia$le3 many rely on statistics an# H+antitative #ata that can $e mani)+late# for the )+r)ose inten#e# an# for )olitical motivations.

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    >es)ite contin+o+s attem)ts an# inE#e)th research3 no financial information relating to the o+tcomes an# effects of im)ose# smo!ing $ans in other co+ntries3 namely 8e" For! an# *relan#3 co+l# $e locate#. &his remains a f+t+re )otential area of investigation.

    2.! "rimary research


    Mona Clar! et al C(..8D8 s+ggest that secon#ary #ata is +sef+l in a s+))ort ca)acity3 $+t it is +nli!ely to )rovi#e the ans"ers to the eAact H+estions $eing as!e# or )rovi#e the intricate #etail s)ecifically reH+ire#. 1eca+se of the #istinct lac! of relevant information regar#ing smo!ing $ans in license# )remises3 )rimary research "as con#+cte#. &he intention of this )rimary research is to i#entify g+est a"areness an# acce)tance of the )ro)ose# smo!ing $an an# eAamine c+rrent c+stomer $ehavio+r an# )re#icte# f+t+re $ehavio+r as regar#s smo!ing an# freH+ency of )+$ visits. &hese fin#ings "ill then $e com)are# to the )+$licanKs a"areness an# acce)tance of the smo!ing $an. &he research "ill )rovi#e a meas+re of the )erce)tion of ho" a )ro)ose# $an "ill affect $oth tra#e Cfinancial im)licationsD an# g+est $ehavio+r Csocial im)licationsD an# eAamine ho" )+$licans inten# to res)on# to s+ch meas+res. 9ace to face a#ministere# H+estionnaires "ere #istri$+te# over the co+rse of a "ee!en# in an# aro+n# the Portsmo+th area in ran#omly selecte# )+$s an# $ars. &his information can $e locate# in cha)ters 03 6 an# -.

    2.# $rief Inclusion


    On &+es#ay (4th 9e$r+ary 2006 the %overnment anno+nce# intentions to )ass legislation for a com)lete C$lan!etD smo!ing $an3 follo"ing a ma,ority vote of over 200. &his is significantly #ifferent to the )ro)ose# )artial $an that a#vocate# choice an# "hat this #issertation "as $ase# +)on. >+e to the timing an# amo+nt of "or! alrea#y com)lete#3 a #ecision "as ma#e to contin+e #es)ite recent #evelo)ments. Pilot H+estionnaires ha# alrea#y $een #istri$+te# an# analyse# an# final H+estionnaires "ere )rinte# an# "aiting to $e circ+late#. &here is a )otential o))ort+nity here for a f+t+re research s+$,ect an# ha# more time $een availa$le it "o+l# have $een interesting to eA)lore this aven+e.

    2.% Methodology for &rimary research


    One o$vio+s metho# of collection of )rimary #ata is thro+gh H+estionnaires. &his )rovi#es a 4,elatively cost effective means of o!taining information from a large sample C6ichar# &homas3 @+antitative Metho#s for 1+siness St+#iesD..

    Clar!3 Mona3 6iley3 Michael3 2il!ie3 =lla an# 2oo#3 6oy3 (..83 ,esearching and -riting .issertations in &ospitality and Tourism, *nternational &hom)son 1+siness Press3 'on#on3 P. .2 . &homas3 6ichar#3 (..-3 (uantitative $ethods for *usiness Studies, 9& Prentice Hall3 Harlo"3 P.4

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    &o con#+ct )rimary research it "as necessary to first i#entify the eAact ty)es of license# )remises * inten#e# to +se. #ecision "as ma#e to concentrate )re#ominantly on )+$s an# $ars. 6esta+rants "o+l# $e s+$,ect to a com)+lsory $an "here as )rivate mem$ers cl+$s "o+l# $enefit from o)erating an internal voting system. 8ightcl+$s "o+l# o$vio+sly remain com)letely smo!ing. &he $an "ill clearly affect the )+$ an# $ar tra#e most an# these are li!ely to inc+r the most significant im)act in terms of tra#e an# social rever$erations. )ilot H+estionnaire "as constr+cte# an# com)lete# $y ten colleag+es from +niversity CSee ))en#iA /D. &heir fee#$ac! "as then incor)orate# into the final H+estionnaire. See ))en#iA 4 for a#vice in H+estionnaire #esign. &"o H+estionnaires "ere #evise# 7 one for )+$ g+ests CSee ))en#iA 0D an# one for )+$lican? managers CSee ))en#iA 6D. Managers "ere s+rveye# as o))ose# to staff $eca+se these are the )eo)le res)onsi$le for ma!ing $+siness affecting #ecisions3 res)onsi$le for enforcing s+ch a $an an# are acco+nta$le for inc+rring the o+tcomes. nother f+rther o))ort+nity for st+#y "o+l# have $een to s+rvey the staff as "ell. P+$s "ere selecte# on a ran#om $asis. &he H+estions "ere #esigne# to #iscover )resent smo!ing )olicies an# the inten#e# reactions to the )ro)ose# $an in terms of ho" the )+$ "ill res)on# in a $+siness conteAt an# ho" g+ests are eA)ecte# to res)on# in terms of tra#e an# $ehavio+r 7 "hat "ill $e the social an# financial im)lications. &here "as also the intention to #iscover ho" the $an may affect f+t+re $+siness in terms of #eci#ing +)on the service of foo# or remaining smo!ing )ermitte# an# ho" in t+rn this may infl+ence tra#e. &he intention of c+stomer s+rveys "as to #iscover a"areness of the )ro)ose# $an3 c+rrent g+est $ehavio+r3 )ersonal res)onses to the %overnmentKs )ro)ose# $an an# ho" the $an may im)act on f+t+re c+stomer $ehavio+r 7 "hat are the li!ely s+$seH+ent conseH+ences an# o+tcomes from s+ch a $anN s+rvey "as )rovi#e# to the )+$lican?manager in every visite# )+$ an# a minim+m of five g+est H+estionnaires "ere #istri$+te# )er )+$3 to )ersons of age of eighteen or a$ove. &he H+estions "ere #esigne# to $e as sim)listic3 trans)arent an# +n#erstan#a$le to all3 +sing )lain lang+age an# an accessi$le format. &he ma,ority of H+estions "ere close# en#e# an# tic! $oAes )rovi#e# for ease of ans"ering an# analysis. ns"ers "ere m+lti)le7choice "ith an em)hasis on segmenting an# i#entifying g+est i#iosyncrasies an# $ehavio+rs3 as "ell as o)inion. &here "as also an a##itional )rovision for f+rther )ersonal comments an# contri$+tions. $asis3 regar#less of smo!ing inclination. ll g+ests "ere selecte# on a ran#om

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    2.' imitations of &rimary research


    ltho+gh )rimary research is $elieve# to $e the most effective an# re)resentative metho# of #ata collection3 there are )ro$lems an# constraints attache# to it E the most nota$le iss+es relating mainly to time3 costs an# access?availa$ility. &his research trie# to encom)ass as large a geogra)hical area as )ossi$le an# +se as many #ifferent ty)es of )+$s to attain the most realistic re)resentation. &he s+rvey is $oth in#icative an# re)resentative of the )eo)le an# )+$licans of Portsmo+th an# the s+rro+n#ing area3 ho"ever3 is limite# in terms that it #oes not consi#er the regional or national )ers)ective. Bariations an# anomalies may eAist $et"een cities3 regions an# co+nties. &he H+antity of res)on#ents may $e regar#e# as +nre)resentative an# limite# in sco)e. 1eca+se of time constraints only ninety three g+est s+rveys "ere com)lete# an# eighteen )+$s +se#. s more #ata +s+ally im)lies more relia$ility3 the efforts of ,+st one )erson "ill $e of limite# val+e CS"etnam3 P8/D(0. *t "o+l# have $een interesting to eAten# the $rea#th of this research $y eAamining the vie"s an# o)inions of a $roa#er range of esta$lishments3 not ,+st in terms of n+m$ers $+t $y encom)assing other ty)es of esta$lishment as "ell3 s+ch as hotels3 cl+$s an# resta+rants. ltho+gh #eci#e# against3 this is an area that co+l# )rovi#e interesting fee#$ac! an# a more holistic insight. *t "o+l# also have $een interesting an# greatly informative to intervie" )+$licans in areas alrea#y s+$,ect to similar legislation an# #iscover their o)inions to"ar#s s+ch meas+res3 ho" they have res)on#e# an# the s+$seH+ent res+lts of s+ch im)lications. 1eca+se of time an# geogra)hical constraints it "as #eci#e# against $+t remains a )otential area of st+#y.

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    S"etnam3 >3 20003 -riting /our .issertation3 &hir# =#ition3 Ho" to 1oo!s P+$lishers, OAfor#3 P. 8/

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    Chapter 3: Government White Paper, Choosing ealth!


    3.1 Introduction
    *n 2004 the 'a$o+r government )ro#+ce# a M2hite Pa)erK3 0hoosing &ealth# $aking &ealth 0hoices 1asier. &he )+r)ose of this )ro)osal "as to esta$lish the %overnmentKs aims an# inten#e# action to tac!le the ca+ses of ill health an# re#+ce ineH+ality. &he intention $ehin# Choosing Health $eing to )rovi#e information3 enco+ragement3 s+))ort an# )rovi#e the o))ort+nity an# tools )eo)le nee# to $e a$le to live a healthier lifestyle. &he )a)er sets o+t the 2ey principles for supporting the pu!lic to make more healthier and informed choices in regards to their health CMChoosing HealthK 2hite Pa)er3 20043 )age 6D(( . &he intention of this cha)ter is to eAamine the %overnment 2hite Pa)er5 Choosing Health53 i#entifying "hat it is3 "here it originate# an# the motivation $ehin# it3 to eA)lain the )ro)ose# recommen#ations an# the realistic feasi$ility of s+ch recommen#ations an# finally3 to )rovi#e an analysis of alternative sol+tions that "ere availa$le to the %overnment.

    3.2 (here has the (hite "a&er come from


    &he 2hite Pa)er 4Choosing Health5 "as create# in #irect res)onse to the 2anless 6e)ort3 Sec+ring %oo# Health for the 2hole Po)+lation C9e$r+ary 20023 retrieve# from """.hmEtreas+ry.gov.+!D(23 "hich concl+#e# that $etter )+$lic health meas+res co+l# improve population health and play a significant role in determining the future demand for and costs of health care. &he 2002 re)ort "arne# that +nless the nation $ecomes healthier3 8HS costs co+l# rise $y L/0 $illion $y 2020. 1et"een the /r# March an# 28th I+ne 2004 the %overnment res)on#e# $y la+nching local3 regional an# national cons+ltations an# s+rveys to #etermine )eo)leKs attit+#e to health )olicy 7 "hat )eo)le "o+l# fin# hel)f+l an# "hat "o+l# $e o$,ecte# to. MChoosing HealthK is the #irect o+tcome. &his is a range of )ro)osals to im)rove )+$lic health "hich res)on#s to the vie"s an# concerns eA)resse# $y the )eo)le 7 "hat is "ante# an# ho" the %overnment can assist to realise s+ch aims. &he 2hite Pa)er states +or this it is the pu!lic who have, for the first time, set the agenda and identified what 3+or their own good means, not -hitehall. They have made it clear where they want support, where they want to !e

    ((

    HM %overnment3 20043 0hoosing &ealth % $aking &ealthier 0hoices 1asier, >e)artment of Health3 P+$lishe# $y &he Stationary Office3 8or"ich3 P6. (2 2anless3 >3 9e$r+ary 20023 -anless ,eport# Securing )ood &ealth for the -hole opulation, Para ..((3 6etrieve# on the 22n# 8ovem$er 20003 from """.hmEtreas+ry.gov.+!?)olicy?"anless0402.html

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    left alone !y )overnment and where they want )overnment to intervene. They have also made clear that they want to see change, CChoosing Health =Aec+tive S+mmary3 P. 2D(/. &he reaction "as +n)rece#ente# "ith (003000 res)onses $eing receive#3 the >e)artment of Health receiving (000 s+$missions from in#ivi#+als alone 7 +nhear# of for a 2hite Pa)er.

    3.3 )easons behind *+hoosing ,ealth- (hite "a&er


    &here have $een significant im)rovements ma#e to health an# life eA)ectancy in =nglan# over the last cent+ry3 "ith )eo)le no" living longer than ever $efore. chil# $orn to#ay is li!ely to live nine an# a half years longer than in (.48 "hen the 8HS "as esta$lishe# C2hite Pa)er Choosing Health3 P .D(4. &here are many contri$+ting reasons +n#er)inning this3 s+ch as3 social an# "elfare im)rovements3 a $etter an# more sta$le economic climate allo"ing raise# stan#ar#s of living3 im)rove# e#+cation3 $etter n+trition3 $etter ho+sing an# )rovision of other state $enefits an# a noticea$le re#+ction in #iseases an# illnesses that are no" c+ra$le an# )reventa$le than!s to a#vances in mo#ern me#icine an# the care )rovi#e#. >es)ite s+ch )ivotal a#vancements ne" illnesses have emerge# an# other #iseases have $ecome more )revalent in to#ayKs society. >eaths from cancers3 Coronary Heart >isease an# stro!e have all $ecome significantly more freH+ent an# #evastating3 acco+nting for +) to t"o thir#s of all #eaths3 many of "hich are avoi#a$le3 C2hite Pa)er Choosing Health3 P(0D(0. &his #ramatic shift from infectio+s to chronic #iseases as the main ca+ses of #eath over the last cent+ry can $e o$serve# from the $elo" gra)h3 ta!en from the Office of 8ational Statistics Ccite# "ithin Choosing Health3 20043 P..D(6.

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    HM %overnment3 20043 0hoosing &ealth % $aking &ealthier 0hoices 1asier, >e)artment of Health3 P+$lishe# $y &he Stationary Office3 8or"ich3 P.2 (4 HM %overnment3 20043 0hoosing &ealth % $aking &ealthier 0hoices 1asier, >e)artment of Health3 P+$lishe# $y &he Stationary Office3 8or"ich3 P. . (0 HM %overnment3 20043 0hoosing &ealth % $aking &ealthier 0hoices 1asier, >e)artment of Health3 P+$lishe# $y &he Stationary Office3 8or"ich3 P. (0 (6 HM %overnment3 20043 0hoosing &ealth % $aking &ealthier 0hoices 1asier, >e)artment of Health3 P+$lishe# $y &he Stationary Office3 8or"ich3 P. .

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    #hi"t "rom In"ectious to Chronic $iseases o" $eath over the last century
    40 Percentage o" total deaths 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 1 Infectiuos diseases Circulatory diseases Cancer 14 5 25 25 1990 -Total Deaths for England and ales ! 58"#830 2000 - Total Deaths for England and ales ! 503#02$ 38

    &o im)rove this sit+ation 4Choosing Health5 "as commissione#. &here are ten !ey areas "hich +n#er)in the )riorities an# )rinci)les "ithin MChoosing HealthK3 these are: cci#ents lcohol

    >iet an# n+trition *neH+alities Mental "ell$eing O$esity Physical activity SeA+al activity S+$stance mis+se &o$acco an# smo!ing 9or a more information on Choosing Health3 )lease see ))en#iA -. Clearly the %overnment "ish to em)hasise the significant #angers an# costs associate# "ith smo!ing an# to$acco. One of the more controversial )lans o+tline# in MChoosing HealthK is that of a )ro)ose# smo!ing $an in )+$lic an# license# )remises. &his #issertation foc+ses on the )+$lic )erce)tion of this iss+e.

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    Smo!ing is the single $iggest )reventa$le ca+se of ill7health to#ay C9rie#en3 2000D(-. &here are )resently over thirteen million smo!ers in the co+ntry C""".!ingsf+n#.org.+!D(83 an estimate# 24 O of the :; )o)+lation3 an# the statistics on smo!ing relate# #eaths3 $elo"3 em)hasise the +rgent nee# for action on smo!ing "ithin =nglan#: &he 8HS claim that 863000 )eo)le #ie every year as a res+lt of smo!ing ))roAimately 2/0 smo!ing relate# #eaths occ+r every #ay in =nglan# 62O of smo!ing relate# #eaths occ+r in men3 com)are# to /8O in "omen re)ort in 2002 $y the 1ritish Me#ical ssociation fo+n# that 800 )eo)le in =nglan# #ie each year as a res+lt of )assive smo!ing. C&a!en from """.$iJe#.ac.+!?c+rrent?leis+reD(. &he ris!s associate# "ith smo!ing have $een !no"n a$o+t for over fifty years3 "ith scientific evi#ence acc+m+lating since the (.40s. &he list of #iseases an# other health )ro$lems is eAtensive an# contin+ally eA)an#ing. See ))en#iA 8 for list of associate# cancers.
    20

    ccor#ing to the 2orl# Health

    Organisation C(...D 3 smo!ing is res)onsi$le for the ca+se of 20 fatal #iseases. &he same organisation contin+es to s+ggest that smo!ing "ill have ca+se# 62 million #eaths $et"een (.00 an# 2000 in #evelo)e# co+ntries. &he 2orl# 1an! C0ur!ing the 1pidemic# )overnments and 1conomics of To!acco 0ontrol (...D2( )ro)ose that to$acco is the sole ca+se of fo+r million )remat+re #eaths every year an# that on c+rrent tren#s $y 20/0 this fig+re co+l# reach ten million #eaths )er year3 one in siA of all a#+lt #eaths )er year. &he %overnment arg+e that their )ro)osals lai# o+t in 4Choosing Health5 )rovi#e a sensi$le $alance $et"een in#ivi#+alKs rights to eAercise free choice com)are# to the rights of the )+$lic not to $e s+$,ecte# to intolera$le smo!y )+$lic environments. &he )a)er contin+es to em)hasise the #angers an# #amage ca+se# $y smo!ing to health3 not ,+st to the in#ivi#+al smo!er $+t also to others3 thro+gh )assive smo!ing. Passive smo!ing Calso !no"n as =nvironmental &o$acco Smo!e or Secon# Han# Smo!eD is sim)ly the $reathing in of other )eo)leKs to$acco smo!e. *t com)rises 4si#estream5 smo!e from the $+rning ti) of the cigarette an# 4mainstream smo!e5 that has $een inhale# an# then eAhale# $y the smo!er. Si#e stream smo!e acco+nts for nearly 80O of smo!e in a room C(4'# Smoking *an. The )overnment is e5pected to *an Smoking in $ost 1nclosed u!lic 'reas3 2004D22. Secon# han# to$acco smo!e contains more than fo+r tho+san# toAins3 more than 40 of "hich are !no"n carcinogens Cca+ses of
    (-

    9rie#en3 &.63 Mostashari3 93 ;er!er3 1.>3 Miller3 83 Ha,at3 3 9ran!el3 M3 20003 4'dult To!acco 6se "evels 'fter Intensive To!acco 0ontrol $easures# 7ew /ork 0ity, merican Io+rnal of P+$lic Health3 8o. .03 *ss+e 63 (0(6 E (02/ (8 4 u!lic &ealth % .elight at $ s 8ote on Smoking, 6etrieve# 2/r# 8ovem$er 2000 from """.!ingsf+n#.org.+!?ne"s?$riefing?)+$licPhealth.html (. 4The +inal .rag# 1ngland to *an Smoking in u!lic laces3 )+$lishe# 22n# 8ovem$er 20043 )aragra)h (03 6etrieve# 20th Octo$er 2000 from """.$iJe#.ac.+!?c+rrent?leis+re 20 2orl# Health Organisation3 (...3 -orld &ealth ,eport 9:::, 6etrieve# on (-th 8ovem$er 2000 from """."ho.int?"hr?200(?archives?(...?en?in#eA.htm 2( &he 2orl# 1an! C0ur!ing the 1pidemic# )overnments and 1conomics of To!acco 0ontrol (...

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    cancerD an# many are strong irritants Cof the nose3 s!in3 eyes an# l+ng tiss+eD C""".$ma.org.+!D2/. See ))en#iA . for a list of toAins containe# in to$acco. &he effects of inhaling =&S can $e locate# in ))en#iA (0. =A)os+re is clearly #angero+s. &he ;ey message from the Scientific Committee on &o$acco an# Health CSCO&HD 6e)ort (..8 "as that Secon# Han# Smo!e ca+ses serio+s health )ro$lems3 s+ch as l+ng cancer3 chil#hoo# res)iratory #isease3 ischemic heart #isease3 s+##en infant #eath syn#rome3 mi##le ear #isease an# chil#hoo# asthma. &he s+$seH+ent recommen#ations "ere that restrictions on smo!ing in )+$lic )laces an# "or! )laces are necessary to )rotect non7smo!ers. &his "as f+rther s+))orte# $y a follo" +) re)ort in 8ovem$er 20043 "hich concl+#e# that 4Second ; hand smoke represents a su!stantial pu!lic health ha<ard3 See ))en#iA (( for more 9in#ings. &he effects "ere f+rther s+$stantiate# $y Professor ;onra# IamroJi! of :niversity of @+eenslan# "ho estimate# that eA)os+re to secon# han# smo!e in the "or!)lace ca+ses 04 )remat+re #eaths each year amongst hos)itality em)loyees 7 more than one a "ee! C""".$m,.org.+!D 24. Ho"ever3 #es)ite o$vio+s ris!3 Sim)son3 CTo!acco# u!lic erception and the ,ole of the Industry, 200/D203 arg+es that many )eo)le serio+sly +n#erestimate the magnit+#e of s+ch associate# health ris!s. Organisations s+ch as 9ree#om Organisation for the 6ight to =n,oy Smo!ing &o$acco C9O6=S&D3 largely f+n#e# $y the to$acco in#+stry3 on the other han#3 ref+te s+ch claims )rotesting that 4&he i#ea that )eo)le are #ying in their h+n#re#s or even tho+san#s from )assive smo!ing is a myth $ase# on estimates3 calc+lations an# statistics "hich are in t+rn $ase# on eAtremely #+$io+s research53 Simon Clar!3 #irector of 9O6=S& C""".ne"svote.$$c.co.+!D26. &he gro+) also vehemently re,ect the SCO&H re)ort claiming that the research is fla"e#3 false an# inconcl+sive. Previo+s %overnments have ma#e vario+s attem)ts to tac!le this iss+e $+t have $een +ns+ccessf+l in im)lementation an# effect. &he Conservative )arty la+nche# 4Health of the 8ation5 2hite Pa)er in (..2 an# the 'a$o+r %overnment release# 4O+r Healthier 8ation5 %reen Pa)er an# 4Smo!ing ;ills5 2hite Pa)er in (..8. &he intention of 4Smo!ing ;ills5 "as to increase a"areness an# re#+ce the (203000 smo!ing relate# #eaths )er year C4Smo!ing ;ills5 2hite Pa)er3 (..83 Cha)ter -D2-. s )art of the to$acco control
    22

    (4'# Smoking *an. The )overnment is e5pected to *an Smoking in $ost 1nclosed u!lic 'reas 3 20043 Paragra)h (.3 retrieve# on 22n# Octo$er 2000 from """.ne"s.$$c.co.+!?go?)r?fr?health?me#ical 2/ 1ritish Me#ical ssociation3 *riefing 7ote on *an on Smoking in u!lic laces, retrieve# on 28th Octo$er 20003 from """.$ma.org.+!3?a).nsf?content?nismo!ing$an 24 2illmore3 *an3 P+$lishe# (/th May 20003 4Smoke +ree "aw 15pected in (ueens Speech3 6etrieve# 28th 8ovem$er 2000 from """.$m,.org.+! 20 >avi# Sim)son C&o$acco: P+$lic Perce)tion an# the 6ole of the *n#+stry3 200/ 26 4Smoke % +ree "aw would Save "ives, 6etrieve# on the 28th 8ovem$er 2000 from """.ne"svote.$$c.co.+!?m)a))s?)agetools?ne"s 2HM %overnment3 (..83 Smoking 2ills; ' -hite aper on To!acco, Para (.(3 6etrieve# on the 28th 8ovem$er 2000 from """.archive.officialE#oc+ments.co.+!?#oc+ment?cm4(?4(--?cha)E0-.htm

    (8

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    )olicy3 a P+$lic Places Charter "as la+nche# in con,+nction "ith the hos)itality in#+stry to )rogressively im)rove the )rovision of smo!e free areas an# air H+ality thro+gh vol+ntary means. main feat+re of the charter "as that )ros)ective c+stomers co+l# ma!e informe# choice as to "hich ven+e they chose to )atronise thro+gh a#o)tion of in#+stry s)onsore# $a#ge scheme. &argets "ere set an# )rogress monitore#. Progress in this area has $een slo" an# #isa))ointing3 ho"ever3 "ith an in#e)en#ent eval+ation in 200/ re)orting that 4=nly >?@ of pu!s had formal written smoking policy and appropriate signage C&he P+$lic Places Charter on Smo!ing: *n#+stry Progress 6e)ort 20043 P.-D28. &he vol+ntary an# self reg+lating a))roach3 therefore3 clearly #oes not "or!. &his is a vie" s+))orte# $y I+lian Sargeson3 Chief =Aec+tive of 'a+rel P+$ Com)any3 "ho arg+es that the )+$ tra#e have ha# )lenty of time to react $+t )ace of change has $een too slo" CCaterer an# Hotel!ee)er MagaJineD2.. &his has le# to increase# )ress+re for legislation to $an smo!ing in )+$lic )laces. &he 1ritish Me#ical ssociation recommen#ing that 4'egislation sho+l# $e intro#+ce# as soon as )ossi$le as there is no safe level of eA)os+re to secon# han# smo!e53 C&o"ar#s Smo!e 9ree P+$lic Places3 ta!en from """.$ma.org.+!D/0. Similarly a re)ort $y the Office of &o$acco Control an# Health an# Safety +thority C*relan#D concl+#e# that 15posure to to!acco smoke ha<ards can !est !e controlled !y legislation in workplaces5 C""".smo!efreeat"or!.ie?site?faHs.as)D/(. 4Choosing Health5 em)hasises that the aim is to achieve more of an im)act than )revio+s attem)ts thro+gh action as o))ose# to merely setting targets. &he 2hite Pa)er 4Choosing Health5 em)hasises the im)ortance of informe#3 in#ivi#+al choice as o))ose# to 48anny State5 controls3 eAce)t "here one )ersonKs actions may ca+se #etriment or n+isance to others. &he %overnment arg+e they have a legitimate right to ma!e a #ecision on $ehalf of everyone "hen there is +nH+estiona$le evi#ence em)hasising the #angers to others from +nhealthy $ehavio+r. &he ,+stification )ro)ose# for $anning smo!ing in license# )remises an# "or!)laces is to )rotect the "elfare of others3 $+t eAce)tions for some )+$s an# )rivate cl+$s have $een )rovi#e# to allo" some #egree of choice for smo!ers. &o vie" the )ro)ose# im)lementations see ))en#iA (2. arg+ments $oth for an# against a $an can also $e locate# "ithin ))en#iA(/. syno)sis of

    28

    &he P+$lic Places Charter on Smo!ing: *n#+stry Progress 6e)ort 20043 P.-3 6etrieve# 22n# 8ovem$er 2000 from """.smo!ingcharter.org?)#f?in#+stryre)ort?)#f 2. >r+ce3 Chris3 (0th Se)tem$er 20003 Its too "ate to +ight *an on Smoking3 Caterer an# Hotel!ee)er MagaJine3 P. (2 /0 4Towards Smoke +ree u!lic laces3 6etrieve# on the 22n# 8ovem$er 2000 from """.$ma.org.+!?a).nsf?content?smo!efree /( Smo!e 9ree at 2or!3 20003 +requently 'sked (uestions, retrieve# on 2(st Ian+ary 20063 from """.smo!efreeat"or!.ie?site?faHs.as)

    (.

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    3.4 Other o&tions available to the .overnment


    1efore the 2hite Pa)er MSmo!ing ;illsK in (..83 the %overnment has loo!e# at a n+m$er of attem)ts to avoi# intro#+cing legislation to com$at this iss+e. Several alternative sol+tions eAiste#3 ho"ever3 regar#less of the co+rse of action #eci#e# +)on3 there "ill al"ays $e in#ivi#+als an# gro+)s +nsatisfie# or vehemently o))ose# to the final #ecision. Other sol+tions incl+#e#: &he Bol+ntary o)tion 7 cce)t the P+$lic Places Charter ne" )ro)osals. &he res+lts have )rove# to $e #isa))ointing so far an# the 2anless 6e)ort 2002 state# s+ch an a))roach "o+l# only have limite# effect. &he 'ocal O)tion 7 local co+ncils co+l# $e given ne" )o"ers to ma!e #ecisions regar#ing smo!ing as a))ro)riate. &his "o+l# increase reg+latory costs an# ca+se inconsistency $et"een cities. 'egislation "o+l# also $e grante# to control =&S in in#oor )remises. =Aem)ting )+$s 7 Consi#eration for eAem)ting "et le# Cma,ority #rin! salesD from any ne" la". &his "o+l# leave $ar staff eA)ose# to the #angers of secon# han# smo!e. 8ational legislation E to ma!e all in#oor )+$lic )laces com)letely smo!e free C"ith or "itho+t eAem)tionD. 9or more information )lease see ))en#iA (4. =ach of these "as #eeme# +nsatisfactory. &he most feasi$le has $een recognise# as a )artial $an that em)hasises choice3 #es)ite $eing met "ith contention from $oth si#es of the arg+ment. &he &o$acco Man+fact+res ssociation claims it is a restriction of smo!erKs free#om of choice an# 4&ram)le# on the 1ritish tra#ition of a fag an# a )int53 "here as Simon Clar!3 #irector of 9O6=S&3 sai# MPs have no right to force )eo)le to H+it $y ma!ing it more #iffic+lt to cons+me a legal )ro#+ct5 CM+llhollan# an# 1atty3 &he %+ar#ianD/2. On the other si#e of the arg+ment 1o$ Cotton $elieves it is a misse# o))ort+nity3 arg+ing: ' total !an would have $een perfectly consistent with medical opinion. It would have raised fewer o!Aections. There would !e less confusion and the industry throughout the 62 would have !een on an equal footing C9re"in3 Caterer an# Hotel!ee)er MagaJineD//. =ach o)tion )rovi#es a range of )otential costs an# $enefits $+t only time "ill tell "hich metho# is the most a))lica$le. =vi#ence from other co+ntries may )rovi#e a#vice3 s+))ort an# str+ct+re on the $est metho#s3 ho" to s+ccessf+lly im)lement s+ch action an# )rovi#e information regar#ing the financial an# social im)lications enco+ntere#.
    /2

    M+llhollan#3 Helene an# 1atty3 >avi#3 4@ an# : Smo!ing 1an53 Para (03 6etrieve# (0th Ian+ary 20063 from """.ga+r#ian.co.+!?0330/2(((22.html // 9re"in3 ngela3 /r# 8ovem$er 20003Smoking *ill 'ttracts +ire, Caterer an# Hotel!ee)er MagaJine3 P. .

    20

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    Co+)le# "ith gro"ing health concerns an# me#ia attention3 litigation in the :S an# +stralia eA)ose# to$acco com)anies an# highlighte# evi#ence )roving that smo!ing act+ally ca+se# #isease C""".$iJe#.ac.+!?c+rrent?leis+re D/4. &his res+lte# in the intro#+ction of a com)lete $lan!et $an in )+$lic )laces in many merican states an# $ro+ght glo$al attention to the e)i#emic3 #eman#ing +rgent reH+irement for meas+res to $e intro#+ce#. &his has acte# as a catalyst3 enco+raging many co+ntries to a#o)t an# intro#+ce their o"n smo!ing $ans an# to$acco control meas+res3 some of these are eAamine# neAt.

    /4

    4The +inal .rag# 1ngland to *an Smoking in u!lic laces3 )+$lishe# 22n# 8ovem$er 20043 )aragra)h (/3 6etrieve# 20th Octo$er 2000 from """.$iJe#.ac.+!?c+rrent?leis+re?2004P0?22((04.html

    2(

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    Chapter %: &iterature 'evie( ) *he Glo+al Perspective


    4.1 Introduction
    =nglan# is not the first to initiate legislative smo!ing $ans an# follo"ing c+rrent tren#s "ill not $e the last. &his #issertation "ill no" contin+e to eAamine the international conteAt of to$acco control $y eA)loring the efforts im)lemente# $y other co+ntries attem)ting to tac!le the )ro$lem.

    4.2/eed for Action


    Smo!ing is #escri$e# $y 9reathy C2004D/0 as 4' glo!al pro!lem with serious consequences for pu!lic health5. &his is s+))orte# $y San#for# C200/D/6 "ho arg+es that "ith an ever gro"ing catalog+e of associate# illnesses an# conseH+ential health im)acts3 all governments have an inherent #+ty to #o all "ithin their )o"ers to )rotect the "elfare of their citiJens $y #isco+raging to$acco +se. Since the early (.00Ks the )ro)ortion of smo!ers has $een noticea$ly #ecreasing CHill3 (..8D/-. >es)ite s+ch a significant #ecline in smo!ing rates over the last fe" #eca#es3 the to$acco e)i#emic is set to contin+e to #ominate the 2(st Cent+ry +nless #rastic action is +n#erta!en $y governments an# international agencies to reme#y the sit+ation CCoA et al3 2002D/8. Co+)le# "ith health concerns3 it has no" $ecome increasingly socially +nacce)ta$le for in#ivi#+als to smo!e "hen others chose not to. &h+s3 as C+th$ert et al C(...D/. $elieve3 smo!ing has conseH+ently $ecome an iss+e that sho+l# $e rogressively circumscri!ed, prefera!ly through government intervention. 1ennett C2004D403 on the other han#3 arg+es3 conversely3 that the i#ea of an o+tright smo!ing $an is often emotive $eca+se health concerns an# #esire for a smo!e free environment are ,+Ata)ose# to an in#ivi#+alKs right to smo!e. &he H+estion of "hether an im)ose# smo!ing $an removes in#ivi#+alKs f+n#amental right of choice an# is an encroachment of h+man rights is hotly #e$ate#. Pro)onents for legislative $ans3 on the other han#3 arg+e there are no negative as)ects to smo!ing $ans. ccor#ing to the 1M the sit+ation in other co+ntries "hich have im)lemente# s+ch meas+res )rovi#es only $enefits. &he organisation )ro)ose that the sit+ation in 8e" For! an# *relan# sho" s+ch

    /0

    9reathy3 P3 C2004D3 The -ho and To!acco 0ontrol# Implications for the Travel ,etail Sector3 *nternational Io+rnal of 6etail an# >istri$+tion Management3 Bol. /23 8o. 03 P.202 E 208 /6 San#for#3 man#a3 200/3 4)overnment action to reduce smoking, 6es)iratory3 Bol. 83 P./Hill3 C3 (..83 Trends in To!acco Smoking and 0onsequences on &ealth in +rance3 Io+rnal of Preventative Me#icine3 Bol. 2-3 8o./(3 P.0(4 E 0(. /8 CoA3 H3 2illiams3 I an# <immet3 P3 20003 4.ecreasing revalence of 0igarette Smoking in the $iddle Income 0ountry of $auritius 3 1ritish Me#ical Io+rnal3 8o./2( P/40 E /4. /. C+th$ert3 'ynsey3 8ic!son3 >ennis3 (...3 Smoking in the ,estaurant Industry# Time for a !anB, *nternational Io+rnal of Contem)orary Hos)itality Management3 8o. ((3 *ss+e (3 P./( 7 /6 40 1ennett3 63 20043 rime $inister !acks pu!lic places smoking !an, &he &imes3 0th I+ne 20043 P2

    22

    Hemis: 222428

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    )olicies #o not harm $+siness3 #o not cost ,o$s3 are )o)+lar3 enco+rage )eo)le to H+it an# they )rotect health an# save lives C""".ne"sEme#ical.netD4(. Most co+nties have im)lemente# some form of action $+t these vary in severity an# lac! contin+ity3 ranging from "ea! meas+res s+ch as self reg+lation an# the vol+ntary a))roach thro+gh to com)rehensive to$acco control legislation.

    4.3 0alling trends in the 1112s3 45 hos&itality sector


    &he hos)itality sector )rovi#es ,o$s for aro+n# 0003000 )eo)le an# a t+rnover of over L20 $illion in the :; every year CMintel 4=ating O+t 6e)ort3 (... as cite# $y 'am$ert3 2002D42. &he "hole in#+stry has3 ho"ever3 eA)erience# #iffic+lt tra#ing over the last five years. stea#y #ecline has $een note# in the n+m$er of )+$s3 from -23-28 in (..0 to -0340. in 2000 CPratten3 200/D4/.&his has $een notice# most significantly in the free in#e)en#ent sector3 "ho str+ggle to com)ete on $oth )rice an# H+ality of facilities com)are# to large chains. Ma,or changes have also $een note# in leis+re $ehavio+rs. Peo)le are more )re)are# to save for foreign holi#ays to#ay an# home entertainment has $ecome increasingly )o)+lar. Pratten a##s that a greater variety of ta!ea"ay foo#s an# lo"er )rices at off licenses ? s+)ermar!ets has res+lte# in a fall in +se of license# )remises. 2hethers)oons3 "ho have $+ilt their tra#e on lo" )rices3 have recently conce#e# that they can no longer com)ete "ith s+)ermar!ets at 80) a )int. Contrastingly3 )o)+larity of foo# in )+$s is no" soaring3 "ith an estimate# one $illion meals serve# )er year C""".$eeran#)+$.comD44. Some 80O of all 1ritish )+$s no" offer foo# com)are# to half this in the (..0s. 2ith an im)en#ing )artial smo!ing $an )lanne#3 H+estions over ho" this "ill im)act on tra#e are $eing as!e#. More )eo)le are staying at home to #rin! ? socialise3 "hilst at the same time )o)+larity of foo# in )+$s is increasing. Smo!ing rates in =nglan# have $een )rove# to $e ra)i#ly #eclining3 from 28O in (..8 to 20O in 200/3 "ith the %overnment aiming for a target of 2(O $y 20(0 C""".statistics.gov.+!D40. >oes this therefore signify the en# of the tra#itional smo!ing )+$3 many regar# as a 1ritish instit+tionN nother concern raise# is that of the affect on the resta+rant in#+stry from s+ch )ro)ose# meas+res. re)ort $y the 6esta+rant ssociation C""".caterer.comD46 claime# that s+ch a $an co+l# res+lt in a net #ecrease of L/46 million for the in#+stry "ith )eo)le o)ting to eat in )+$s as o))ose# to resta+rants.
    4(

    1ritish Me#ical ssociation3 20th +g+st 20003 -hat ossi!le 'rgument is there for 7ot Implementing a Total *an, retrieve# on the 2(st >ecem$er 20003 from """.ne"sE me#ical.net?)rintParticle.as)Ni#Q(2-04 42 Mintel (...3 1ating =ut ,eport as cite# $y 'am$ert3 83 >i$s#all3 ' an# 9re"er3 '3 20023 oor .iet and smoking# The !ig killers3 1ritish 9oo# Io+rnal3 Bol. (043 8o.(3 P.6/ 7 -0 4/ Pratten3 I.>3 200/3 Smoking policies in 62 pu!s# ' !usiness opportunity, *nternational Io+rnal of Contem)orary Hos)itality Management3 Bol.(03 8o.23 P.(20 E (20 44 1ritish 1eer an# P+$ ssociation3 200/3 *eer and u! *asic +acts, retrieve# on the 2n# 8ovem$er 20003 from """.$eeran#)+$.com?content.as)Ni#PcontentQ-04Ri#Pcontentty)eQ( 40 Office of 8ational Statistics3 20003 )eneral &ousehold Survey ,esults, retrieve# on the 20th 8ovem$er 2000 from """.statistics.gov.+!

    2/

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    S+ch a $an may have #etrimental conseH+ences on $oth sectors. *t may enco+rage )+$s to sto) serving foo# to allo" smo!ing or may re#irect resta+rant tra#e to foo# serving )+$s. =vi#ence from the international conteAt may )rovi#e insight into the im)acts of s+ch legislation. t )resent3 fo+r co+ntries have nation "i#e la"s )rohi$iting smo!ing in enclose# )laces incl+#ing $ars an# resta+rants3 com)rising *relan# C2.th March 2004D3 8or"ay CI+ne 2004D3 8e" <ealan# C>ecem$er 2004D an# 1h+tan CMarch 2000D. 9or a com)lete list of international efforts to com$at smo!ing )lease see ))en#iA (0.

    4.4 International 6obacco control and regulation


    Ireland
    On March 2.th 2004 the 6e)+$lic of *relan# intro#+ce# +n)rece#ente# legislation3 )rohi$iting smo!ing in all "or!)laces3 incl+#ing all $ars an# resta+rants3 th+s $ecoming the first co+ntry in the "orl# to intro#+ce a com)lete $lan!et $an. &he motivation $ehin# the $an "as to )rotect the health an# safety of the "or!ers an# )+$lic from toAic =&S an# to tac!le the +nacce)ta$le level of smo!ing relate# cancer an# health )ro$lems in *relan#. =ach year -3000 )eo)le #ie as a #irect res+lt of smo!ing relate# illnesses3 (60 of these "or!ing in hos)itality C""".#oh.ieD 4>es)ite initial fears )rior to the $an regar#ing enforcement an# )olicing3 "ith concerns of increase# confrontation3 aggression an# violence3 these have )rove# to $e +nfo+n#e#. Other concerns that the $an "o+l# $e flo+te# an# ignore# have $een )rove# +n,+stifie#3 Iames Helm C""".$$c.ne"s.co.+!D483 re)orting that a#herence is )ositive3 "ith most smo!ers a#o)ting a )ragmatic vie" an# vent+ring o+tsi#e to smo!e. 9ines of +) to /000 e+ros are iss+e# to those choosing to #isregar# the $an. &he meas+res have $een haile# a ma,or s+ccess C""".+nison.org.+!D 4. "ith cigarette sales falling an# )+$lic s+))ort for the $an #ramatically increasing. cce)tance has $een high3 "ith re)orts sho"ing that legislation has $ecome more )o)+lar )ost intro#+ction of the $an3 research mar!ing the first anniversary fo+n# that .6 of )eo)le $elieve# the la" "as s+ccessf+l3 incl+#ing 8.O of smo!ers. 9or more information )lease see ))en#iA (6 R (61.

    46

    &he 6esta+rant ssociation3 (..83 The otential 1conomic Impact of a Smoking *an in ,estaurants retrieve# on the 2(st >ecem$er 20003 from """.caterer.com?search?ecim)act?restasso.html 4>e)artment of Health *relan# "e$site3 20043 Smoke 2ey, retrieve# on the 2n# 8ovem$er 2000 from """.#oh.ie?)+$licationssmo!e!ey.html 48 11C 8e"s3 Helm3 I3 20003 ' To!acco Tale of Two 0ities, 6etrieve# on the 20th 8ovem$er 2000 from """.ne"svote.$$c.co.+!?m)a))s?)agetools?)rint?ne"s?(?hi?scotlan#?4/./04-.stm 4. :nison3 20003 Smoke free 1lements of &ealth Improvement and rotection *ill, retrieve# on the 20th 8ovem$er 20003 from """.+nison.org.+!

    24

    Hemis: 222428

    March 2006

    s 2a!efiel# et al C(...D00 comments3 fears of loss of $+siness an# catastro)hic economic o+tcomes are the ma,or hesitations $ehin# im)lementing smo!ing $ans for )+$licans. 6e)orts an# research3 ho"ever3 sho" that negative im)acts are not as significant as antici)ate#3 often res+lting in a ne+tral or )ositive o+tcome. *n *relan#3 &he 'icense# Bintners ssociation arg+es that fears regar#ing a negative economic im)act have $een realise# "ith a noticea$le fall in alcohol sales. Official statistics s+ggest that the vol+me of $ar sales fell $y (./O in the first three months $+t this "as against a $ac!#ro) of #eclining sales $efore the $an C""".clearingtheairscotlan#.comD0(. &he *relan# 6etail Sales *n#eA CCentral Statistics Office "e$siteD02 sho"s a #ecline in $ar sales vol+me since 200(3 #eclining 4.2O in 200/ an# 4.4O in 2004. =conomic analysts )ro)ose the c+rrent #o"n"ar# tren# is $eca+se of a n+m$er of factors incl+#ing high )rices3 changing lifestyles ? #rin!ing ha$its an# shifting #emogra)hic )atterns CSmo!eEfree "or!)laces in *relan#3 2000D0/. Most recently the Mi#"ee! Heral# re)orte# that #es)ite s+ch a )recario+s start3 )rofits have starte# to rise again an# $ar sales are no" sho"ing an increase of over 0O C""".mi#"ee!heral#.co.ie D04. One interesting economic o+tcome from *relan#Ks eA)erience is that of smo!e comm+ters3 "ith Herlihy C2004D00 re)orting that in the $or#er regions3 $ars in the 6O* have lost tra#e to 8orthern *slan#. =lse"here $ar sales have not altere# significantly3 ho"ever3 changes in cons+mer $ehavio+r have $een re)orte#3 as note# $y ;ro)) et al C2000D06. Smo!ers often move on to another )+$ after going o+tsi#e to smo!e. 6e)orts of less time an# money s)ent in each )+$ have $een co+nter $alance# "ith arg+ments that smo!ers are #rin!ing more as it is a"!"ar# or anti social to go o+tsi#e. ma,or significant affect s+ggeste# to $e relate# to the $an is that the most recent CSO C""".cso.ieD0#ata on to+rism an# travel sho"s a /.2O increase in visitors to *relan# in 2004 com)are# to 200/. &his may have something to #o "ith the a#vertising cam)aign )+$licans la+nche# in res)onse to the $an3 i#entifying a mar!et o))ort+nity3 "ith the slogan 4&he atmos)here ,+st got $etter5.

    00

    2a!efiel#3 M3 6o$erts3 '3 Millar3 C3 20043 erceptions of the 1ffect of an Impending ,estaurant Smoking *an on .ining =ut 15perience3 Io+rnal of Preventative Me#icine3 Bol. 2.3 P. 0/ E 06 0( Clearing the ir Scotlan#3 20003 1stimates of economic impact of the regulation of smoking in pu!lic places in Scotland3 retrieve# 22n# Ian+ary 2006 from """.clearingtheaircomscotlan#.com?facts?economicEim)act.html 02 Central Statistics Office3 6etail Sales *n#eA3 retrieve# on .th Ian+ary 20063 from """.cso.ie?releases)+$lications?)rPservices.html 0/ Office of &o$acco Control3 4Smoke +ree -orkplaces in Ireland3 March 20003 O&C P+$lications3 *relan#3 P.(0 04 Mi#"ee! Heral#3 -th March 20063 Smoking *an will 7ot +orce u! 0losures, retrieve# on the 2(st March 20063 from """.mi#"ee!heral#.co.ie?ne"s?story.as)AN$ran#Qm#onlinean#catering 00 Herlihy3 S3 6th I+ne3 20043 *utts =utCand so the Aury3 S+n#ay &ri$+ne3 P.. 06 ;ro))3 93 'avac!3 3M3 Hol#en3 S3I3 20003 Smoker and *eer .rinkers# 8alues and 0onsumer Suscepti!ility to Interpersonal Influence3 Io+rnal of Cons+mer Mar!eting3 Bol. (63 8o. 63 P0/6 E 000Central Statistics Office3 P+$lishe# 9e$r+ary 20003 &ravel an# &o+rism3 retrieve# on the .th Ian+ary 20063 from """.cso.ie?releases)+$lications?)rPto+rism.html

    20

    Hemis: 222428

    March 2006

    ,or(ay
    s of (st I+ne 2004 a national $an in resta+rants3 $ars an# cafes has $een im)ose#. &he ,+stification "as to )rotect staff from )assive smo!ing an# to 4>enormalise5 smo!ing as a social )astime. >es)ite a )ac!et of cigarettes costing -0 ;roner CL6D an# a#vertising $eing $anne# for thirty years3 one in three 8or"egians still smo!e an# a noticea$le rise in to$acco relate# #eaths has $een eA)erience# recently. >ata availa$le has reveale# only minor im)acts inc+rre# an# these have $een acco+nte# to the initial insta$ility of the settling in )erio#3 "ith a 6O #ecrease in sales of $eers from $re"eries offset $y a 2.8O increase in sales to s+)ermar!ets. 8o change has $een notice# in the sales t+rnover in#eA C""".sir+s.no D08.

    ,e( -ealand
    &he 8e" <ealan# %overnment $anne# smo!ing in all in#oor "or!)laces incl+#ing $ars3 resta+rants3 cl+$s3 casinos3 offices3 factories3 "areho+ses an# "or! canteens in >ecem$er 20043 follo"ing the )assing of the Smo!e 9ree =nvironments men#ment ct. :nli!e the $an in *relan#3 in#ivi#+als are not )enalise# for $reaches of the la"3 $+t )ro)rietors receive significant fines C+) to S4000D or force# to close for fiAe# )erio#s of time CCasstles et al3 2006D0.. Com)liance th+s far has )rove# to $e s+ccessf+l3 "ith .-O of ven+es a#hering to the $an C""".moh.govt.nJ?smo!efreela"D60.

    .hutan
    *n >ecem$er 20043 the remote Himalayan !ing#om of 1h+tan $ecame the first co+ntry in the "orl# to intro#+ce a total $an on sale of to$acco )ro#+cts. &"o months later the %overnment anno+nce# legislation for smo!e free )+$lic )laces. 8o esta$lishment is allo"e# to sell to$acco )ro#+cts3 "ith severe )enalties $eing a#ministere# for those "ho contravene the la"3 incl+#ing fines an# loss of $+siness license. 9oreigners "ho sell locals to$acco "ill also inc+r )+nishment. &he intention is to $ecome a smo!e free nation. Ho"ever3 enforcing the $an has )rove# challenging an# smo!ing is re)orte# to $e gra#+ally o$serve# in )ool rooms3 cl+$s3 $ars an# resta+rants again as o"ners tire of trying to maintain the $an C""".ne"s.$$c.co.+! D6(.

    08

    nonymo+s3 20003 Smoke free !ars in 7orway P. 203 retrieve# on the (/th >ecem$er 20003 from """.si+s.no 0. Casstles3 H3 1ar!er3 3 9+llar#3 13 20063 Impact of Smoke % free "egislation on Smoking revalence3 &o$acco Control @+arterly 1+lletin3 *ss+e 63 P. 2 60 Ministry of Health3 P+$lishe# 20063 Smoking 0essation in 7ew Dealand, 6etrieve# on the (-th 9e$r+ary 2006 from """.moh.govt.nJ?smo!efreela" 6( 11C 8e"s3 P+$lishe# 20043 *hutan +or!ids 'll To!acco Sales, 6etrieve# 22n# 8ovem$er 20003 from """.ne"s.$$c.co.+!?go?)r?fr?E?(?hi?"orl#?so+thPasia?40(26/..stm

    26

    Hemis: 222428

    March 2006

    )est of the (orld


    /ustralia
    ll states ? territories eAce)t for 8orthern &erritory have )asse# smo!e free legislation for all enclose# )+$lic )laces3 )artic+larly "or!)laces an# resta+rants3 to $e im)lemente# over the neAt t"o years3 from initial efforts in &asmania3 "ho initiate# meas+res on the (st of Ian+ary 2006 across to So+th +stralia "ho inten# to activate legislation as of (st 8ovem$er 200-. >es)ite concerns that $anning smo!ing in )+$s "ill merely transfer this to the home an# increase chil#renKs eA)os+re to smo!e3 evi#ence from +stralia has )rove# on the contrary. &he )ro)ortion of family homes "ith smo!ing restrictions more than #o+$le# after the intro#+ction of legislative smo!e free 7 "or!)laces in the (..0s3 "ith a shar) increase in the )ro)ortion of a#+lts "ho avoi#e# eA)osing chil#ren to to$acco smo!e at home. &he most #ramatic increases "ere "itnesse# in ho+sehol#s "here all a#+lts smo!e# 7 increasing from 2O to /2O of homes CSmo!ing in P+$lic Places3 2000D62. recent st+#y assesse# the economic im)act of smo!e free )olicies in $ars3 )+$s an# resta+rants in &asmania3 +sing seasonally a#,+ste# monthly sales #ata from Ian+ary (..0 to Se)tem$er 2002. &he st+#y concl+#e# that smo!e free legislation has not ha# any negative im)act on sales t+rnover in any hos)itality esta$lishment "hen com)are# to total monthly retail t+rnover C'al3 2004D6/. +stralia has also #emonstrate# the im)ortance in maintaining em)loyee "elfare3 th+s )rotecting em)loyers from #amaging litigation an# s+$seH+ent costs. Mc8a$$ C2000D64 )rovi#ing the eAam)le of an +stralian $ar mai# "ho receive# S(603000 in health #amages for (( years of )assive smo!ing "hich res+lte# in a malignant cancer of the larynA.

    Canada
    Cana#a $oasts some of the lo"est smo!ing levels in the "orl#3 "ith %overnment statistics re)orting that only 2(O of Cana#ians over the age of (0 smo!e C""".ne"svote.$$c.co.+!D60. P+$lic health eA)erts $elieve this is $eca+se of the to+gh anti smo!ing meas+res3 s+ch as cigarette )ac!ets containing gra)hic images of the #amage to internal organs as a res+lt of smo!ing an# strict $ans in )+$lic )laces3 s+))orte# $y legislation. &en of Cana#aKs thirteen )rovinces an# t"o territories have com)rehensive la"s or have )lanne# f+t+re legislation3 commencing in the 8orth"est &erritories an# 8+nav+t
    62

    &he Scottish Cancer Coalition on &o$acco3 20003 Smoking in u!lic laces, &he Scottish ParliamentKs Cross Party on &o$acco Control3 =#in$+rgh3 P.0 6/ 'al3 3 20043 The economic impact of smoke free legislation on sales turnover in restaurants and pu!s in Tasmania3 &o$acco Control3 8o. (/3 P404 7 400 64 Mc8a$$3 I3 Hearns3 8iamh3 20003 The Smoking *an in &ospitality# ' 0ross *oarder erspective from Ireland3 *nternational Io+rnal of Contem)orary Hos)itality Management3 Bol.(-3 8o.2 P(8( E (.( 60 11C 8e"s3 P+$lishe# 20043 Smoking 0ur!s# The )lo!al icture, 6etrieve# on the 2(st 8ovem$er 20003 from """.ne"s.$$c.co.+!?go?)r?fr?E?(?hi?"orl#?40(644-.stm

    2-

    Hemis: 222428

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    &erritory on (st May 20043 )rogressively emanating across the co+ntry to 8ova Scotia3 "ith a smo!ing $an in )+$lic )laces sche#+le# for (st >ecem$er 2006 C""".cleaningtheairscotlan#.com?$ac!gro+n#D66.

    0nited #tates o" /merica


    *n the :S 3 the iss+es of )assive smo!ing co+)le# "ith escalating litigation le# to the )+$lication of the Secon# Han# Smo!ing 6e)ort in (..2 $y the =nvironmental Protection gency C1o,anic3 (..6D 6-. &his state# it "as ins+fficient to )rovi#e se)arate smo!ing an# non smo!ing areas in $ars an# resta+rants. s a conseH+ence of the re)ort many states $anne# smo!ing in s+ch ven+es. 9oA C(..63 P.6/D68 s+ggeste# this tren# "as li!ely to m+shroom3 "ith smo!ing $eing prohi!ited in all 6.S restaurants !y the year EFFF. ltho+gh not com)letely acc+rate3 the )re#iction is not far "rong. =leven states have )asse# com)rehensive smo!e free legislation that incl+#es offices3 resta+rants3 $ars3 $ingo halls3 $o"ling alleys3 nightcl+$s3 casinos an# )+$lic trans)ortation C""".ash.org.+!D6.: *n (../ riJona $ecame the first city to im)lement a smo!ing $an in resta+rants. st+#y con#+cte#

    fifteen months after the $an activation #iscovere# that concerns regar#ing negative affects on $+siness "ere not realise#. 00..O $elieve# no im)act on $+siness ha# occ+rre#3 (-.-O felt it ha# #ecrease# $+siness3 (-.6 sai# they #i# not !no" an# ((.8 $elieve# $+siness ha# im)rove# CSciacca3 (..6D-0. Similar res+lts "ere #iscovere# $y a st+#y from %lantJ an# Smith C(..43 P.(08D3 cite# $y C+th$ert et al C(...3 )/2D-(3 $et"een (.86 an# (../. :sing taAa$le resta+rant sales from (0 cities3 "here similar legislation ha# $een initiate#3 they concl+#e# that Smoke free restaurant ordinances do not adversely affect restaurant sales. California intro#+ce# some of the to+ghest an# most eAtensive anti 7 smo!ing legislation any"here in the "orl#3 $anning smo!ing in all "or!)laces incl+#ing $ars an# resta+rants3 in (..8. >es)ite the $an3 reven+es "ithin these sectors have contin+e# to rise. t the en# of 200(3 reven+es from $ars an# resta+rants ha# roc!ete# from S20.0 $illion to S/6.8 $illion3 a 44O increase. &he n+m$ers of ne" esta$lishments o)ene# "itnesse# ra)i# gro"th as "ell C""".smo!efreeat"or!.ie?site?faHs.as)D-2.

    66

    Scottish Health =Aec+tive3 20063 *eyond Scotland % -hat is &appening 1lsewhere3 6etrieve# on the 2/r# 9e$r+ary 2006 from """.cleaningtheairscotlan#.com?$ac!gro+#?$eyon#scotlan#EaEf.html 61o,anic3>3C3 (..63 The Smoking .e!ate# ' "ook at the Issues Surrounding Smoking *ans in &ospitality3 Hos)itality 6esearch Io+rnal3 Bol. 203 8o.( P2- 7 /8 68 9oA3 '3 (..63 Smoking3 Caterer an# Hotel!ee)er3 -th March (..63 P6/ E 66 6. ction on Smo!ing an# Health3 20003 International Trends Towards Smoke +ree rovision, 6etrieve# on the 28th 8ovem$er 2000 from """.ash.org.+!?html?)+$lic)laces?html?intla".html -0 Sciacca3 I3P3 (..63 ' $andatory Smoking *an in ,estaurants# 0oncerns vs. 15periences 3 Io+rnal of Comm+nity Health3 Bol.2(3 8o23 P(/4 E(4. -( C+th$ert3 'ynsey3 8ic!son3 >ennis3 (...3 Smoking in the ,estaurant Industry# Time for a !anB, *nternational Io+rnal of Contem)orary Hos)itality Management3 8o. ((3 *ss+e (3 P./( 7 /6 -2 Smo!e 9ree at 2or!3 20003 +requently 'sked (uestions, retrieve# on 2(st Ian+ary 20063 from """.smo!efreeat"or!.ie?site?faHs.as)

    28

    Hemis: 222428

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    8e" For! )asse# legislation on the 26th March 200/ amen#ing the Clean ir ct that )rohi$its smo!ing in all )+$lic )laces of em)loyment3 to no" incl+#e all resta+rants3 $ars3 $o"ling an# $ingo facilities. &he la" "as #esigne# to $e self 7 )olicing an# has $een met mainly "ith acce)tance an# com)liance. Pro)rietors "ho are #iscovere# to $e in $reach are )enalise# "ith an incremental fine3 rising every time a violation is inc+rre#3 "ith three offences lea#ing to a revocation or s+s)ension of license C"""."i!i)e#ia.orgD-/. re)ort meas+ring the affects after the first t"elve months of activation has #oc+mente# clear financial $enefits of com)rehensive legislation 7 (03600 ne" ,o$s have $een create# C23800 seasonally a#,+ste# ,o$sD3 air )oll+tion levels have re#+ce# siA fol# an# $+siness taA recei)ts in resta+rants an# $ars are +) 8.-O. n ((O #ecline in the n+m$er of smo!ers in 8e" For! has also $een recor#e# 7 the fastest #ro) in smo!ing rates ever nationally recor#e#3 re)resenting (003000 fe"er smo!ers com)are# to 200/. Comm+nity s+))ort an# general acce)tance is no" over"helmingly )ositive C""".to$acco.free!i#s.orgD-43 the $an $eing acce)te# as )art of every #ay life. 2hilst those o))ose# to a $an claim smo!ers "ill sto) visiting )+$s3 res+lting in significant losses in tra#e3 international #ata in fact sho"s that once loss c+stom from non smo!ers starts to ret+rn. 9or instance3 in Massach+setts3 there are more non smo!ers "ho avoi#e# smo!y atmos)heres in )+$s )re legislation than there "ere smo!ers in the state 7 these g+ests are no" starting to freH+ent )+$s an# $ars again3 )rovi#ing s+$stantial reven+e streams for local )+$licans CMoore3 2000D-0 Of great concern has $een the enforcement of s+ch a $an3 >r+mmon# C200/D-6 )rovi#ing the eAtreme eAam)le of a 8e" For! $o+ncer "ho "as fatally sta$$e# after reH+esting a c+stomer eAting+ish a cigarette. One off eAam)les li!e this are often +se# as scare tactics or for shoc! )+r)oses $+t are very rare.

    1rance
    9rance has restricte# smo!ing in all enclose# )+$lic an# "or! )laces. *n resta+rants an# $ars fleAi$ility eAists regar#ing the amo+nt of s)ace #esignate# for $oth )references3 as long as non smo!ers retain )riority. n attem)t to re#+ce smo!ing levels $y increasing the )rice of cigarettes $y 20O in Octo$er 200/ "as met "ith "i#e s)rea# contem)t an# #is#ain3 )rovo!ing a stri!e from #isgr+ntle# to$acconists fearing loss of tra#e from smo!ers crossing $or#ers. >es)ite the )rice rise3 no re)orte# noticea$le #ifference has $een note# to cigarette sales fig+res or national smo!ing levels C""".$$c.co.+!?ne"sD--.
    -/

    2i!i)e#ia =ncyclo)ae#ia3 20003 "ist of Smoking !ans, 6etrieve# on 20th 9e$r+ary 2006 from """."i!i)e#ia.org?"i!i?listPofPsmo!ingP$ans -4 &he State of Smo!e 9ree 8e" For! City: One Fear 6evie"3 retrieve# on the 22n# 8ovem$er 20003 from """.to$acco.free!i#s.org?)ressoffice?nycre)ort.)#f -0 Moore3 M3 20003 Smoking, &ealth and Social 0are3 Io+rnal of P+$lic Health Management3 8o.03 P-4 E -8 -6 >r+mmon#3 %3 (0th May 200/3 Smoke *om!, Caterer an# Hotel!ee)er MagaJine3 P.. -11C 8e"s3 P+$lishe# 20043 Smoking 0ur!s# The )lo!al icture, 6etrieve# on the 2(st 8ovem$er 20003 from """.ne"s.$$c.co.+!?go?)r?fr?E?(?hi?"orl#?40(644-.stm

    2.

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    *he ,etherlands
    'egislation "as intro#+ce# on (st Ian+ary 20043 $anning smo!ing in the "or!)lace an# on )+$lic trans)ort +n#er the &o$acco 'a". &he hos)itality in#+stry has also $een "arne# that similar meas+res are imminent +nless vol+ntary controls are a#o)te#. Presently3 /0O of the (6 million )o)+lation are smo!ers. &he %overnment aim to re#+ce the total amo+nt $y 0O over the neAt three years.

    'est o" 2urope


    &he $elo" #iagram ill+strates the efforts ma#e $y other co+ntries "ithin the =: attem)ting to tac!le the )ro$lem of smo!ing3 ta!en from """.+lster)+$s.com?#o"nloa# CMay 2000D-8.

    SiAteen =+ro)ean Co+nties have intro#+ce# legislative restrictions on smo!ing3 ranging in metho#3 level of restriction an# severity. &he sit+ation in =+ro)e can $e seen clearly from the $elo" ta$le3 ta!en from """.smo!erscl+$inc.com C9e$r+ary 200/D-.

    OPTION TAKEN
    Hos)itality selfEreg+lation Se)arate areas

    STATUS
    gree# =nacte#

    COUNTRY
    %ermany 8etherlan#s +stria 1elgi+m Cy)r+s

    -8

    9'6&3 P+$lishe# May 20003 1conomic 0onsequences of ' +ull Smoking *an on 7orthern Islands "icensed Trade, 6etrieve# on the (2th Ian+ary 20063 from """.+lster)+$s.com?#o"nloa# -. &he Smo!erKs Cl+$ *nc3 /r# 9e$r+ary 20063 1uropean 0omparisons, 6etrieve# 2(st 9e$r+ary 20063 from """.smo!erscl+$inc.com?mo#+les.)h)NnameQne"sGfileQarticleGsi#Q2(40

    /0

    Hemis: 222428
    CJech 6e)+$lic =stonia 9rance 'atvia 'ith+ania Slova!ia Slovenia *taly Malta S"e#en %reece H+ngary Polan# 9inlan# S)ain 8or"ay 6e)+$lic of *relan# Scotlan#

    March 2006

    Bentilate# smo!ing rooms Hos)itality eAem)tions

    =nacte#

    &otal smo!ing $ans

    =nacte# Planne#

    0nited 3ingdom
    &hro+gho+t the :;3 the )rocess of $anning smo!ing in all "or! an# )+$lic )laces is occ+rring. &he restrictions )rinci)ally inten# to )rotect non smo!ers an# enco+rage others to H+it CHo#ge3 2004D 80.

    2ngland
    &he :; governmentMs )revio+s attem)ts at to$acco control thro+gh a#o)ting a vol+ntary a))roach have $een #eeme# largely +ns+ccessf+l. 'egislation is therefore )refera$le $+t this m+st $e in acce)tance of )+$lic s+))ort in or#er to achieve f+ll com)liance. &he %overnmentKs Health 1ill3 )+$lishe# on 2-th Octo$er 20003 )ro)ose# that $y the s+mmer of 200all enclose# )+$lic )laces "ill $e smo!e free3 "ith eAem)tions for )rivate mem$ers cl+$s an# )+$s not serving foo#. ma,or area of contention generate# from )ro)osals for a )artial $an has $een that of the inconsistent treatment of #ifferent gro+)s of "or!ers. 1ar staff sho+l# en,oy the same "or!)lace $enefits an# )rotection as every one elseT their health is eH+ally im)ortant as someone "ho "or!s in an office. &he %overnmentKs )ro)osals contin+e to s+$,ect s+ch "or!ers to the ris!s3 #es)ite evi#ence s+ggesting one "or!er in the in#+stry #ies every "ee! as a #irect res+lt of =&S. Many g+ests ref+se to freH+ent )+$s $eca+se of the #iscomfort an# fears of health ris!s ca+se# $y =&S. Mc8a$$ C2000D8( re)orts on a s+rvey con#+cte# $y *ritvic an# The u!lican tra#e magaJine "hich fo+n# that half the )o)+lation never or rarely go to )+$s an# are th+s )otential c+stomers 7 ((O of this
    80

    Ho#ge3 I3%3 =$er3 %313 20043 To!acco 0ontrol "egislation# Tools for u!lic &ealth Improvement, &he Io+rnal of 'a"3 Me#icine an# =thics3 P. 0(6 E 02/ 8( Mc8a$$3 I3 Hearns3 8iamh3 20003 The Smoking *an in &ospitality# ' 0ross *oarder erspective from Ireland3 *nternational Io+rnal of Contem)orary Hos)itality Management3 Bol.(-3 8o.2 P(8( E (.(

    /(

    Hemis: 222428

    March 2006

    fig+re H+oting the smo!y atmos)here as the ma,or #eterrent. &he )o)+larity of smo!ing an# total smo!ing rates is #eclining tho+gh3 "ith the )ercentage of smo!ers in the :; over half of that in (.-2 CHoo)er3 (..0D82. Hos)itality ven+es sho+l# not therefore fear the $anning of smo!ing. Many are +sing it as a )latform to achieve com)etitive a#vantage thro+gh )romoting a :niH+e Selling Point an# as a via$le mar!eting tool. One s+ch )+$ to #o this is the 8ottingham Moat Hotel CC+th$ert et alD. &here is gro"ing evi#ence )roving that "here )olicies have $een intro#+ce#3 tra#e ha# not $een affecte# or has increase# as a res+lt. P+$ chain I.>. 2ethers)oon has alrea#y im)lemente# a smo!ing $an in 4. of its )+$s3 "here foo# sales have increase# $y more than (0O C""".telegra)h.co.+!D8/. *n +g+st 200/3 PiJJa H+t $ecame the first :; resta+rant chain to $an smo!ing in all of its )remises3 re)orting highly favo+ra$le ret+rns3 higher staff retention3 lo"er maintenance costs an# ha))ier c+stomers C""".$$c.insi#eo+t.co.+!D84. &he hos)itality tra#e cam)aign *6 C tmos)here *m)roves 6es+ltsD "as esta$lishe# in (..- to i#entify an# )o)+larise goo# )ractice in accommo#ating $oth smo!ers an# nonEsmo!ers. n ir s+rvey #iscovere# that 86O of )+$s "ith clean air )olicies attracte# ne" c+stomers3 -0O increase# foo# sales an# 60O eA)erience# increase# t+rnover. &he %overnment )ro)ose that $et"een (0O an# /0O of all )+$s "ill contin+e to )ermit smo!ing. &hese )+$s3 ho"ever3 are li!ely to $e in the )oorer areas3 th+s eAacer$ating the health ineH+alities the %overnment are attem)ting to re#+ce C""".t+c.org.+!D80 an# "i#ening the ga) f+rther $et"een rich an# )oor. *n the :;3 smo!ing rates follo" a #istinct socio 7 economic gra#ient3 ranging from (0O among )rofessionals to 02O of "or!ing men "ho are economically inactive C""".$ma.org.+!D86. *n a recent 1MI st+#y3 non foo# )+$s acco+nte# for more than half of all )+$s locate# in the most #e)rive# )ostco#es3 "hereas less than one thir# "ere in the most affl+ent areas. 9+rther fears that s+ch eAem)tions "ill #istort the mar!et an# intro#+ce incentives for )+$s to sto) serving foo# to enco+rage smo!ing )atrons have $een largely #enie# $y the %overnment "ho s+ggest enticing foo# margins "ill #isco+rage this. *n a recent re)ort $y the 1M 3 4*oo<e, fags and food, it "as #iscovere# that 44O of the )+$s in the 8orth 2est #o not serve foo# an# so "o+l# $e eAem)t from s+ch legislation. *t is also s+ggeste# that a re#+ction in )+$s serving foo# may lea# to greater levels of $inge #rin!ing3 thro+gh the changing of some )+$Ks character3 "ith long term im)acts on health an# social $ehavio+r.

    82 8/

    Hoo)er3 P3 (..03 Smoking Issues# ' (uick )uide, >aniels P+$lishing3 Cam$ri#ge3 P4M+rray 7 2est3 63 /r# Se)tem$er 20003 .octors Stu! =ut Smoking $yths 3 &he >aily &elegra)h 8e"s)a)er3 retrieve# on the 2(st Ian+ary 20063 from """.telegra)h.co.+!?core?content?#is)lay)rinta$le.,html:,essioni#Qv+cArJh0c!2 84 'ichfiel#3 3 (-th March 20043 Smoking ; +uming $ad3 retrieve# on the 20th 8ovem$er 2000 from """.$$c.insi#eo+t.co.+!?ne"s?smo!ing$an?html 80 &ra#e :nion Congress3 Octo$er 20003 *an Smoking in 1very -orkplace, 6etrieve# on the 2(st 8ovem$er 2000 from """.t+c.org.+!?hPan#Ps?t+cE(0-40Ef0.cfm 86 1ritish Me#ical ssociation

    /2

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    March 2006

    Many critics $elieve it "ill $e the #emise of many r+ral or small freehol# )+$s. Similar fears "ere eA)resse# $efore legislation to restrict #rin! #riving "as intro#+ce#3 yet society have accommo#ate# s+ch changes an# fe" "o+l# no" arg+e for +nlimite# #rin!ing an# #riving C""".)+$lichealthne"s.comD8-. nother concern is that $eca+se many )eo)le socialise in gro+)s3 "here there is one smo!er3 the gro+) "ill then gravitate to"ar# smo!ing ven+es3 lea#ing to +nfair com)etition. &he %overnment $elieve3 ho"ever3 this "ill $e co+nter $alance# $y non smo!ers choosing to visit non smo!ing )+$s an# increases in )+$ #ining. Certain )arts of the co+ntry are alrea#y reacting )roactively to "hat they $elieve the ma,ority of their constit+ents "ant. 'iver)ool City Co+ncil has )+t for"ar# a $ill in )arliament to )ass a la" "hich "o+l# allo" the co+ncil to $an smo!ing in all enclose# )laces of "or!. Places eAem)t +n#er %overnment )ro)osals "o+l# not $e eAem)t in 'iver)ool. 26 co+ncils an# (6 8HS health care tr+sts are )lanning to esta$lish a California style Office of &o$acco Control as "ell C""".ash.org.+!D 88.

    +onclusion
    =vi#ence from the international conteAt has #emonstrate# that :; tra#e has nothing to fear from s+ch a $an3 as nearly all st+#ies have re)orte# a ne+tral or )ositive im)act. Some )+$ o"ners arg+e their $+sinesses "ill s+ffer consi#era$ly as a res+lt of s+ch a $an3 some even having to close. Smo!ers arg+e their rights have $een infringe#3 "hilst non smo!ers en,oy a fresher environment3 cleaner clothes an# lo"er #ry cleaning $ills. 2hat is #efinite is that )eo)le "ill a#,+st an# change $ehavio+rs to accommo#ate the sit+ation. 2here smo!e free legislation is effectively an# sensitively enforce#3 com)liance rates are consistently high.

    Chapter 4: /nalysis o" collection o" primary research


    !.1 Introduction

    8-

    %osling3 P3 200/3 7ow that the smog has lifted3 P+$lic Health 8e"s3 6etrieve# on the 2(st >ecem$er 20003 from """.)+$lichealthne"s.com?ne"s?)rinterfrien#ly.as)Ni# 88 ction on Smo!ing an# Health3 (4th 8ovem$er 20003 International Trends Toward Smoke +ree rovision3 retrieve# on the 28th 8ovem$er 20003 from """.ash.org.+!?html?)+$lic)laces?html?intla".html

    //

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    &he )+r)ose of this cha)ter is to eA)lain the )rocesses an# the metho#ologies +n#erta!en in the collection of )rimary #ata an# to highlight #iscoveries?ac!no"le#gements ma#e over this )erio#.

    !.2 +ustomer Surveys


    C+stomer s+rveys "ere #istri$+te# to +n#erstan# c+rrent $ehavio+rs of g+ests an# motivations for +sing s)ecific )+$lic ho+ses. &he intention "as to #etermine c+stomer reactions relating to the %overnmentKs )ro)osals an# "hether c+stomers feel their $ehavio+rs "ill change as a res+lt of s+ch legislation $eing intro#+ce#.

    !.3 "iloting and amending


    &en )ilot H+estionnaires "ere #istri$+te# amongst a sam)le of +niversity colleag+es !no"n for )rovi#ing goo# fee#$ac! an# constr+ctive a#vice. Corrections an# im)rovements to format3 layo+t3 str+ct+re3 "or#ing an# #evelo)ment of H+estions "ere then ma#e as reH+ire#. &he significant changes are #isc+sse# $elo". *t "as recommen#e# that H+estion eleven sho+l# $e a close# H+estion consisting of 4yes ? no ? )artially5 as ans"ers3 "here as H+estion thirteen sho+l# $e given a 'i!ert scale +sing a n+m$er system to in#icate )reference. @+estions eighteen to t"enty one $oth reH+ire# a change of "or#ing to ma!e them more +n#erstan#a$le to the res)on#ent. *t "as also note# that no information "as )rovi#e# for those "ho #i# not !no" "hat the %overnmentKs )ro)osals "ere. *nformation regar#ing ho" to com)lete the H+estionnaire "as incl+#e# as a res+lt from fee#$ac!3 s+ch as informing smo!ers to go to H+estion nine "hereas non smo!ers )rocee# to H+estion eleven3 allo"ing a nat+ral )rogression of H+estions an# a clear )attern of ans"ers to emerge. *n )ractice this "o+l# not $e an iss+e as H+estionnaires "ere to $e a#ministere#3 +sing a face EtoEface H+estioning techniH+e3 ho"ever3 it is still im)ortant to $e clear an# )rovi#e all necessary information. ccor#ing to 8icholas 2alliman C2000D8. the a#ministere# a))roach also allo"s for more tr+thf+l ans"ers to $e given an# any )ro$lems or H+estions eA)laine# an# ans"ere#. *t "as #eci#e# a final section sho+l# $e incl+#e# that a##resses c+stomer consi#eration for the comfort of others. nother incl+sion "o+l# $e an o))ort+nity for res)on#ents to vie" )ersonal o)inion3 allo"ing +na$ate# eA)ression of vie"s on the s+$,ect. miAt+re of #iscrete an# follo" on H+estions "ere +se# "ith the H+estionnaire $eing #ivi#e# into fo+r sections. ll H+estions "ere #esigne# to $e #irect3 +n#erstan#a$le an# +n$iase#. 8o lea#ing H+estions "ere as!e#.
    8.

    2aliman3 8icholas3 20003 4/our 6ndergraduate .issertation3 Sage P+$lishing3 'on#on3 P.(/6

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    !.4 7istribution
    &he "i#est geogra)hical sco)e )ossi$le "as +se# in an array of #iffering ty)es of )+$ an# $ar. 6es)on#ents "ere ran#omly chosen3 in#iscriminately3 to achieve a realistic an# re)resentative sam)le. &his allo"e# for a $roa# sam)le to $e s+rveye#3 encom)assing many #ifferent mar!et segments "ith varying )references an# )ersonal o)inions. &he only H+alifying con#ition "as to $e over eighteen years of age. &he aim "as to receive one h+n#re# g+est H+estionnaires $+t this "o+l# not $e s)lit evenly $et"een fifty smo!ers com)are# to fifty nonEsmo!ers. &his "as to o$tain an acc+rate s!e" of the t"o )references "ithin the local area. &his "ill highlight "here the ma,ority lies an# ho" their )references may affect )+$licanKs #ecisions. 2hilst con#+cting fiel# research * attem)te# to maintain a $alance of res)on#ents3 ho"ever3 there are clearly more nonEsmo!ers in the area. ll research "as con#+cte# over the co+rse of a "ee!en#3 again to receive the $roa#est s)ectr+m of c+stomer o)inion as )ossi$le. =venings )rove# to $e the $est time as g+ests "ere more rece)tive an# a))roacha$le than l+nch times #+e to the #ifferent ty)es of clientele "ith #ifferent )+r)oses for $eing o+t. s smo!ing is a very to)ical iss+e it "as relatively easy engaging )+$lic )artici)ation.

    !.! "ublican 8 manager surveys


    &he intention of this research "as to #iscover )+$licanKs a"areness of the $an3 their reaction an# feelings to"ar#s s+ch )ro)osals3 ho" they thin! it "ill affect tra#e in financial terms an# "hat their inten#e# res)onse "ill $e.

    !.# "iloting
    Pilot H+estionnaires "ere #evise# an# #istri$+te# to t"o )+$lican frien#s "ho "ere a$le to )rovi#e a))ro)riate fee#$ac! an# constr+ctive a#vice. Only a fe" alterations "ere s+ggeste# consisting mainly of "or#ing an# )hrasing. contri$+te#. information "as also a##e#. f+rther three H+estions "ere a##e# in #irect res)onse to comments section allo"ing )+$licans to share their )ersonal vie"s an# any other a##itional

    !.% 7istribution of &ub surveys


    *n total eighteen esta$lishments "ere sam)le#. n a#ministere# a))roach "as again +n#erta!enT ho"ever consi#eration for time an# im)osition constraints +)on the )+$licanKs time "as incl+#e#3 ma!ing the H+estionnaire noticea$ly shorter. &he ma,ority of )+$licans intervie"e# "ere contacte# in a#vance.

    /0

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    1y s+rveying $oth )+$licans an# g+ests the o))ort+nity eAists to i#entify com)arisons an# contrasts $et"een )erce)tions an# reactions of $oth affecte# )arties. Pre#ictions of f+t+re $ehavio+r an# )otential im)act of )ro)ose# legislation can also $e ma#e.

    !.' "roblems encountered 9ith &rimary research


    Over the co+rse of this research a fe" )ro$lems?iss+es "orth commenting +)on "ere enco+ntere#. &he ma,ority of the s+rvey is o)inion $ase# an# very s+$,ective. Many conflicting )oints "ere raise#3 es)ecially $et"een co+)les "hose vie"s on the iss+e #iffer consi#era$ly. &he h+man element involve# in this research means consistency in #ecisions is +nrelia$le. &he c+stomer res)onse can $e infl+ence# $y time an# circ+mstances an# the ans"er may not $e the same if as!e# at a later #ate. &here is also the #anger that res)on#ents may not +n#erstan# the H+estion or not res)on# in a tr+thf+l or re)resentative manner. section allo"ing g+est an# )+$lican the o))ort+nity to a## eAtra comments "ill ma!e analysis har#er $+t sho+l# )rovi#e a more inE#e)th an# #etaile# insight into o)inions an# res)onses to"ar# the %overnmentKs )ro)osals. Ho"ever3 this section "as largely ignore#. fe" H+estions reH+ire )re#ictions regar#ing the f+t+re an# again this allo"s an element of +nrelia$ility an# +ncertainty. 9+t+re $ehavio+r an# feeling is li!ely to $e #ifferent from the )resent as many s+ggest that the $an "ill event+ally ha))en so "ill no longer $e an iss+e. &his has occ+rre# "ithin the airline in#+stry. ltho+gh all )+$ managers "ere a"are of the )ro)ose# changes many "ere +na$le to comment on eAactly ho" they may res)on#. 1eca+se of the recent #evelo)ments to )ro)ose# legislation many are +ns+re of "here they stan# or "hat res)onsive action to ta!e so co+l# not ans"er #efinitely or concl+sively. @+estions co+l# have $een incl+#e# to ascertain the average eA)en#it+re of g+ests $+t "as felt to $e too )ersonal an# intr+sive so "as omitte#.

    /6

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    Chapter 5: Presentation and $iscussion o" 'esults "rom Primary 'esearch


    #.1 Introduction
    6es+lts from all )rimary research are )resente# in this cha)ter. 9irstly3 res+lts from g+est H+estionnaires are #isc+sse# in corres)on#ing or#er of H+estions as!e#3 an# then the )+$lican H+estionnaire res+lts are consi#ere#. Cha)ter - "ill )rovi#e a com)arative analysis of the t"o s+rveys3 lin!ing to significant #iscoveries from the literat+re revie". Originally3 the intention "as to +se SPSS #ata )rocessing soft"are to assist "ith analysis3 ho"ever3 Microsoft =Acel has $een the soft"are )re#ominantly +tilise#. Please see ))en#iA (-: SPSS vs. =Acel3 for f+rther #etails. &he co#ing man+al #evise# for this research can also $e locate# in ))en#iA (8.

    #.2 +ustomer Survey


    &he total n+m$er of H+estionnaires com)lete# "as ./. ;ey res)onses are eAamine# $elo"3 totalle# together to )rovi#e oneEeasyEtoE+n#erstan# gra)h3 enca)s+lating all res)onses. 9or a f+ll $rea! #o"n of all res+lts3 s)lit into smo!ing )revalence Cnon smo!er3 smo!er3 eAEsmo!er an# othersD an# age )lease see the gra)hs in ))en#iA (.. (uestion 9# )ender. &he #istri$+tion of res)on#ents $y gen#er "as relatively even3 ho"ever this "as not #eli$erate. 4( res)on#ents C44OD "ere male com)are# to 02 females C06OD.

    Gender

    44% 5$%

    &ale fe&ale

    2hen com)are# to (uestion ?, description of smoking ha!its, it is )ossi$le to i#entify that there are more female smo!ers C2-D than male C20D. &his may in#icate that in the local Portsmo+th area there is a high )revalence of smo!ing amongst "omen.

    /-

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    Gender Compared to #mo6ing a+its


    50 45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 4$ 4"

    2$ 20

    2" 20

    0on s&o+ers

    1e&ale

    2ale

    Total

    *&o+ers

    1e&ale

    2ale

    Total

    (uestion E# 'ge compared to smoking ha!its.

    (uestion E and ? % 'ge compared to smoking ha!its. &he ma,ority of res)on#ents "ho smo!e can $e locate# "ith in the (8 7 20 $rac!et C(/ res)onsesD com)are# to the highest ma,ority of nonEsmo!ers "ho are $et"een the age of /( an# 40 C(2 res)onsesD.
    '(E) 12 10 8 $ 4 2 0
    11

    1 18 - 25

    $ 3 3

    Count

    *&o+ing ,a-its

    on 0

    a . nt es do ho al s . i er oc o+ n l s to ts *& oa si an . as o to cc h / ts . an er . o+ ho *& . er o+ er o+ s&

    *&

    /8

    March 2006

    &he amo+nt of smo!ers "ho "ant to H+it increases "ith age3 )ossi$ly $eca+se of health concerns3

    '(E)

    '(E)

    '(E)

    on 0

    12

    on

    14 12 10 8 $ 4 2 0

    " $ 5 4 3 2 1 0

    eA)erience an# "is#om.

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    Count

    12 10 8 $ 4 2 0

    10

    on 0

    *&o+ing ,a-its
    *&o+ing ,a-its

    *&o+ing ,a-its

    . nt es do o ls .h ia er oc o+ ls to *& oan ts si an . as to cc ho / . ts an er . o+ ho *& . er o+ r *& o+e s&

    . nt es do o .h er r o+ +e ls *& & o c ia s o e 3 nl s to a ts 'n sio .an as c c .ho / er o+ er *& o+ s&

    a . nt es do ho . r er s o+ o+e ia l c * & s& so t o l ts e3 n a n a ' n si o . to s as h o nt cc / er . . a o+ ho . & * er o + +e r *& &o s

    3 31 - 40

    4 41 - 50

    2 2$ - 30

    Count

    /.
    Count

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    '(E) 8 " $ 5 4 3 2 1 0
    "

    March 2006
    5 51 - $0

    Count

    0on s&o+er

    'n e3 s&o+er

    *&o+er . ho . ants to

    *&o+ing ,a-its
    (uestion ># -hich of the following do you smokeB Cigarettes are clearly the most )o)+lar choice of to$acco3 "ith roll +)s $eing )referre# $y only three res)on#ents. Pi)es3 cigars or che"ing to$acco "ere not selecte# at all.
    *o+acco Choice

    8% cigarette roll u5 92%

    (uestion G# .o you want to give upB &he ma,ority of smo!ers C(8 res)on#entsD $elieve# that a $an "o+l# not assist them in their efforts to H+it smo!ing.
    20 18

    10

    10

    Count

    3 0

    yes no

    5ossi-ly unsure

    'ssistance fro& 4an

    40

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    (uestion H# .o any of your family smokeB 42 res)on#ents re)lie# that mem$ers of their family #i# smo!e3 the ma,ority of this res)onse coming from smo!ers CSee ))en#iA3 @8D. &he s)rea# of ans"ers "as very evenly #istri$+te#3 as can $e seen from the gra)h $elo".
    $0 50
    49

    40 30 20 Count 10 0

    42

    yes

    no

    occassional

    *&o+ing .ithin 1a&ily

    (uestion :# &ave any of your family suffered ill health as a resultB &he res+lts of this H+estion "ere com)are# to (uestion 9F# &as this affected your decision to smokeB (0 res)on#ents "hose family ha# s+ffere# ill health re)lie# this ha# affecte# their #ecision to smo!e3 "hilst . agree# it ha# contri$+te#. &he ma,ority3 ho"ever3 sai# it ha# no affect on their $ehavio+r. See ))en#iA @. . for f+rther res+lts.
    1'2I66) 1 yes
    15

    1$ 14 12 10 8 $ Count 4 2 0

    yes

    no

    5artially

    Influence on Decision

    (uestion 99# 're you aware of the )overnment having proposed legislation to !an smoking in pu!lic placesB 8early all g+ests C.-OD "ere a"are of the )ro)osals3 "ith only (O $eing +na"are.
    /( areness o" Governm ent7s Proposed #m o6i6ng .an

    1% 2% yes no 9"% 5artially

    (uestion 9E# -hat is your personal response to such proposed legislationB &he ma,ority either agree# or strongly agree# "ith the %overnmentKs )ro)osals. 20 )eo)le res)on#e# negatively "hilst (( sai#

    4(

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    March 2006

    they "ere in#ifferent. 9or a com)lete $rea!#o"n of smo!ers an# nonEsmo!ers res)onses see ))en#iA @.(2.

    Personal 'esponse to the Proposed .an


    30 25 20 15 10 5 0
    *trongly Disagree Disagree 'gree *trongly Indifferent 'gree

    28

    29

    15 10 11

    (uestion 9># -ho do you feel should !e responsi!le for making such decisionsB 1elo" ill+strates "ho the ma,ority of res)on#ents $elieve sho+l# res)onsi$le for ma!ing s+ch im)ortant #ecisions. 'i!ert scale "as +se# "ith ( $eing most im)ortant3 - $eing least. s is a))arent3 the ma,ority feel )+$licans sho+l# retain the )o"er over their o"n $+siness #ecisions. S+r)risingly the neAt most )o)+lar choice "as that of the %overnment3 receiving /0 s+))orters. Staff mem$ers are clearly felt to have least say in the matter3 #es)ite concern for their health $eing a !ey )rinci)le $ehin# the im)lementation of s+ch legislation. *t is also $elieve# that g+ests sho+l# have a significant say in s+ch #ecisions.

    Responsibility P+$lican 1re"eries %+ests Staff Politicians %ov. agency Other

    1 48 (( 2 /0 2 0

    2 (6 (/ // (8 . . 0

    3 (/ (4 20 24 8 6 0

    4 (/ 26 (0 24 . 0 0

    5 2 2/ 0 (2 (. 20 4

    6 ( (/ (( 40 ((

    7 ( 2 2 0 6 -8

    (uestion 9I# &ow often do you go to pu!sB &he most )o)+lar res)onse "as 2 7 / times )er "ee! "ith 48O of res)onses. Once a "ee! "as the neAt most )o)+lar choice C20OD an# then #aily "ith (6O. &his em)hasises the general )+$licKs )ro)ensity to an# freH+ency of +sing )+$s on a reg+lar $asis an# highlights the im)ortance of )+$s to comm+nities. &he lo"est freH+ency recor#e# "as once a month. o( 8"ten $o 9ou visit Pu+s
    daily 2 - 3 ti&es a . ee+ once a . ee+ 48% once a fortnight once a &onth

    8% 3% 25%

    1$%

    42

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    (uestion 9G# Is smoking a contri!uting factor when deciding on which pu! to visitB &he ma,ority3 44 )eo)le3 ans"ere# that smo!ing ha# a negative im)act on their #ecision as to "hich )+$ to visit C*.e. they "ere )+t off $y itD3 "hilst 20 res)on#ents sai# the smo!ing )olicy "as a )ositive contri$+ting factor. 2. )eo)le re)lie# they "ere +nconcerne# a$o+t this iss+e "hen ma!ing a #ecision an# that it "as not a significant factor either "ay. 9or a more #etaile# $rea!#o"n of res)onse )lease see ))en#iA @.(6.

    #mo6ing 1actor in Pu+ $ecision


    30 25 20 15 10 5 0
    7es# *light 5ut off '55ealing significant incenti8e factor 'ttracti8e 0o# feature unconcerned

    29 24 20 12 8

    (uestion 9:# -ith new legislation would you consider e5ploring alternatives to going to the pu!, such as home entertainmentB &he ma,ority ans"ere# that they "o+l# not $e )re)are# or intereste# in loo!ing for alternative o)tions to going to the )+$. &he $an "ill not affect their choices or $ehavio+rs in this "ay. 9or a #etaile# acco+nt of smo!er an# nonEsmo!ers res)onses )lease see ))en#iA @(.. 2:plore /lternative 8ptions to Pu+s

    18%

    11% yes no 5ossi-ly "1%

    4/

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    (uestion EF# 'ffect on length of stay. &he vast ma,ority re)lie# a smo!ing $an "o+l# not im)act +)on ho" they staye# in a )+$. &"enty one res)on#ents re)lie# they "o+l# stay longer "here as (0 sai# they $elieve# they "o+l# $e incline# to stay for shorter )erio#s of time. 9or a $rea!#o"n of all M8on smo!ers com)are# to smo!ersK ans"ers )lease see ))en#iA @.20.

    $0 50 40 30 20 Count 10 0
    longer shorter no change unsure
    21 15 8 50

    'ffect on 6ength of *tay

    'ffect on frequency of visit. gain3 the ma,ority C08D re)lie# that a $an "o+l# not affect the freH+ency of ho" often they visit a )artic+lar )+$. (8 res)on#ents sai# they might visit more "hereas (6 sai# they "o+l# )ro$a$ly go less.
    "0 $0
    58

    50 40 30 20 Count 10 0
    &ore less
    18 1$

    unchanged unsure

    'ffect /n 1re9uency of :isits

    'ffect on spend per visit. &he general consens+s is that a $an "o+l# not infl+ence c+stomer average s)en# )er visit "ith 00 res)on#ents ans"ering 48o change5. 20 )eo)le ho"ever re)lie# they "o+l# )ro$a$ly s)en# less. Only (- sai# it may enco+rage them to s)en# more3 this is relate# to visiting more often an# staying longer 7 these ans"ers "ere )re#ominantly nonEsmo!ers.

    44

    Hemis: 222428
    $0 50 40 30 20
    1" 20 55

    March 2006

    Count

    10 0
    &ore less unchanged unsure

    'ffect on *5end ;ro5ensity

    (uestion E9# -hat is the current smoking policy of your localB Only 0 res)on#entKs local )+$ ha# a com)lete smo!ing $an Cthese ans"ers "as not from the same )+$3 ho"everD. >esignate# areas "ere the most note# res)onse3 "ith many a#vocating their s+))ort for this sol+tion3 o))ose# to legislative $ans.

    Current #mo6ing Policy o" your &ocal

    40% 55% 5%

    Co&5letely *&o+ing Total 4an Designated *e5arate 'reas

    (uestion EE# Is food served at your local pu!B &he ma,ority of res)on#ents3 -. re)lie# foo# "as serve# at their local )+$ C80OD. O$vio+sly a large em)hasis is )lace# on foo# sales. &hese may $e ancillary to core $+siness activities $+t still )rovi#e an eAtra reven+e stream.

    1ood #erved on #ite

    15% yes no 85%

    40

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    (uestion E?# 're separate areas provided for smokers and non; smokers when diningB Of this fig+re3 ho"ever3 only 00O C0( res)on#entsD )rovi#e# se)arate areas for #iners3 many commenting this "as +nacce)ta$le an# +n#esira$le.
    Provision o" #eperate #mo6ing and ,o #m o6ing /reas

    45% 55%

    yes no

    (uestion E># .oes smoking !other you when in pu!sB &his H+estion receive# a very evenly s)rea# res)onse3 "ith 44O arg+ing no "hilst 40O )rotesting that smo!ing is a n+isance. Many smo!ers a#mitte# to fin#ing smo!ing in )+$s intolera$le an# "o+l# )refer no smo!ing )+$s.

    Does *&o&ing 4other you . hen in ;u-s

    11% 45% 44% yes no indifferent

    (uestion EI# ersonal preference when dining in pu!sB =vi#ently3 the ma,ority favo+r no smo!ing "hilst #ining in )+$s. large )ro)ortion "o+l# $e ha))y "ith )rovision of se)arate areas3 ho"ever3 so a com)lete $an may not $e com)letely necessary or #esire#. 9or a #etaile# r+n #o"n of smo!er an# nonEsmo!er res)onses see ))en#iA @20.

    Personal Pre"erance When $ining in Pu+s


    50 40 30 20 10 0 4 s&o+ing " no se5arate indifferent s&o+ing areas 4" 35

    46

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    (uestion EG# &ave you ever left a pu! !ecause of smokeB @+ite an evenly #istri$+te# score "as receive# for this H+estion "ith /. )eo)le C42OD confirming they ha# left )+$s $efore as a #irect res+lt of smo!e3 contraste# to 04 )eo)le C08OD "ho state# they ha# not.

    ave you 2ver &e"t a Pu+ +ecause o" #m o6e

    42% 58%

    yes no

    (uestion EJ# If you are a smoker, how do you predict your !ehaviour will change after a !an is imposedB &he ma,ority of smo!er res)on#ents re)lie# they "o+l# either smo!e less or their $ehavio+r "o+l# contin+e +nchange#. Seven smo!ers consi#ere# the )ossi$ility of sto))ing com)letely.

    #mo6ers Predicted .ehaviour Post #mo6ing .an


    12 10 8 $ 4 2 0
    s&o+e less

    12

    12

    "

    "

    sto5 continue s&o+e &ore co&5letely unchanged

    unsure

    4-

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    &he section allo"ing g+ests to )rovi#e fee#$ac!3 a##itional information an# )ersonal o)inion "as largely ignore#3 )ossi$ly $eca+se it "as at @.(/3 in the mi##le of the s+rvey as o))ose# to the en#. #ecision has $een ma#e to omit this from the research as only / res)on#ents )rovi#e# fee#$ac!.

    #.3 :uestionnaire to "ublican 8 Manager


    (8 )+$lican s+rveys "ere collecte# in total3 all of "hich "ere con#+cte# face to face +sing an a#ministere# a))roach. list of the )+$s +se# can $e locate# "ithin the ))en#iA 20. ll ans"ers can $e locate# in ))en#iA 2(. (uestion 9# 'wareness of the proposed smoking !anB 8early all )+$licans "ere a"are of the )ro)ose# legislation3 "ith only ( res)on#ent $eing )artially a"are. &he %overnment have clearly $een s+ccessf+l in comm+nicating their message. S+ch a res)onse em)hasises the attention the me#ia have $ro+ght to this s+$,ect an# the im)act?reach s+ch vehicles have. &here is clearly a h+ge amo+nt of interest an# strong reaction #eriving from this s+$,ect.

    '.areness of ;ro5osed 6egislation

    0% 94% $%

    7es 0o ;artially

    (uestion E# ersonal ,esponse to the smoking !anB &he ma,ority res)on#e# in favo+r a $an3 "ith 4 )+$s agreeing an# 8 strongly agreeing. Only three )+$s eA)resse# #isagreement "ith the )ro)ose# legislation. &his "as a s+r)rising res+lt as m+ch of the secon#ary research s+ggests lan#lor#s are against s+ch action. &hree )+$licans ans"ere# 4in#ifferent5 "hich is again3 s+r)rising3 $eca+se this is an area of strong reaction so it "as eA)ecte# to $e felt ?eA)resse# most strongly $y those it #irectly affects most significantly 7 $oth in $+siness an# for livelihoo#.
    $% 1"% 22% 11% 44% *trongly 'gree 'gree Indifferent Disagree *trongly Disagree

    Personal 'esponse to Proposed .an

    48

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    (uestion ?# .escription of feelings toward the !anB &he ma,ority of )+$licans #escri$e# themselves as either )lease# C//OD or satisfie# C44OD "ith the )ro)ose# )artial legislation. &his3 again3 "as a s+r)rising res+lt as secon#ary research s+ggests an all or nothing a))roach "o+l# $e )referre# $y )+$licans. &he same three res)on#ents "ho eA)resse# #isagreement in the )revio+s H+estion )rovi#e# negative ans"ers for @/ as "ell C(-OD3 em)hasising their +nha))iness "ith s+ch a $an. >es)ite three )+$s saying they "ere in#ifferent in agreement to a $an C@/D only ( )+$ res)on#e# in#ifferent "hen as!e# a$o+t their )ersonal o)inions3 highlighting it is an area "hich )eo)le feel strongly a$o+t an# $elieve it affects them significantly.

    $escription o" 1eelings to( ard Proposed .an

    11% 0% $% $%

    ;leased 33% *atisfied <nsatisfied :ery <nha55y Infuriated Indifferent

    44%

    (uestion ># -ho should !e responsi!le for such a decisionN &he ma,ority of res)on#ents $elieve that )+$licans sho+l# $e res)onsi$le for3 an# allo"e# to ma!e3

    Where #hould 'esponsi+ility &ie "or Ma6ing $ecisions their o"n #ecisions an# #isagree "ith having this )o"er ta!en a"ay from them. &he %overnment an# onho"ever3 a #mo6ing .an relevant %overnment organisations "ere3 the neAt most )o)+lar ans"er3 receiving ((O of
    total ans"ers. &his em)hasises there is s+))ort for %overnment intervention.

    ,um+er o" 'esponses

    12 10 8 $ 4 2 0

    11

    1 4re.eries = ;arent Co&5any ;u-lican = /.ner = 2anager

    1 (uests

    2 ;oliticians = (o8ern&ent

    2 >ele8ent (o8ern&ent 'gency

    1 *taff

    0 /ther

    4.

    Most /pproriate $ecision Ma6er

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    (uestion I# rovision of separate smoking and non;smoking areas for patronsB (/ )+$licans C-2OD )rovi#e# se)arate smo!ing an# nonEsmo!ing areas for #rin!ing )atrons3 com)are# to a total of (4 )+$s )rovi#ing se)arate areas for #iners. &his clearly highlights the significance )lace# on foo# service an# the s+$seH+ent incomes generate# from this. >iners o$vio+sly have an im)ortant effect +)on the #ecisions )+$licans ma!e. 0 )+$s C28OD "ere com)letely non E smo!ing thro+gho+t. (uestion G and J# rovision of food service and separate dining areasB total of (- )+$s C.4OD serve# foo# on site3 fo+r of "hich #i# so "here smo!ing "as )ermitte#. Only ( )+$ #i# not serve. &his i#entifies the h+ge mar!et availa$le regar#ing foo# an# the significance )+$licans )lace on foo# tra#e to $oost sales. 1eca+se of s+ch a high )ro)ortion of )+$s serving foo# it "ill $e interesting to see ho" the $an "ill affect f+t+re $+siness #ecisions. @+estions as to "hether )+$s "o+l# $e "illing to lose the income generate# from foo# "ill $e raise# 7 ho" m+ch #oes foo# contri$+te or is it merely an ancillary serviceN
    Provision o" 1ood #ervice
    ;ro8ision of *e5erate Dining 'reas

    $% 7es 0o 94%

    22% 7es 0o "8%

    (uestion H# Is smoking permitted at the !arB 4 )+$s C22OD a#mitte# they still allo"e# smo!ing at the $ar. &his "as s+r)rising as it "as consi#ere# this ha# $een $anne# in all license# )remises. (uestion :# .oes an effective ventilation Ke5traction system e5istB (0 )+$s C8/OD $elieve# they ha# s+fficient ventilation com)are# to three C(6OD that a#mitte# it "as a$sent. (uestion 9F# 're complaints regarding smoking a common occurrenceB

    00

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    Only t"o )+$s C((OD sai# they receive# com)laints a$o+t smo!ing on a reg+lar $asis3 $+t $oth )+$s sai# on average this is a maAim+m of one a "ee!. 8.O C(6 )+$sD res)on#e# that com)laints "ere not receive# on a reg+lar $asis. (uestion 99# redicted affect on trade from !anB &he ma,ority of )+$licanKs $elieve# that there "o+l# $e fe"er smo!ers in their )+$s or no change at all3 $oth ans"ers receiving //O of total res)onses. (6O C/ )+$sD sai# more nonEsmo!ing visitors "o+l# $e the )re#icte# o+tcome an# (6O C/ )+$sD ans"ere# 4:ns+re5. :ncertainty evi#ently eAists regar#ing f+t+re )+$ $+siness.

    Predicted /""ect on *rade "rom Proposed .an


    $ 5 ,um+er o" 'esponses 4 3 2 1 0 0
    2ore *&o+ers

    0
    <nsure

    (uestion 9E# redicted affect on

    6ess 2ore 0on - 6ess 0on - *tay the *&o+ers *&o+ers *&o+ers *a&e - 0o Change income and revenueB

    &his H+estion generate# H+ite a #iverse range of ans"ers. &he ma,ority $elieve# that no change "o+l# Pu+lican7s 'esponses $e eA)erience# C/8OD. 0 )+$s $elieve# that a negative im)act "o+l# $e inc+rre# "hilst only ( sai# im)act "o+l# $e significantly negative. &here is clearly H+ite a )essimistic )ers)ective to"ar# financial affect on income?reven+es "ithin the )+$ tra#e follo"ing a )ro)ose# $an. Only 28O of the s+rvey $elieve# )ositive o+tcomes "o+l# $e eA)erience#.

    0(

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    (uestion 9? and 9># otential lossKretention of staffB 8o )+$s $elieve# they "o+l# lose staff as a res+lt of a $an3 $+t 6 )+$s tho+ght they co+l# retain more staff C//OD after a $an "as initiate#.
    Potential &oss o" #ta"" Compared to Potential retention o" #ta"" as a 'esult o" Proposed #mo6ing .an 1$ 14 12 10 8 $ 4 2 0 1$

    0u&-er of >es5onses

    8 $ 4 2 0 7es 0o >es5onses <nsure

    ;otential 6oss of staff ;otential >etention of staff

    (uestion 9I# $easures to accommodate !oth parties in separate areasB S+r)risingly3 - res)on#ents C/.OD re)lie# renovation ? eA)ansion "as a #efinite reasona$le consi#eration to accommo#ate $oth )arties. &his highlights ho" m+ch $oth ty)es of tra#e re)resent to the )+$lican. / )+$s C(-OD sai# it "as reasona$le s+ggestion3 #emonstrating that the ma,ority of )+$licans "o+l# $e )re)are# to consi#er s+ch meas+res to accommo#ate everyone. inconvenience an# financial restraints. f+rther three )+$s a##e# it "as a )ossi$ility. 22O sai# it "as an +nfeasi$le s+ggestion $eca+se of time3 s)ace3

    Consideration o" Measures to /ccomodate .oth #mo6ers and ,on ; #mo6ers Definite Consideration
    1"% $% 38%

    <nfeasa-le *uggestion >easona-le *uggestion

    1"% 22%

    ;ossi-ly Don?t @no.

    02

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    (uestion 9G# ropensity to stop food service to allow smokingB &he vast ma,ority C(/ P+$sD ans"ere# they "o+l# not sto) serving foo# after a $an3 highlighting ho" m+ch this )artic+lar reven+e stream means to )+$licans an# "hat they $elieve their g+ests "ant 7 foo# ta!ing )riority to smo!ing. &hree )+$s C(-OD re)lie# they "o+l# $e )re)are# to #ro) foo# to accommo#ate smo!ing g+estsT ho"ever3 these ten#e# to $e 4"et le#5 )+$s "here foo# "as ancillary an# are visite# more for the atmos)here.
    Consideration o" #topping 1ood #ervice to /llo( #m o6ing

    $% $%

    1"%

    7es 0o ;ossi-ly <nsure

    "1%

    (uestion 9J# otential aggression from guests as a result of a proposed smoking !anB ((O of )+$licans $elieve# more g+est aggression an# #isr+)tion "o+l# $e notice# as a res+lt of an im)ose# $an. Ho"ever3 the ma,ority C6-OD $elieve# s+ch a negative affect "o+l# not occ+r. (uestion 9H and 9:# ,equests for personal opinion and the suggestion of any !enefits such a !an would provideB &his H+estion "as res)on#e# to more favo+ra$ly than the section in the g+est H+estionnaire3 "hich "as largely ignore#. variety of o)inions "ere )rovi#e# mainly s+ggesting the )ositive as)ects an# o+tcomes of s+ch a )ro)ose# $an s+ch as lo"er cleaning an# maintenance costs3 a cleaner an# healthier "or!ing environment en,oye# an# a )otential increase in foo# sales t+rnover "ill all $e eA)erience#. )artial $an is not the o+tcome favo+re# $y ma,ority res)onse as it is $elieve# it "ill h+rt $+siness from com)etition an# "ill not )rovi#e an eH+al )laying fiel# "ithin the hos)itality in#+stry. P+$licans $elieve a negative financial im)act "ill $e eA)erience# many ven+es3 some even having to close as a res+lt of loss of tra#e an# g+ests going else"here. com)lete $lan!et $an is the )referre# res)onse $y most )+$licans3 s+ggesting that they "ant3 4Someone to tell +s "hat to #o5. &he $iggest arg+ment against any action is the removal of choice from $oth g+ests an# )+$licans. Others fear an increase in taAes to s+$si#ise the loss in cigarette taA reven+e. Concerns over )olicing an# enforcement have $een eA)resse# as have "orries regar#ing fines an# )enalties for com)liance fail+re. 'ocation3 siJe3 str+ct+re an# clientele mar!ete# at are all going to $ecome increasingly im)ortant to each in#ivi#+al )+$Ks s+rvival "ith a greater em)hasis on acting com)etitively.

    0/

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    >es)ite strong o)inion3 there is evi#ently great +ncertainty regar#ing ho" the mar!et "ill react. Only time "ill tell if s+ch a )ro)ose# $an is acce)te# an# is a s+ccess. See ))en#iA 22 for com)lete set of ans"ers.

    04

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    Chapter <: /nalysis o" Primary 'esearch Compared to &iterature 'evie(


    %.1 Introduction
    &his cha)ter com)ares the ans"ers from $oth H+estionnaires an# consi#ers arg+ments s+ggeste# in the literat+re revie".

    %.2 +om&arative )evie9


    6esearch from c+stomer H+estionnaires highlights that the ma,ority of smo!ers s+rveye# in this re)ort are female age# $et"een (8 7 20 years. &his s+))orts comments from literat+re research that )ro)ose this is the glo$al sit+ation CHeloma et al3 2002D.0. &he ma,ority of smo!ers commente# that they #i# not $elieve a smo!ing $an "o+l# hel) them to H+it C(8 res)on#entsD. =vi#ence on the contrary3 )rovi#e# from *relan# an# 8e" For!3 ho"ever3 s+ggests other"ise. 'ister C2004D.(3 re)orts that in )ractice3 )eo)le are #isco+rage# from smo!ing after a $an is im)ose#. *n the *rish eA)erience3 many g+ests have given +) $eca+se they #o not "ant to go o+tsi#e to smo!eT they fin# it inconvenient or r+#e. .-O of all g+ests re)lie# they "ere a"are of the )ro)ose# $an3 as #i# .4O of all )+$licans. &his em)hasises the magnit+#e of attention an# me#ia coverage attracte# to this s+$,ect. *t is a to)ical iss+e "hich garners m+ch )ersonal res)onse an# incites many reactions3 for a myria# of #ifferent reasons3 s+ch as removing choice3 relate# health concerns3 s+$seH+ent financial im)lications an# associate# affects on societyKs $ehavio+r. &he vast ma,ority3 ho"ever3 agree "ith the $an. &his encom)asses $oth smo!ers an# non Esmo!ers3 "ith a total of 0- res)on#ing in favo+r. &he ma,ority of )+$licans3 li!e"ise3 agree# "ith a $an an# co+l# clearly see the associate# $enefits. //O re)lie# )lease# an# 44O sai# satisfie# "hen H+estione# a$o+t their )ersonal res)onse to the )ro)ose# $an. >es)ite s+ch high acce)tance of the $an3 many )+$licans are +nha))y a$o+t having the choice to #eci#e ta!en a"ay. Ho"ever3 the literat+re revie" has )rove# that self reg+lation has $een enco+rage# for the )ast ten years $+t "as largely ignore#. &he vol+ntary a))roach clearly #oes not "or!3 so a more )rescri$e# metho# that forces )+$licans to act is #eeme# necessary C>r+ce3 Caterer an# Hotel!ee)er MagaJineD.2.
    .0

    Heloma3 3 Iaa!!ola3 S.M3 20023 +our year follow up of smoke e5posure, attitudes and smoking !ehaviour following enactment of +inlands national smoke free workplace law, Society for the St+#y of ##iction to lcohol an# Other >r+gs3 Bol..83 P. (((( E (((.( 'ister3 >3 28th )ril 20043 7o +ags, 7o +ug, 7o +un, &he &imes3 &23 3 P..2 >r+ce3 Chris3 (0th Se)tem$er 20003 Its too "ate to +ight *an on Smoking3 Caterer an# Hotel!ee)er MagaJine3 P.(2

    00

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    >es)ite s+ch a high )ercentage of )+$licanKs arg+ing against having the free#om of choice remove# C(( )+$licans res)on#ing negatively to"ar# thisD3 conversely the neAt most selecte# category for ma!ing s+ch #ecisions "as that of the %overnment3 receiving ((O. &hese res)onses are echoe# in )+$ g+est res)onses3 "hich s+ggest the )+$lican sho+l# have the sole right to #eci#e ho" to r+n their $+siness3 $+t this is closely follo"e# +) $y many arg+ing the %overnment have a significant role to )lay an# many s+))ort government intervention C"ith /0 res)onsesD. Staff "ere consi#ere# to have least say in the matter3 #es)ite $eing significant sta!ehol#ers in this iss+e3 "ho are heavily affecte# $y $oth the )resent =&S an# the o+tcomes of s+ch a $an Ceither thro+gh healthier an# cleaner "or!ing atmos)heres or )ossi$le re#+n#anciesD. &he literat+re revie" s+ggests that altho+gh a !ey arg+ment to the $an is )rotection of "or!erKs "elfare the c+stomers #o not a))ear to share this concern. &he ma,ority of reci)ients sai# they visite# the )+$ 2 7 / times )er "ee! C48OD3 follo"e# $y 20O "ho go once a "ee! an# (6O "ho visit #aily. 9reH+ency an# consistency in )+$ +sage is clearly very high3 )roving )+$ tra#e in the Portsmo+th area is c+rrently strong3 "ith )+$s $eing an im)ortant an# )o)+lar so+rce of entertainment in the local comm+nity. >es)ite s+ggestions raise# in the me#ia an# in the national )ress that a $an "o+l# #isco+rage )+$ tra#e an# enco+rage the increase in home entertainment3 those s+rveye# #isagree# significantly. &he ma,ority re)lie# they "o+l# not $e )re)are# to loo! for alternative o)tions C-(OD an# only ((O saying yes. &he $an "ill clearly not im)act a significantly #etrimental affect on local )+$ tra#e therefore3 "ith c+stomers contin+ing in their )resent $ehavio+r )atterns3 +naffecte#. &he ma,ority of res)on#ents also contri$+te# that the $an "o+l# not im)act on their length of stay C00 res)onsesD3 freH+ency of visits C08 re)liesD or )ro)ensity to s)en# C00D. &he $an is o$vio+sly +nli!ely to significantly im)act +)on any c+stomer $ehavio+r3 as has $een )rove# in other co+ntries that have ma#e s+ch im)lementations E *relan# for eAam)le. 6e)orts of negative $ehavio+ral change3 )ro)ensity to visit an# )ro)ensity to s)en# have $een grossly eAaggerate# an# the overall o+t come is )ositive3 as s+))orte# $y 2a!efiel# et al C2004D./ One s+ggestion is that a similar eA)erience "ill $e notice# as in the airline in#+stry "hen smo!ing "as $anne# on )lanes 7 event+ally it "ill no longer $e an iss+e Hammar C2004D.4 .

    ./

    2a!efiel#3 M3 6o$erts3 '3 Millar3 C3 20043 erceptions of the 1ffect of an Impending ,estaurant Smoking *an on .ining =ut 15perience3 Io+rnal of Preventative Me#icine3 Bol. 2.3 P. 0/ E 06 .4 Hammar3 H3 20043 ,estaurant owner perceptions of the effects of a smoking !an, Health Policy3 Bol. -03P. 24/ E 204

    06

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    &he im)ortance of foo# sales is em)hasise# $y the n+m$er of )+$s offering this service C-.3 80OD from g+est H+estionnaires. .4O of the )+$licans s+rveye# re)lie# foo# "as serve# on site. Ho"ever3 "ith the initiation of a smo!ing $an3 H+estions "ill nee# to $e as!e# regar#ing foo# service. *f sales are in a s+))ort ca)acity to core 4"et $+siness5 then this "ill nee# to $e sto))e# an# another reven+e stream consi#ere# to com)ensate this loss. &his co+l# occ+r thro+gh attracting more Csmo!ingD c+stomers3 cost c+tting3 raising )rices or re#+cing o)ening ho+rs 7 as has $een the case for many *rish )+$s CMc8a$ola et al3 2000D.0. t )resent3 (4 intervie"e# )+$licans )rovi#e se)arate areas for $oth smo!ers an# non7smo!ers in an attem)t to accommo#ate $oth. (/ intervie"e# )+$licans3 ho"ever3 state# that "hen a $an is im)ose#3 they "o+l# not sto) serving foo# to accommo#ate more smo!ers3 $eca+se offering foo# attracts more c+stomers an# offers higher sales margins than that of "et sales. &he ma,ority of g+ests s+rveye# agree# that no smo!ing )+$s are )refera$le3 es)ecially "hen #ining C4- res)on#entsD. &he ma,ority of smo!ers from )+$ g+est H+estionnaires re)lie# their $ehavio+r "o+l# not change after a $an nor "o+l# they smo!e less C(2 re)lies eachD. P+$licans $elieve# that )ost a $an they "ere li!ely to see either less smo!ers or tra#e "o+l# remain +nchange# C6 eachD. 8o )+$lican eA)resse# concern regar#ing the im)en#ing $an3 instea# #isc+ssing inten#e# )roEactive meas+res. Most contin+e# to say that very little change "o+l# $e notice# on $+siness income or reven+e. &he ma,ority sai# that no change in staff retention "o+l# $e notice# either "ay C!ee) staff 7 83 lose staff 7 (6D. Concerns a$o+t eAacer$ate# aggression an# #isr+)tion ca+se# $y a $an on smo!ing "ere not share# $y the ma,ority of )+$licans3 "ith only 2 consi#ering it a )ossi$ility. Concerns from )+$licans "ere more #irecte# to"ar# the %overnmentKs involvement in this iss+e. &he meas+res an# res)onsi$ility for )olicing an# enforcement is conf+sing an# the associate# costs an# )enalties are eH+ally as convol+te#. *m)lementation3 cleaning an# litter an# a#ministration costs are all feare#. P+$licans are "orrie# that this "ill $e )asse# on to them3 thro+gh #irect meas+res or in increase# taAes C""".timesan#star.co.+!D.6.

    .0

    Mc8a$ola3 3 1ro#eric! 13 Iohnson P3 %ill3 '3 20003 7ew .irections# Improved atmospheres in pu!s due to the smoking !an in Ireland, tmos)heric =nvironment3 Bol. /.3 P 48(0 E 48(6 .6 Pa#more3 63 (-th 9e$r+ary 20063 Smoking *an -ill +orce u!s To 0lose, &ime an# Star Post retrieve# on the 2(st 9e$r+ary 20063 from """.timesan#star.co.+!?ne"s?vie"article.as)ANi#Q//428

    0-

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    Chapter =: Conclusions and 'ecommendations


    '.1 +onclusion
    Consi#ering the health im)acts of to$acco smo!e an# increase# a"areness of =&S3 governments have a #+ty to )rotect the health of their citiJens $y im)lementing to$acco control meas+res. *n this research3 international meas+res have $een eAamine# to assess "hich are the most feasi$le3 "hich are the most transfera$le to :; c+lt+re an# "hich are most s+ccessf+l 7 $oth in terms of gaining com)liance an# res+lts generate#. *t is no" "i#ely acce)te# that to re#+ce smo!ing a com)rehensive to$acco )olicy nee#s to $e a#o)te#T vol+ntary meas+res are not affective. &h+s3 legislation is the most )referre# meas+re3 $+t this m+st $e monitore# an# enforce# )ro)erly3 "ith consistency an# em)athy. Most im)ortantly com)liance from the )o)+lation ma,ority m+st $e achieve# to $e s+ccessf+l. %overnments can $e reass+re# that smo!ing $ans in )+$s are not only goo# for )+$lic health $+t #o not a#versely affect tra#e either3 as this research has sho"n. rg+ments that #rin!ing3 eating an# smo!ing are ineAtrica$ly lin!e# have )rove# +nfo+n#e#3 "ith C+th$ert C(...D.- arg+ing that no #eleterio+s im)act on tra#e is li!ely to $e notice#3 often an increase $eing the o+tcome. She contin+es to say that those "ho im)lement s+ch )olicies often feel it "orth"hile3 $enefiting from cleaner an# healthier "or!ing environments an# a com)etitive e#ge. &he )rimary research has s+))orte# arg+ments that negative im)acts "ill not $e inc+rre#3 "ith the ma,ority of res)on#ents re)lying that they co+l# not see changes in their freH+ency of visits3 length of time s)ent in )remises or on their average s)en#. Pro)ose# concerns of )eo)le staying at home more have also $e fo+n# to $e +n,+stifie# "ith the vast ma,ority of res)on#ents re)lying that they "ill not loo! for alternative o)tions once a $an is im)lemente#T the sanctity of the )+$lic ho+se remaining in tact. &he )+$s that are li!ely to $e most v+lnera$le to s+ch legislation are r+ral an# free hol# )+$s "ho str+ggle to com)ete on )rice an# facilities. Primary research has sho"n these to $e most against the $an. =A)erience from )revio+s intro#+ce# legislation tho+gh3 s+ch as that regar#ing #rin! #riving3 has sho"n that the mar!et is resilient an# a#a)ts to accommo#ate s+ch changes. Peo)le a#,+st an# in time the controversial to)ic of $anning smo!ing in license# )remises "ill no longer $e an iss+eT it "ill $e an acce)te# )art of life.

    .-

    C+th$ert3 'ynsey an# 8ic!son3 >ennis3 (...3 4Smoking in the ,estaurant Industry# Time +or ' *an3 *nternational Io+rnal of Contem)orary Hos)itality Management3 Bol. ((3 8o. (3 P. /( E /6

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    =vi#ence from other co+ntries may not $e transfera$le to =nglan# tho+gh. >ifferences in c+lt+re3 )ersonality3 attit+#es3 $ehavio+r an# even the "eather may all im)act on s+ch actions3 res+lting in #ifferent res+lts from those eA)erience# a$roa#. &he closest an# most relia$le eAam)le to #ra" reasona$le com)arisons from "o+l# $e *relan#. &he $an there has $een met "ith "i#es)rea# acce)tance an# is #eeme# a s+ccess. 8egative financial conseH+ences are in line "ith a national #ecline3 starting $efore the $an "as im)lemente#3 th+s in#icating the $an has ha# no serio+s im)act +)on tra#e. &he *rish $an is #ifferent from =nglan#Ks )ro)osals3 ho"ever3 as it is a com)lete $lan!et $an. &he =nglish $an )romotes choice. &his increases com)etition. Many )eo)le3 ho"ever3 feel this )rovi#es an +neven )laying fiel# an# "ill also ma!e the $an har#er to im)lement3 )olice an# enforce3 a $lan!et $an $eing #esire# $y the ma,ority 7 "itnesse# from $oth )rimary an# secon#ary research Smo!e free legislation "ill s+))ort c+rrent smo!ers attem)ting to H+it an# #enormalise smo!ing in society. +ng et al C200(D.8 s+ggest that as c+stomers are at the heart of the hos)itality $+siness3 it hel)s to listen to them an# +n#erstan# "hat they "ant. t )resent the c+rrent tren# is a significant #ecline in smo!ing rates in the :;. 8on smo!ers #o have a choice not to visit smo!y license# )remises $+t they are in the ma,ority. &he general consens+s is that the smo!ers sho+l# have to choose. ltho+gh ass+m)tions an# )re#ictions can $e #ra"n from this research regar#ing the im)act s+ch a $an may have on =nglan#Ks )+$ tra#e an# the $ehavio+r of c+stomers3 only time "ill sho" the f+ll im)act an# "hether s+ch )ro)osals have $een a s+ccess.

    '.2 )ecommendations
    6ecommen#ations for )+$s "o+l# $e to f+lly analyse their mar!et an# listen to "hat their g+ests "ant. =A)erience has sho"n )eo)le "ill a#,+st to the sit+ation. *f the sales margins for )+$ foo# are ,+stifia$le3 )eo)le "ill go o+tsi#e to smo!e. O)tions to accommo#ate $oth )arties may $e eA)lore# s+ch as smo!ing shelters or )atio heaters3 $oth of "hich have eA)erience# roc!eting sales since the intro#+ction of a $an in *relan#. &he &:C have #ismisse# the com)romise of )rovi#ing foo# or smo!ing as 4:n"or!a$le f+#ge53 insisting a com)lete $an is a far greater sol+tion that is $oth realistic an# "or!a$le. *t "o+l# not harm $+siness an# "o+l# )rovi#e only )ositive o+tcomes. *t is $elieve# s+ch a $an "o+l# s+))ort a level )laying fiel# for all )+$s an# $ars3 avoi#ing +nfair com)etition an# "o+l# $e far easier to enforce an# )olice. P+$lic health $enefits an# )rotection of "or!ers an# g+ests from =&S is also noticea$ly greater in )laces "here a total $an eAists3 as *relan# can contest.

    .8

    +ng3 M3 <hang3 M3 9arhat3 H3 200(3 'n e5ploratory study of the smoking issue in restaurants3 Io+rnal of Management >ecision3 Bol. /.3 8o. 43 P. 2-. E284

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    )artial $an is $elieve# to "or! against the %overnmentKs )lans to re#+ce health ineH+alities an# "ill $e conf+sing an# costly to im)lement. Professor Carol 1lac!3 )resi#ent of the 6oyal College of Physicians sai# )ro)osals for a )artial $an are 4>isa))ointing given the "eight of evi#ence that similar )olicies have $een im)lemente# "ith )o)+lar s+))ort in other co+ntries5 "here as n#re" 'ansley3 Sha#o" Health Secretary3 sai# s+ch a $an 4>oes not a##ress health ineH+alities as )+$s in the most #e)rive# areas #o not +s+ally serve foo#5 C""".timesonline.co.+!D.

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    Will the proposed smoking ban in public places dramatically affect consumer behaviour and what are the potential likely subsequent financial and social implications for licensed premises?

    #issertation s+$mitte# for the 1 CHO8SD Hos)itality Management #egree at the :niversity of Portsmo+th

    Appendix
    y Pete !"bi#$e %&"'( 2))6

    6(

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    Contents Page
    Contents Page.................................................................................................................( Cha)ter (: *ntro#+ction..................................................................................................4 (.( *ntro#+ction..........................................................................................................4 (.2 ims an# O$,ectives ...........................................................................................Cha)ter 2: Metho#ology.................................................................................................. 2.( *ntro#+ction........................................................................................................... 2.2 Secon#ary research ............................................................................................... 2./ Metho#ology for secon#ary research.................................................................... 2.4 'imitations.........................................................................................................(0 2.0 Primary research ...............................................................................................(( 2.6 1rief *ncl+sion....................................................................................................(( 2.- Metho#ology for )rimary research ....................................................................(( 2.8 'imitations of )rimary research .................................................................(/ Cha)ter /: %overnment 2hite Pa)er3 4Choosing Health5...........................................(4 /.( *ntro#+ction .......................................................................................................(4 /.2 2here has the 2hite Pa)er come from..............................................................(4 /./ 6easons $ehin# 4Choosing Health5 2hite Pa)er..............................................(0 /.4 Other o)tions availa$le to the %overnment ......................................................20 Cha)ter 4: 'iterat+re 6evie" 7 &he %lo$al Pers)ective..............................................22 4.( *ntro#+ction .......................................................................................................22 4.28ee# for ction...................................................................................................22 4./ 9alling tren#s in the (..0s: :; hos)itality sector.............................................2/ 4.4 *nternational &o$acco control an# reg+lation....................................................24 *relan#...................................................................................................................24 8or"ay.................................................................................................................26 8e" <ealan#.........................................................................................................26 1h+tan..................................................................................................................26 6est of the 2orl# ....................................................................................................2+stralia ..............................................................................................................2Cana#a..................................................................................................................2:nite# States of merica ....................................................................................28 9rance...................................................................................................................2. &he 8etherlan#s ................................................................................................../0 6est of =+ro)e....................................................................................................../0 :nite# ;ing#om.................................................................................................../( =nglan#................................................................................................................./( 62

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    Concl+sion................................................................................................................// Cha)ter 0: nalysis of collection of )rimary research.................................................// 0.( *ntro#+ction........................................................................................................// 0.2 C+stomer S+rveys ............................................................................................./4 0./ Piloting an# amen#ing ......................................................................................./4 0.4 >istri$+tion........................................................................................................./0 0.0 P+$lican ? manager s+rveys................................................................................/0 0.6 Piloting ............................................................................................................../0 0.- >istri$+tion of )+$ s+rveys .........................................................................../0 0.8 Pro$lems enco+ntere# "ith )rimary research..................................................../6 Cha)ter 6: Presentation an# >isc+ssion of 6es+lts from Primary 6esearch .............../6.( *ntro#+ction......................................................................................................../6.2 C+stomer S+rvey................................................................................................/6./ @+estionnaire to P+$lican ? Manager.................................................................48 Cha)ter -: nalysis of Primary 6esearch Com)are# to 'iterat+re 6evie"................00 -.( *ntro#+ction .......................................................................................................00 -.2 Com)arative 6evie"..........................................................................................00 Cha)ter 8: Concl+sions an# 6ecommen#ations...........................................................08 8.( Concl+sion..........................................................................................................08 8.2 6ecommen#ations .............................................................................................0. Contents Page...............................................................................................................62 ))en#iA (: &he History of Smo!ing &ime 'ine........................................................60 ))en#iA 2: 'ist of :; Smo!ing an# &o$acco 'egislation3 6eg+lations an# Bol+ntary greements.................................................................................................6))en#iA 4: #vice for %oo# >esign of @+estionnaires............................................-0 ))en#iA -: =Atracts an# S+mmary of Choosing Health 2hite Pa)er.......................-( &a!en from 4Choosing Health5 %overnment 2hite Pa)er......................................-( ))en#iA8: Smo!ing an# Cancer................................................................................-0 ))en#iA .: 'ist of &oAins 9o+n# in &o$acco....................................................-))en#iA (0: =ffects of *nhaling =nvironmental &o$acco Smo!e CSecon# Han# Smo!eD.........................................................................................................................-8 ))en#iA ((: =Atracts from the Scientific Committee on &o$acco an# Health CSCO&HD......................................................................................................................-. 6/

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    Secon#Ehan# Smo!e: 6evie" of =vi#ence since (..8............................................-. ))en#iA (2: %overnment Pro)osals for a Smo!ing 1an in P+$lic Places.................8( ))en#iA (/: rg+ments 9or an# gainst the Pro)ose# Smo!ing 1an......................82 rg+ments 9or .........................................................................................................82 rg+ments against ..................................................................................................82 ))en#iA (4: Pro)ose# lternative Sol+tions to the Smo!ing 1an............................8/ &he Bol+ntary O)tion .............................................................................................8/ &he 'ocal O)tion.....................................................................................................8/ =Aem)ting P+$s........................................................................................................8/ ))en#iA (0: &o$acco an# Smo!ing control Meas+res *ntro#+ce# in Other Co+ntries ......................................................................................................................................84 ))en#iA (6: 6es+lts from Smo!e 9ree 2or!)laces in *relan#: One Fear 6evie" ......................................................................................................................................8. ))en#iA(61: ;ey 'essons from *relan#s Smo!e 9ree 'a".......................................( S+mmary G recommen#ations..................................................................................( S+mmary of *rish la"................................................................................................( &he Health case 7 ll"right re)ort .........................................................................( 9oc+s on "or!ers E "hy smo!eEfree meas+res m+st a))ly to everyone ..................2 =conomic im)act.......................................................................................................2 ))en#iA (-: SPSS Soft"are Com)are# to Microsoft =Acel......................................./ ))en#iA (8: SPSS Co#ing Man+al.............................................................................4 ))en#iA (.: 6es+lts of H+estionnaires to )+$ g+ests 7 in gra)h form ....................(00 ...................................................................................................................................(00 ))en#iA 20: 'ist of P+$s an# $ars +se# in collection of #ata..................................(22 ))en#iA 2(: 6es+lts of @+estionnaires to P+$licans 7 in ta$le format....................(2/ ))en#iA 22: Comments an# O)inions from @+estionnaires to P+$licans...............(21i$liogra)hy...............................................................................................................(/0 1oo!s......................................................................................................................(/0 Io+rnals...................................................................................................................(/0 6e)orts...................................................................................................................(/( =lectronic 6eso+rces..............................................................................................(/2 MagaJines ? 8e"s)a)er articles? Press 6e)orts ? 6eleases....................................(/0

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    /ppendi: 1: *he

    istory o" #mo6ing *ime &ine

    *+e&#s UP , Te&'(e"s , S-o.in$/ "et"ie0e# on t(e 15t( 1e'e-be" 2))5 2"o3334(e&#s!p4o"$4!.5'ontent &n# *T(e +isto"y o2 S-o.in$/ "et"ie0e# on t(e 2)t( No0e-be" 2))5 2"o- 33342o"est4o"$4!.5'!lt!"e 6000 1C &o$acco starts gro"ing in the mericas 7 in its nat+ral state it is native only to merica. (000 1C Peo)le start +sing to$acco leaves for smo!ing an# che"ing 9irst +sers "ere Mayan civilisation. (4./ > 7 6o#rigo #e IereJ $ecame the first =+ro)ean smo!er in history. One of Christo)her Col+m$+sKs fello" eA)lorers3 he too! his )+ff of the 8e" 2orl#Ks version of the cigar in C+$a. 2hen he ret+rne# home he ma#e the mista!e of lighting +) in )+$lic an# "as thro"n into )rison for three years. (0/2 7 (0.0 7 Sir Iohn Ha"!ins3 first =nglish slave tra#er ma#e three eA)e#itions from frica to the Cari$$ean in the (060Ks an# is the most li!e can#i#ate for $rining to$acco to =nglan#. (042 7 (0.( 7 6ichar# %renville "as another conten#er for $rining to$acco to =nglan#. (002 7 (6(8 7 Sir 2alter 6aleigh3 erroneo+sly tho+ght to have intro#+ce# to$acco to =nglan#. He #i# )o)+larise it thro+gh the co+rt of @+een =liJa$eth *. (060 7 9irst shi)ment to to$acco reaches 1ritain. (0.6 7 (640 7 Michael 9eo#orovich3 the first 6+ssian Csar #eclare# the +se of to$acco a #ea#ly sin in 6+ssia an# for$a#e )ossession for any )+r)ose. &o$acco Co+rt esta$lishe# to try $reaches of the la". :s+al )+nishments "ere slitting of the li)s or terri$le3 sometimes fatal flogging. *n &+r!ey3 Persia3 an# *n#ia the #eath )enalty "as )rescri$e# as a c+re for the ha$it. (600 7 &o$acco )ro#+ction "as no" firmly esta$lishe# in the 8e" 2orl#. >es)ite $eing $anne# $y His Holiness Po)e Clement B***3 "ho threatene# anyone "ho smo!e# in a holy )lace "ith eA comm+nication3 smo!ing "as $ecoming )o)+lar "ith =+ro)eans. (066E (620 7 ;ing Iames * famo+sly )+$lishe# his treatise 4 Co+nter$last to &o$acco5 in (6043 in it he #escri$e# the )lant as an 4*nvention of Satan5 an# $anne# to$acco from all aleho+ses. &he first heavy taA on to$acco3 on the $asis that to$acco "as 4Hatef+l to the nose3 harmf+l to the $rain an# #angero+s to the l+ngs5 C;ing Iames (D "as intro#+ce#. He later change# his min# an# nationalise# it. (8/2 7 9irst )a)er rolle# cigarettes a))ear ma#e $y =gy)tian sol#iers fighting the &+r!ish 7 =gy)tian "ar. (806 7 9irst cigarette factory o)ene# in 2al"oth3 =nglan#. (808 7 9ears a$o+t the effects of smo!ing on health first a))ear in the 'ancet. (.00 7 Smo!ing ,ac!ets an# hats a))ear for gentlemen smo!ers. Cigarettes are an esta$lishe# tra#ition an# essential )art of life. (.08 7 &he la" ma!es it illegal to sell cigarettes to a yo+ng )erson +n#er (6. (.00 7 =vi#ence of a lin! $et"een l+ng cancer an# smo!ing )+$lishe# in the 1MI. 6esearch $y Professor 6ichar# >oll an# 1ra#for# Hill. (.64 7 &he :S S+rgeon %eneral '+ther &erry anno+nces that smo!ing ca+ses l+ng cancer. (.60 7 &he :; %overnment $ans cigarette a#vertising on television. 9e#eral Cigarette 'a$elling an# #vertising ct reH+ires :S S+rgeon %eneralKs "arning on )ac!aging. (.-( 7 greement $et"een the government an# the to$acco in#+stry to )+t health "arnings on cigarette )ac!ets. (.-/ 7 9irst :S fe#eral restriction on smo!ing. Officials r+le all airlines m+st create non smo!ing sections. (.8/ 7 6ose Ci)ollone3 a smo!er #ying from l+ng cancer3 files a lan#mar! la"s+it3 "hich #rags on for nine years. She is finally a"ar#e# S40030003 $+t the #ecision is overt+rne#. (.80 7 'on#on &rans)ort $an smo!ing on the 'on#on :n#ergro+n#.

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    (.88 7 :S S+rgeon %eneral concl+#es that nicotine is an a##ictive #r+g. (..2 7 &he la" ma!es em)loyers )rovi#e smo!e free areas in rest rooms at "or!. (../ 7 Bermont $ans smo!ing in in#oor )+$lic )laces3 the first :S state to #o so. (..4>iana Castano3 "hose h+s$an# #ie# of cancer3 files case against the to$acco in#+stry. *t gro"s to incl+#e millions of smo!ers an# an alliance of 60 layers for the )laintiffs. (..0 7 8e" For! City )asses Smo!e 9ree ir ct an# strengthens Clean *n#oor ir ct. (..6 7 l+ng cancer s+fferer a"ar#e# S0003000 against a :S to$acco com)any after a ,+ry r+le# that the man+fact+rer ha# sho"n negligence in not alerting smo!ers to the haJar#s of smo!ing. I+ne (..- 7 :S to$acco firms agree a m+lti $illion #ollar settlement to cover health care costs inc+rre# $y treating )eo)le "ith smo!ing relate# illnesses in ret+rn for halting m+lti action la"s+its an# limiting claims for in#ivi#+als. (..- 7 %overnment calls for 9orm+la One to $e eAem)t from )ro)ose# =: #irective on to$acco a#vertising an# s)onsorshi)3 $+t $ac!s #o"n in the face of "i#es)rea# criticism "hich threatens the entire #irective. (..8 7 46 :S States em$race S206 $n settlement "ith cigarette ma!ers over health costs for treating sic! smo!ers. &o$acco eAec+tives testify $efore congress that nicotine is a##ictive +n#er c+rrent #efinitions of the "or# an# that smo!ing may ca+se cancer. (... 7 Co+rt in California or#ers Philli) Morris to )ay S00 million #amages to a smo!er "ith l+ng cancer. "ar# is later halve#. :; hos)itality in#+stry intro#+ce Bol+ntary Charter on Smo!ing in P+$lic PlacesU P+$s an# resta+rants to intro#+ce signs alerting c+stomers to their )olicy on smo!ing. 9irst fin#ing for an in#ivi#+al against a to$acco com)any. I+ry in Portlan#3 Oregon3 a"ar#s family of Iesse 2illiams S8( million against Philli) Morris in )+nitive #amages )l+s S82(3480 in com)ensatory #amages. I+#ge later re#+ces the )+nitive #amages to S/2 million. 2000 7 nother a"ar# against Philli) Morris an# 6I 6eynol#s $ecomes a lan#mar! case $eca+se a )laintiff ha# $eg+n smo!ing after health "arnings ha# starte# a))earing on )ac!aging. I+ry a"ar#s )+nitive #amages of nearly S(40 $illion against five :S to$acco com)anies after a class action in the state of 9lori#a. Cana#ian Health Minister intro#+ces gra)hic "arnings on cigarette )ac!ets. 200( 7 ne" =: #irective reH+ires a larger3 more )rominent health "arning on to$acco )ac!aging. 2002 7 1ritish Parliament )asses legislation that $egan a Private Mem$erKs 1ill3 $anning to$acco a#vertising. >ea#line for )hasing o+t s)onsorshi) of 9orm+la One motor racing $ro+ght for"ar# to com)ly "ith =: #irective. 1M claim there is 48o safe level of environmental to$acco smo!e5. >ecem$er 2002 7 &he 1ritish Me#ical ssociation calls for a $an on smo!ing in )+$lic )laces3 $eca+se of the threat to non 7 smo!ers. 200/ 7 Cancer 6esearch :; a#vertising cam)aign3 f+n#e# $y the >e)artment of Health3 targets smo!ers of mil# $ran#s3 "arning that they co+l# $e ,+st as #angero+s. 8e" For! City $ans smo!ing in all )+$lic )laces C/(st MarchD. #vertising an# )romotion of to$acco $anne# in the :;. 2004 7 1ritish Heart 9o+n#ation +ses gra)hic images to reinforce its government 7 s)onsore# anti smo!ing cam)aign.

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    March 2006

    /ppendi: 2: &ist o" 03 #mo6ing and *o+acco &egislation, 'egulations and >oluntary /greements
    Taken from Legislative Action to ombat the World Tobacco !pidemic"# $uth $oemer# %nd !dition# &ublished by the World 'ealth (rganisation and Tobacco Legislation# $egulations and )oluntary Agreements"# $etrieved on %*th (ctober %++, from www-ash-org-uk.html.policy.legislation

    Ye&" (.// (.4(.64 (.-4

    6e$isl&tion &he Chil# an# Fo+ng Persons ct (.// CSection -D Massive increase in cigarette taA C$y 4/OD &he &elevision ct (.64 7 to$acco a#vertising $anne# on television Health an# Safety at 2or! ct. Section 2C2D of H S2 )laces a s)ecific #+ty on the em)loyer in res)ect of em)loyees: To provide a safe working environment which is, so far as reasona!ly practica!le, safe, without risks to health and adequate as regards facilities and arrangements for their welfare at work. &his means that if a ris! to health can $e #emonstrate#3 for eAam)le if a "or!er "ith a res)iratory con#ition is force# to "or! in a smo!y atmos)here "hich ma!es the con#ition "orse3 the em)loyer m+st ta!e action to #eal "ith the ris!. Health an# Safety ins)ectors can ta!e enforcement action3 $+t +ltimately it "o+l# $e for the co+rts to #eci#e "hether the ris! to health "as significant. &he &o$acco Pro#+cts CHigher &ar CigarettesD 6eg+lations (.-8 men#ments to the Chil#renKs an# Fo+ng PersonKs ct (.// 7 ma#e it illegal to sell any to$acco )ro#+ct to anyone +n#er the age of siAteen an# for connecte# )+r)oses. &he =C )ro)oses to intro#+ce ne" +))er limits on the tar levels in cigarettes an# to legislate on health "arnings to a))ear on to$acco )ac!aging an# a#vertisements &he Oral Sn+ff CSafetyD 6eg+lations (.8. =nvironmental Protection ct. S.-. commits any f+mes3 gases or smo!e #eeme# to $e )re,+#icial to health or a n+isance to $e a stat+tory n+isance. Section 80 of the ct allo"s for local a+thority to intervene in s+ch a Sit+ation3 eval+ate the n+isance ca+se# an# reH+ire the )arty res)onsi$le to )rohi$it or restrict its occ+rrence ? reocc+rrence. Chil#ren an# Fo+ng Persons CProtection from &o$accoD ct (..( 7 amen#e# an# strengthene# Chil#ren an# Fo+ng Persons ct (.// 7 it tightens eAisting legislation on the sale of cigarettes to chil#ren +n#er siAteen. &he ct increase# the )enalties for the sale of to$acco to minors3 )rohi$ite# the sale of +n)ac!age# cigarettes an# ma#e )rovision for local a+thorities to +n#erta!e enforcement action relating to offences connecte# to

    (.-8 (.86

    (.88

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    (..(

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    the sale of to$acco. (..2

    March 2006

    &he 8ational Health Service C%eneral Me#ical ServicesD 6eg+lations (..2. 6eH+ires #octors to a#vise )atients a$o+t the significance of #iet3 +se of to$acco3 cons+m)tion of alcohol an# mis+se of #r+gs. >octors m+st a#vise against smo!ing as )art of the service they )rovi#e. &he 9oo# Safety C%eneral 9oo# HygieneD 6eg+lations. Sets o+t the $asic levels of )ersonal hygiene eA)ecte# from any in#ivi#+al han#ling foo#. &his means that )eo)le )re)aring foo# are not allo"e# to smo!e. *t also states anyone involve# in han#ling foo# sho+l# never smo!e in foo# han#ling =m)loyment 6ights ct (..6. 8on 7 smo!ers may claim that smo!ing at "or! has ca+se# them #istress or force# them to leave their ,o$ an# can cite the em)loyer as $eing in $reach of the =6 (..6. &he contract of em)loyment. *m)lie# terms incl+#e the common la" o$ligation )lace# on em)loyers to ta!e care of em)loyees. &his o$liges em)loyers to ta!e all reasona$le ste)s to )rotect em)loyees as soon as they are a"are of a ris!3 or co+l# $e eA)ecte# to $e a"are of the ris!. P+$lic Places Charter 7 )rovision for non smo!ing facilities. greement $et"een the government an# $o#ies re)resenting the hos)itality in#+stry that recognises that non smo!ing is the norm an# that there sho+l# $e increasing )rovision of facilities for non 7 smo!ers. &he P+$lic Places Charter "as set +) in (..8 an# "arrants a "ritten smo!ing )olicy3 im)lementation of a no smo!ing area an# installation of ventilation systems as a))ro)riate3 $y )+$s. Ho"ever3 a )rogress re)ort )+$lishe# in )ril 200/ fo+n# that 46O of resta+rants an# )+$s s+rveye# still allo"e# smo!ing thro+gho+t. Smo!ing ;ills 7 2hite Pa)er. &his 2hite Pa)er is the )rime statement of government )olicy to tac!le to$acco +se in 1ritain. &he 2hite Pa)er s)ells o+t a )ac!age of meas+res each of "hich are inten#e# to a## to the im)act of the others to re#+ce smo!ing )revalence 7 it incl+#es $anning to$acco a#vertising3 +se of taAation3 s+))ort for smo!ers "anting to H+it3 smo!e 7 free )olicies an# a range of targets. %overnment )olicy on international to$acco control3 )olicy #oc+ment. &his is the international section of the %overnmentKs 2hite Pa)er 4Smo!ing ;ills5. *n it3 the %overnment lays o+t its )olicy on to$acco in the =: conteAt an# reaffirms its commitment to international to$acco action thro+gh the 2HOKs frame"or! Convention on &o$acco Control. Saving 'ives: O+r Healthier 8ation. &his sets o+t a $roa# strategy for im)roving health an# tac!ling health ineH+alities. *t also sets o+t targets for re#+ction of cancer an# coronary heart #isease an# stro!e $y 20(0. &he 8HS Cancer Plan. &his see!s to a##ress iss+es relating to cancer3 from )revention3 to #etection an# treatment of the #isease. &he #oc+ment recognises smo!ing to $e a ma,or contri$+tor to )revalence of the #isease an# hence sets o+t targets for im)roving )revention "hich incl+#e re#+cing to$acco +se in #isa#vantage# gro+)s. &o$acco Pro#+ct 6eg+lation. 6eH+ires to$acco )ro#+cts to carry a :; >+ty

    (..0

    areas. (..6

    (..8

    (..8

    (..8

    (...

    2000

    200(

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    Pai# mar!ing an# any retailers failing to com)ly are lia$le to a fine +) to L0000. &his #isting+ishes $et"een legitimate tra#e an# contra$an# traffic!ing. 200( 2002 9inance ct. Provisions in the ct set o+t rates of #+ty on to$acco )ro#+cts. &o$acco #vertising an# Promotion ct 7 $ans the a#vertisement of an# )romotion of to$acco )ro#+cts. Came into force on (4th 9e$r+ary 200/. *t com)rehensively $ans the a#vertising an# )romotion of to$acco )ro#+cts incl+#ing the +se of $ran# sharing an# s)onsorshi) of c+lt+ral an# s)orts events. (4th 9e$ 0/7 illegal to a#vertise to$acco )ro#+cts on $ill$oar#s3 in ne"s)a)ers an# magaJines. >irect mail "as $anne# in May 200/. 2( st >ec 04 7 regs governing a#vertising at the )oint of sale came into effect. &hese limit a#vertising to one 0 siJe# a# )er o+tlet. /(st I+ly 04 7 to$acco s)onsorshi) of #omestic s)orting events "as $anne#. /(st I+ly 00 7 $an on s)onsorshi) of international events s+ch as 9orm+la ( racing came into effect as #i# regs on $ran# sharing. &o$acco taAes are +s+ally raise# in the ann+l $+#get at least in line "ith inflation. &his notice gives #etails of the to$acco #+ty rates in force.

    2002

    P"opose# by t(e 7C(oosin$ +e&lt(8 9(ite P&pe" 2004 Choosing Health: Ma!ing healthier Choices =asier 7 2hite Pa)er. &his )+$lic health 2hite Pa)er sets o+t the %overnmentKs )ro)osals to tac!le a range of health iss+es incl+#ing smo!ing. &he !ey to$acco )olicies incl+#e a )ro)osal to $an smo!ing in all "or!)laces eAce)t for mem$ers cl+$s an# )+$s "here foo# is not sol#T a commitment to maintain an# maAimise +se of the sto) smo!ing clinicsT greater enforcement of the la" to sto) sales of to$acco to chil#renT )lans for )ictorial health "arnings an# f+rther efforts to com$at to$acco sm+ggling. 1an smo!ing in all government $+il#ings an# 8ational Health Services 1an smo!ing in all enclose# )+$lic )laces an# "or!)laces Cother than license# )remises 6estrictions on license# )remises

    2006 2002008

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    /ppendi: %: /dvice "or Good $esign o" ?uestionnaires


    T&.en 2"o- :!&ntit&ti0e %et(o#s 2o" !siness St!#ies by Ri'(&"# T(o-&s; 1<<7; P"enti'e +&ll; +&"lo3; En$l&n#; P4 =Atreme care m+st $e ta!en in the #esign of the H+estionnaire to avoi# mislea#ing3 am$ig+o+s or lea#ing H+estions. %oo# #esign of H+estionnaires is a vital element in the collection of relia$le an# vali# information. &he #esign involves a n+m$er of $asic ste)s incl+#ing: (D. *nitial intervie"s or $rainstorming sessions to #isc+ss the ty)e an# range of information reH+ire#. 2D. 9irst #raft of H+estionnaire /D. *nternal testing of the #raft of the H+estionnaire3 incl+#ing initial eAamination of the framing of H+estions to ens+re that they are +n#erstan#a$le an# ans"era$le. 4D. Con#+ct )ilot st+#y. &his "o+l# involve sen#ing H+estionnaires to a small sam)le of res)on#ents in or#er to f+rther test the H+estionnaire format an# #esign. 0D. Pro#+ce final H+estionnaire +sing the res+lts from )revio+s testing an# )ilot. 6D. Con#+ct final s+rvey on f+ll sam)le. &he form+lation of effective H+estionnaires an# framing of a))ro)riate H+estions can $e ai#e# $y the follo"ing g+i#elines: &he )+r)ose of the H+estionnaire sho+l# $e eA)laine# $e eA)laine# at the start of the H+estionnaire or in a covering letter. 'ang+age +se# in the H+estions sho+l# $e as sim)le as )ossi$le3 avoi#ing any ,argon or technical terms. &he n+m$er of H+estions sho+l# $e !e)t to a minim+m. M+lti choice or Fes ? 8o H+estions sho+l# $e +se# "henever )ossi$le. O)en en#e# H+estions sho+l# $e +se# s)aringly an# )refera$ly only to"ar#s the en# of the H+estionnaire. 'ea#ing H+estions sho+l# not $e +se#. m$ig+o+s or #o+$le H+estions sho+l# $e avoi#e#.

    Personal or )otentially em$racing H+estions sho+l# not $e +se# +nless necessary.

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    /ppendi: <: 2:tracts and #ummary o" Choosing ealth White Paper
    6a;en from *+hoosing ,ealth- .overnment (hite "a&er E=e'!ti0e s!--&"y C(&pte" 1 7 &he time for action on health an# health an# ineH+alities 7 #escri$es the eAtensive an# +n)rece#ente# cons+ltation that has gone into resha)ing )+$lic health )olicy for the )+$lic3 $y the )+$lic. C(&pte" 2 7 Sets o+t a mo#ern strategy for health that incl+#es action to stim+late $oth #eman# for healthier o)tions 7 thro+gh information that )eo)le tr+st 7 an# the availa$ility of those o)tions so that )eo)le can ta!e +) the choices they "ant to ma!e. C(&pte" 2 also sets o+t action to a##ress ineH+alities in health that foc+ses )artic+larly getting information across to )eo)le in #ifferent gro+)s an# sec+ring $etter access to healthier choices for )eo)le in #isa#vantage# gro+)s or areas. C(&pte" 3 E Sets o+t action to s+))ort chil#ren an# yo+ng )eo)le3 as "ell as their )arents3 families3 carers an# staff in the )+$lic an# vol+ntary sectors. Services "ill $e coor#inate# to meet nee#s an# increasingly $ro+ght together in one location as )art of an integrate# service #elivery thro+gh chil#renKs tr+st arrangements that involve every$o#y "or!ing together locally to im)rove o+tcomes for chil#ren. &here "ill $e ne" initiatives to )romote )hysical activity an# s)ort insi#e an# o+tsi#e of school. C(&pte" 4 7 Sets o+t ho" the environment "e live in3 o+r social net"or!s3 o+r sense of sec+rity3 socio economic circ+mstances3 facilities an# reso+rces in o+r local neigh$o+rhoo# can affect o+r eA)erience of health. &here are +nacce)ta$le #ifferences in )eo)leKs eA)erience of health $et"een #ifferent areas an# $et"een #ifferent gro+)s of )eo)le "ithin the same area. ction $y local a+thorities "or!ing "ith local comm+nities3 $+siness an# vol+ntary gro+)s to tac!le local health iss+es ma!es a a #ifference to the o))ort+nities for $oth a#+lts an# chil#ren to choose healthier lifestyles. &his cha)ter sets o+t to maAimise the )ositive im)act of the local comm+nity setting "ith meas+res that "ill mean s+ccessf+l comm+nity $ase# 7 mo#els for im)roving local health can $e more confi#ent of s+staine# s+))ort. C(&pte" 5 7 &he cons+ltation ma#e clear that )eo)le are am$itio+s for their health an# the health of their families3 $+t often fo+n# it #iffic+lt to t+rn goo# intentions into s+staine# action. Peo)le "ante# s+))ort in $oth ma!ing the right #ecisions for their o"n health an# hel) to carry them o+t in )ractice. &his cha)ter sets o+t ne" )ro)osals to )rovi#e that s+))ort. C(&pte" 6 7 Sets o+t ho" the 8HS3 as it tac!les "aiting for treatment s+ccessf+lly3 "ill increasingly $ecome a health im)rovement an# )revention service3 s+))orting in#ivi#+als in the healthy informe# choices that they ma!e. C(&pte" 7 7 9or )eo)le in em)loyment3 "or! is a !ey )art of life. &he environment "e "or! in infl+ences o+r health choices an# can $e a force for im)roving health 7 for in#ivi#+als an#

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    the comm+nities they are )art of. 2or! offers self esteem3 com)anionshi)3 str+ct+re an# stat+s as "ell as income. Cha)ter - sets o+t the action that em)loyers3 em)loyees3 %overnment an# others can ta!e to eAten# healthy choices $y: re#+cing $arriers to "or! to im)rove health an# re#+ce ineH+alities thro+gh em)loymentT im)roving "or!ing con#itions to re#+ce the ca+se of ill 7 health relate# to "or!T an# )romoting the "or! environment as a so+rce of $etter health. *t also sets o+t "hat the 8HS "ill #o to $ecome a mo#el em)loyer !in s+))orting an# )romoting the health of its (./ million staff. C(&pte" > 7 Sets o+t the neAt ste)s for #elivery of the 2hite Pa)er. *t sho"s ho" the ne" P+$lic Health "ill move on from the #e$ates of the )ast an# move for"ar# from an era of analysis an# #escri)tion to a har# foc+s on )ractical action. *t intro#+ces the !ey elements of ho" the strategy "ill $e #elivere# 7 reg+lation3 reso+rcing3 ,oining +) #ifferent )arts of the system "ho can )lay a )art3 aligning an# $+il#ing )artnershi)s an# effective engagement "ith everyone "ho can contri$+te. Anne= E Sets o+t in more #etail ho" the %overnment "ill ens+re a strong system #elivers the commitments "e ma!e in the 2hite Pa)er3 an# ho" "e can $+il# on the h+ge s+))ort for action to create irreversi$le moment+m for change.

    C(&pte" 1 , T(e ti-e 2o" &'tion on (e&lt( &n# (e&lt( ine?!&lities


    Health in =nglan# has im)rove# #ramatically over the last cent+ry. 8e" challenges have emerge# an# nee# to $e tac!le# no" if )rogress is to $e maintaine#. :nfair ineH+alities in health have )ersiste# an# remain a !ey challenge. &ra#itional metho#s of im)roving health are $ecoming o+t#ate# an# ne" a))roaches an# ne" action are nee#e# to sec+re f+t+re )rogress. Cons+ltation "ith the )+$lic has ena$le# the #evelo)ment of a ne" a))roach to )+$lic health3 $ase# on the realities of )eo)leKs lives an# the choices they ma!e a$o+t their o"n health. Peo)leKs lifestyle choices are )ersonal ones an# they #o not "ant %overnment to ta!e res)onsi$ility a"ay from them. Peo)le #o "ant cre#i$le information an# a#vice on lifestyle choices that im)act on health an# )ersonalise# s+))ort to follo" thro+gh choices that they "ant to ma!e $+t fin# #iffic+lt. &here is s+))ort for %overnment to act in areas "here one )ersonKs choice can affect another )ersonKs health. Society has a #+ty to ta!e a##itional ste)s to )rotect chil#ren an# yo+ng )ersonKs health. C(&pte" 2 , +e&lt( in t(e 'ons!-e" so'iety &he choices )eo)le ma!e as cons+mers 7 "hat "e eat an# #rin!3 an# ho" "e +se services an# facilities 7 im)act on health. Peo)le get information on health from many #ifferent so+rces incl+#ing frien#s an# family3 )ro#+ct la$elling3 the me#ia an# national cam)aigns. mo#ern strategy for health "ill incl+#e action to stim+late $oth #eman# for healthier o)tions 7 thro+gh information that )eo)le tr+st 7 as "ell as increases availa$ility of those o)tions3 so that )eo)le can ma!e the choices they "ant to. ction to a##ress ineH+alities in health nee#s to foc+s )artic+larly on getting information across to )eo)le in #ifferent gro+)s an# sec+ring $etter access to healthier choices for )eo)le in #isa#vantage# gro+)s or areas. 2here #eman# for healthier choices is increasing in#+stry is alrea#y res)on#ing. &he government has a role in ta!ing the lea# on iss+es "here strong national an# )+$lic concern a$o+t health in#icates the nee# to #o more. &his incl+#es coor#inate# action "ith in#+stry to

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    increase a"areness of the $enefits an# s+))ly of healthy o)tions 7 in )artic+lar s+))orting o))ort+nities for eAercise an# a healthy #iet 7 an# action to re#+ce #eman# for less healthy foo#s3 to$acco an# alcohol3 )artic+larly among chil#ren an# yo+ng )eo)le. C(&pte" 3 , C(il#"en &n# yo!n$ people st&"tin$ on t(e "i$(t p&t( &his cha)ter sets o+t the action to s+))ort chil#ren an# yo+ng )eo)le as "ell as their )arents3 families3 carers an# staffing the )+$lic an# vol+ntary sectors. *t aims to s+))ort #evelo)ment of a healthy frame"or! for life. &here "ill $e ne" so+rces of information g+i#ance an# )ractical s+))ort for )arents3 chil#ren an# yo+ng )eo)le 7 )artic+larly those "ho are #isa#vantage# in early years 7 )rovi#e# in "ays that are #esigne# to meet their in#ivi#+al nee#s an# $e accessi$le to everyone. Services "ill $e coor#inate# to meet nee#s an# increasingly "ill $e $ro+ght together in one location as )art of an integrate# service #elivery thro+gh chil#renKs tr+st arrangements. &he com)onents of goo# health "ill $e a core )art of chil#renKs eA)erience in schools thro+gh a coor#inate# 42hole School5 a))roach to health 7 in lessons3 s)ort3 )rovision of foo#3 )ersonal a#vice an# s+))ort an# travel arrangements. &here "ill $e ne" initiatives to )romote )hysical activity an# s)ort insi#e an# o+tsi#e school. &he %overnment "ill strengthen meas+res to )rotect chil#ren an# yo+ng )eo)le an# hel) them +n#erstan# an# manage ris! an# #evelo) res)onsi$le )atterns of $ehavio+r. C(&pte" 4 , 6o'&l 'o--!nities le&#in$ to (e&lt( &he environment "e live3 o+r social net"or!s3 o+r sense of sec+rity3 socio economic circ+mstances3 facilities an# reso+rces in o+r local neigh$o+rhoo# can affect in#ivi#+al health. &here are +nacce)ta$le #ifferences in )eo)leKs eA)eriences of health $et"een #ifferent areas an# #ifferent gro+)s of )eo)le "ithin the same area. ction $y local a+thorities "or!ing "ith local comm+nities3 $+sinesses an# vol+ntary gro+)s to tac!le local health iss+es ma!es a #ifference to the o))ort+nities for $oth a#+lts an# chil#ren to choose healthier lifestyles. &his cha)ter sets o+t action to maAimise the )ositive im)act of the local comm+nity setting "ith meas+res that incl+#e: local a+thorities )rovi#ing local lea#ershi) to $ring concerte# an# integrate# local action on healthT investment an# ne" initiatives in #isa#vantage# an# #e)rive# comm+nitiesT an# )romoting )artnershi)s $et"een the )+$lic an# vol+ntary sectors "ith $+siness to #evelo) national an# local cham)ions for health an# eAten#e# o))ort+nities for )eo)le to ta!e +) healthy lifestyles in local comm+nities. Smo!ing is a ma,or ca+se of illEhealth. 1alancing the rights of )eo)le "ho choose to smo!e against the interests of the ma,ority "ho o$,ect to $eing eA)ose# to secon# 7 han# smo!e at "or! an# in )+$lic )laces "as one of the most controversial iss+es in the cons+ltation. &his is an area "here cam)aigns an# )+$lic #eman# for change have not #one eno+gh to achieve national targets to re#+ce )revalence in smo!ing. &he %overnment therefore inten# to shift the $alance significantly in favo+r of smo!e free environments. 1y 20063 all %overnment #e)artments an# the 8HS "ill Cs+$,ect to limite# eAce)tionsD $e smo!e free. 2e "ill cons+lt on #etaile# )ro)osals for reg+lation "ith legislation "here necessary so that $y the en# of 20083 all enclose# )+$lic )laces an# "or!)laces "ill $e smo!e 7 free eAce)t those s)ecifically eAem)t. C(&pte" 5 , +e&lt( &s & 3&y o2 li2e &he cons+ltation ma#e it clear that )eo)le are am$itio+s for their o"n an# their families health3 $+t often fo+n# it #iffic+lt to t+rn goo# intentions into s+staine# action. Peo)le "ante# s+))ort in $oth ma!ing the right #ecisions for their o"n health an# hel) to carry them o+t in )ractice. &his cha)ter sets o+t the ne" )ro)osals to )rovi#e that s+))ort.

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    9irst3 anyone "ho "ants to ma!e healthier choices an# stic! to them "ill have the o))ort+nity to $e s+))orte# $y a ne" !in# of )ersonal health reso+rce3 8HS health trainers. *n !ee)ing "ith a shift in )+$lic health a))roaches from 4a#vice from on high to s+))ort from neAt #oor53 health trainers "ill $e #ra"n from local comm+nities3 +n#erstan#ing the #ay to #ay concerns an# eA)eriences of the )eo)le they are s+))orting on health. &hey "ill $e accre#ite# $y the 8HS to have s!ills a))ro)riate for hel)ing other mem$ers of their comm+nity to achieve the changes that they "ant to ma!e. *n to+ch "ith the realities of the lives of the )eo)le they "or! "ith an# "ith a share# sta!e in im)roving the health of the comm+nities that they live in health trainers "ill $e frien#ly3 a))roacha$le3 +n#erstan#ing an# s+))ortive. Offering )ractical a#vice an# goo# connections into the services an# s+))ort availa$le locally3 they "ill $ecome an essential common 7 sense reso+rce in the comm+nity to hel) on health choices. g+i#e for those "ho "ant hel)3 not an instr+ctor for those "ho #o not3 they "ill )rovi#e val+a$le s+))ort for )eo)le to ma!e informe# lifestyle choices. >ifferent neigh$o+rhoo#s "ill nee# #ifferent ty)es of health trainers an# in #evelo)ing goo# )ractice "e "ill learn from seeing "hich mo#els "or! $est for #ifferent comm+nities an# in#ivi#+als. 1y starting in the most #e)rive# comm+nities "e "ill learn ho" $est to ens+re the health trainers reach the most #e)rive# gro+)s. Secon#3 everyone "ho "ants to "ill have the o))ort+nity3 starting in the areas of the co+ntry "ith the $iggest health challenges3 to +se a )ersonal health !it to #evelo) their o"n )ersonal health )lan3 $ase# on "ho they are3 "hat they "ant an# "hat their )ersonal circ+mstances are. &his tool "ill hel) )eo)le to i#entify their o"n health )riorities3 the changes they are rea#y to ma!e3 to receive online g+i#ance a$o+t "hat "ill ma!e the most im)act to their lives an# receive tailore# a#vice on ho" to go a$o+t ma!ing changes an# stic!ing to them. C(&pte" 6 , A (e&lt( p"o-otin$ N+S &his cha)ter sets o+t ho" the 8HS3 as it tac!les "aiting for treatment s+ccessf+lly3 "ill increasingly $ecome a health im)rovement an# )revention service3 s+))orting in#ivi#+als in the healthy informe# choices they ma!e. *t incl+#es meas+res to: Hel) local health services to )lan an# #eliver effective action to tac!le ineH+alities an# im)rove healthT ma!e the most of the millions of enco+nters that the 8HS has "ith )eo)le every "ee!T ens+re that all 8HS staff have training an# s+))ort to em$e# health im)rovement in their #ay to #ay "or! "ith )atientsT a##ress the nee#s of )eo)le at )artic+lar ris!T an# ens+re the health im)rovement an# )revention services 7 s+ch as seA+al health services3 8HS Sto) Smo!ing Services an# alcohol services 7 $enefit f+lly from the same #rive for mo#ernisation an# im)rovement that eAists across the rest of the 8HS. C(&pte" 7 , 9o". &n# (e&lt( 9or )eo)le in em)loyment3 "or! is a !ey )art of life. &he environment "e "or! in infl+ences o+r health choices an# can $e a force for im)roving health 7 $oth for in#ivi#+als an# the comm+nities they are a)art of. 2or! offers self esteem3 com)anionshi)3 str+ct+re3 stat+s as "ell as income. &his cha)ter sets o+t the action that em)loyers3 em)loyees3 %overnment an# others can ta!e to eAten# healthy choices $y: re#+cing $arriers to "or! to im)rove health an# re#+ce ineH+alities thro+gh em)loymentT im)roving "or!ing con#itions to re#+ce the ca+se of ill 7 health relate# to "or!T an# )romoting the "or! environment as a so+rce of $etter health. *t also sets o+t "hat the 8HS "ill #o to $ecome a mo#el em)loyer in s+))orting an# )romoting the health of its (./ million staff.

    -4

    Hemis: 222428

    March 2006

    /ppendi:=: #mo6ing and Cancer


    /ource0 Taken from Action on /moking and 'ealth 1act /heet 2umber 30 /moking and ancer# retrieved on the %*th 4ecember %++, from www-ash-org-uk.html.factsheets.html.fact+3-html Int"o#!'tion *t is estimate# that one in three )eo)le "ill #evelo) cancer at some stage in their lives an# that one in fo+r "ill #ie from the #isease. *n 2000 there "ere 423 800 cancer #eaths in the :; attri$+ta$le to smo!ing: a))roAimately a thir# of all cancer #eaths. &he :; %overnment has set a target to re#+ce the cancer #eath rate to 20O $y 20(0. &he ro+te to achieving this is set o+t in the 8ational Cancer Plan "hich incl+#es targets to re#+ce smo!ing. Cigarette smo!ing is an im)ortant ca+se of cancers in the l+ng3 larynA Cvoice $oAD3 PharynA CthroatD3 oeso)hag+s3 $la##er3 !i#ney an# )ancreas. 6!n$ '&n'e" &his is the most common cancer in the "orl# "ith over (.2million ne" cases #iagnose# every year. *t acco+nts for aro+n# ( in - ne" cancer cases3 that is3 aro+n# /83400 ne" )atients ann+ally. *n 1ritain3 one )erson every fifteen min+tes is #iagnose# "ith l+ng cancer. '+ng cancer is most commonly associate# "ith smo!ingT aro+n# .0O attri$+ta$le. 1eca+se of )oor )rognosis3 l+ng cancer is still the most common ca+se of cancer #eath in the :; "ith aro+n# //3 600 #eaths each year3 acco+nting for 6O of all #eaths an# 22O of all cancer #eaths. One in t"o smo!ers "ill #ie )remat+relyT one in fo+r from l+ng cancer. &he ris! of #ying from l+ng cancer increases "ith the n+m$er of cigarettes smo!e# )er #ay3 altho+gh #+ration is the strongest #eterminant. C&n'e"s o2 t(e -o!t( &n# t("o&t Smo!ing to$acco is a serio+s ris! factor for all cancers associate# "ith the larynA3 )harynA3 oral cavity an# oeso)hag+s. Over .0O of )atients "ith oral cancer +se to$acco. &he ris! of these cancers increases "ith the amo+nt smo!e#. *n total3 /022 )eo)le in the :; s+ffere# from oral cancer in (../ 7 this is li!ely to $e m+ch higher to#ay. l&##e" '&n'e" &o$acco smo!ing is the )rinci)al )reventa$le ris! factor for $la##er cancer in $oth men an# "omen. *t is estimate# that c+rrent smo!ers are t"o to five times more li!ely to #evelo) $la##er cancer. s for l+ng cancer3 the ris! is associate# "ith $oth #ose an# #+ration of smo!ing3 "hilst cessation of smo!ing re#+ces the ris!. "e&st '&n'e" Some st+#ies have #emonstrate# a lin! $et"een $oth active an# )assive smo!ing an# $reast cancer. st+#y $y the * 6C fo+n# that among "omen "ho ha# smo!e# for forty years or longer the ris! of $reast cancer "as 60O higher than for "omen "ho ha# never smo!e#. mong those "ho smo!e# 20 cigarettes or more a #ay for 40 years3 the ris! rose to 8/O. Ce"0i'&l '&n'e"

    -0

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    Cancer of the cerviA has $een fo+n# to $e associate# "ith cigarette smo!ing. &he * 6C revie" concl+#es that there is no" s+fficient evi#ence to esta$lish a cas+al association of sH+amo+sEcell cervical carcinoma "ith smo!ing. Colo"e't&l '&n'e" ccor#ing to the * 6C revie"3 there is some evi#ence that the ris! of colorectal cancer is raise# among to$acco smo!ers. Ki#ney '&n'e" ;i#ney cancer has consistently $een fo+n# to $e more common in smo!ers an# there is no" s+fficient evi#ence to sho" that smo!ing is a ris! factor for the t"o )rinci)le ty)es of !i#ney cancer. &here is a #ose res)onse "ith increasing n+m$ers of cigarettes )er #ay an# ris! a))ears to #ro) after smo!ing cessation. ))roAimately 24O of !i#ney cancer cases in men an# .O in "omen can $e attri$+te# to smo!ing. 6e!.&e-i& Smo!ing is ca+sally associate# "ith myeloi# le+!aemia in a#+lts. 6i0e" '&n'e" &he * 6C revie" concl+#es that 4&here is no" s+fficient evi#ence to ,+#ge the association $et"een to$acco smo!ing an# liver cancer as ca+sal. Oesop(&$!s '&n'e" &o$acco smo!ing is a ca+se of cancer of the oeso)hag+s Cg+lletD an# the ris! increases "ith the n+m$er of cigarettes smo!e# an# #+ration. P&n'"e&ti' '&n'e" Cancer of the )ancreas is a ra)i#ly fatal #isease "ith a five year s+rvival rate of only 4O. Smo!ing is a strong an# consistent )re#icator of )ancreatic cancer. 6is! of the #isease is relate# to cons+m)tion an# #+ration of smo!ing3 "ith smo!ers having a$o+t t"ice as high a ris!. Sto-&'( '&n'e" St+#ies have sho"n a consistent association $et"een cigarette smo!ing an# cancer of the stomach. P&ssi0e s-o.in$ 8on 7 smo!ers are at ris! of contracting l+ng cancer form eA)os+re to other )eo)leKs smo!e. &he :;Ks Scientific Committee on Smo!ing an# Health fo+n# that the research fin#ings "ere consistent "ith an increase# ris! of l+ng cancer in non smo!ers of $et"een 20O an# /0O. revie" of the SCO&H re)ort reaffirme# the ris! "as in or#er of 24O. &his means that )assive smo!ing ca+ses several h+n#re# l+ng cancer #eaths in non smo!ers each year in the :; alone. &he * 6C revie" concl+#e# that 4&he evi#ence is s+fficient to concl+#e that invol+ntary smo!ing is a ca+se of l+ng cancer in no smo!ers.

    -6

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    /ppendi: @: &ist o" *o:ins 1ound in *o+acco


    "itis( %e#i'&l Asso'i&tion; * "ie2in$ Note on &n on S-o.in$ in P!bli' Pl&'es/; Ret"ie0e# 2>t( O'tobe" 2))5 2"o- 3334b-&4o"$4!.5&p4ns25'ontent5nis-oi.in$b&n &o$acco smo!e contains over 43000 chemical com)o+n#s3 "hich are )resent as either gases or as tiny )articles. &he main elements com)rise of: 8icotine 7 this is "hat is effective. *t stim+lates the central nervo+s system3 increasing the heart$eat rate an# $loo# )ress+re. *n large H+antities nicotine is eAtremely )oisono+s. &ar 7 1ro"n an# treacly in a))earance3 tar consists of tiny )articles an# is forme# "hen to$acco smo!e con#enses. &ar is #e)osite# in the lings an# res)iratory system an# is gra#+ally a$sor$e#. *t is a miAt+re of many #ifferent chemicals incl+#ing formal#ehy#e3 arsenic3 cyani#e3 $enJoCaD)yrene3 $enJene3 tol+ene3 acrolein an# many others. Car$on MonoAi#e 7 eAerts a negative effect on the heart $y re#+cing the $loo#s a$ility to carry oAygen. *t attaches itself to haemoglo$in Cthe oAygen carrying )igment in re# $loo# cellsD m+ch more easily than oAygen #oes. &his re#+ces the amo+nt of oAygen availa$le to the tiss+es. Some of the other chemicals an# )ro)erties in to$acco incl+#e: cetone 7 +se# in )aint stri))er mmonia 7 +se# in cleaning agents rsenic 7 a )oison 1+tane 7 lighter fl+i# >>& 7 insectici#e Hy#rogen Cyani#e 7 +se# as a metho# of eAec+tion in the :S Methanol 7 6oc!et 9+el Poloni+m 2(0 7 6a#ioactive fallo+t 6a#on 7 6a#ioactive gas

    S+l)h+ric aci# +se# to man+fact+re nitroEglycerine eA)losive

    --

    Hemis: 222428

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    /ppendi: 1A: 2""ects o" Inhaling 2nvironmental *o+acco #mo6e B#econd and #mo6eC
    T&.en 2"o- 6i0e"pool +e&lt( &t 9o". @!i#e; 2))5; *@!i#e to P"o#!'in$; I-ple-entin$ &n# Re0ie3in$ & S!''ess2!l 9o".pl&'e S-o.in$ Poli'y/; 6i0e"pool +e&lt( A!to"ity; No"t( Ao(n St"eet; P4 3 Short term affects can incl+#e: =ye irritation &hroat irritation Co+ghing SneeJing Hea#aches 8a+sea 1reathing #iffic+lties C)ossi$ility of increase# sthma attac!sD *ncrease# Heart rate C)ro$lematic for )eo)le "ith heart #iseaseD

    'ong term affects can incl+#e: 6es)iratory an# allergy )ro$lems sthma 1ronchitis =m)hysema '+ng an# &hroat cancer *ncrease# ris! of heart #isease *ncrease# ris! of health #amage to +n$orn chil#ren

    -8

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    /ppendi: 11: 2:tracts "rom the #cienti"ic Committee on *o+acco and ealth B#C8* C
    Second<hand Smo;e3 )evie9 of =vidence since 111' *n (..83 the Scientific Committee on &o$acco an# Health CSCO&HD iss+e# a re)ort "hich concl+#e# that eA)os+re to secon#Ehan# to$acco smo!e ca+ses l+ng cancer an# heart #isease in a#+lt non 7 smo!ers an# a variety of con#itions incl+#ing res)iratory #isease3 cot #eath an# mi##le ear #isease in chil#ren. 8o" the committee has consi#ere# evi#ence that has emerge# in the last five years. &his ne" eval+ation has $een assiste# $y a revie" of the scientific literat+re3 )+$lishe# since (..83 )re)are# $y Professor Martin Iarvis C>e)+ty Chairman of SCO&HD. 6!n$ C&n'e" &he increase# ris! to non 7 smo!ers of l+ng cancer from secon# han# smo!e CSHSD "as estimate# at 24O in the overvie" of /- st+#ies an# 4626 cases commissione# $y SCO&H in (..8. n almost i#entical increase# ris! estimate emerge# from the recent overvie" of 46 st+#ies an# 620- cases carrie# o+t $y the *nternational gency for 6esearch on Cancer C* 6CD. 1oth these overvie"s loo!e# at l+ng cancer cases in non 7 smo!ing "omen "ith )artners "ho smo!e#. &he res+lts from all the ne" st+#ies "hen )oole# together3 le# SCO&H to concl+#e that SHS ca+ses l+ng cancer3 an# to s+))ort the #egree of ris! fo+n# in the (..8 re)ort. SCO&H concl+#es that there is an estimate# overall 24O increase# ris! of l+ng cancer in non 7 smo!ers eA)ose# to SHS. &his estimate is only marginally re#+ce# "hen the negative res+lts of a recent Californian st+#y )+$lishe# in the 1ritish Me#ical Io+rnal are incl+#e#. +e&"t 1ise&se 8e" st+#ies on SHS eA)os+re an# the ris! of heart #isease have strengthene# the fin#ings of the (..8 SCO&H overvie" "hich estimate# that the eAcess ris! in non smo!ers eA)ose# to SHS com)are# to those not eA)ose# "as 2/O. &here no" eAists greater +n#erstan#ing of the "ays in "hich to$acco smo!e inhalation #amages the $loo# vessels. 2hereas l+ng cancer ris! increases in a linear fashion "ith the n+m$er of cigarettes smo!e# an# the #+ration of smo!ing3 #amage to the heart an# arteries occ+rs #is)ro)ortionately at the lo"er eA)os+res eA)erience# $y those eA)ose# to SHS. SCO&H therefore concl+#es that SHS ca+ses heart #isease an# that the $est estimate of increase# relative ris! of heart #isease in non 7 smo!ers eA)ose# to SHS remains at a$o+t 20O +e&lt( 1&-&$e in In2&n'y &n# C(il#(oo# n+m$er of ne" st+#ies have confirme# the range an# eAtent of health #amage in infancy an# chil#hoo#. Chil#ren are at greater ris! in their homes an# the evi#ence strongly lin!s SHS "ith an increase# ris! of )ne+monia an# $ronchitis3 asthma attac!s3 mi##le ear #isease3 #ecrease# l+ng f+nction an# s+##en infant #eath syn#rome. *t has also $een sho"n that $a$ies $orn to mothers "ho come into contact "ith SHS have lo"er $irth "eights. E=pos!"e to S+S Overall eA)os+re to secon# 7 han# smo!e in the )o)+lation has #ecline# some"hat as cigarette smo!ing )revalence has contin+e# to come #o"n. Ho"ever3 some gro+)s3 for

    -.

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    eAam)le $ar staff3 are heavily eA)ose# at their )lace of "or! an# almost half of all chil#ren still live in ho+sehol#s "ith at least one smo!er. Con'l!sion SCO&HKs concl+sion is that !no"le#ge of the haJar#o+s nat+re of SHS has consoli#ate# over the last five years3 an# this evi#ence strengthens earlier estimates of the siJe of the health ris!s. &his is a controlla$le an# )reventa$le form of in#oor air )oll+tion. *t is evi#ent that no infant3 chil# or a#+lt sho+l# $e eA)ose# to SHS. &his +)#ate confirms that SHS re)resents a s+$stantial )+$lic health haJar#.

    80

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    /ppendi: 12: Government Proposals "or a #mo6ing .an in Pu+lic Places


    PA Online; 'ow &harmacists an help 5mprove the &ublic6s 'ealth"; "et"ie0e# on t(e 22n# No0e-be" 2))5 2"o3334pBonline4'o-5E#ito"i&l52))4112)5ne3s5ne3sC'(oosin$(e&lt(4(t-l One of the more controversial )lans ma#e $y the government is to re#+ce smo!ing in )+$lic )laces. &he %overnment inten#s to intro#+ce smo!e free )laces thro+gh a stage# a))roach. 1y the en# of 20063 all government #e)artments an# the 8HS "ill $e smo!e free. 1y the en# of 200-3 all enclose# )+$lic )laces an# "or!)laces3 other than license# )remises an# those s)ecifically eAem)t "ill3 s+$,ect to legislation3 $e smo!e free. 1y 2008 arrangements "ill $e in )lace to $an smo!ing in resta+rants an# all $ars an# )+$lic ho+ses )re)aring an# serving foo#. =Ace)tions are eA)ecte# to incl+#e )+$lic ho+ses that #o not offer foo# an# )rivate mem$ers cl+$s3 s+$,ect to a vote. &he government also "ants to "i#en the +se an# availa$ility of nicotine re)lacement thera)y an# aims to re#+ce the n+m$er of smo!ers $y 2 million $y 20(0

    A'tion on S-o.in$ &n# +e&lt(; P!blis(e# 22n# No0e-be" 2))4* hoosing 'ealth 7 !xtracts from the White paper on Tobacco"# Ret"ie0e# on t(e 22n# No0e-be" 2))5 2"o3334&s(4o"$4!.5(t-l5poli'y53(itep&pe"e=t"&'ts2211)44(t-l Smo!ing "ill $e $anne# in most "or!)laces an# )laces "here foo# is serve#. =Ace)tions are )ro)ose# for )+$s that #o not serve foo# an# )rivate cl+$s. &he government estimates that $et"een (0O 7 /0O of )+$s fall into this category of not serving foo#. &his amo+nts to aro+n# ((3000 o+t of a total of 003000. &he remain#er "ill therefore remain smo!e free &he intention is to shift the $alance in favo+r of smo!e free environments. &he )ro)osals com)rise of ll enclose# )+$lic )laces an# "or!)laces Cother than license# )remisesD "ill $e smo!e 7 freeT 'icense# )remises "ill $e treate# as follo"s: E all resta+rants "ill $e smo!e freeT E all )+$s an# $ars )re)aring an# serving foo# "ill $e smo!e 7 free E all other )+$s an# $ars "ill $e free to choose "hether to allo" smo!ing or remain smo!e 7 free T E in mem$ershi) cl+$s the mem$ers "ill $e free to choose "hether to allo" smo!ing or to $e smo!e freeT an# E smo!ing at the $ar area "ill $e )rohi$ite# every "here.

    &he 2hite Pa)er notes that the )olicy of allo"ing smo!ing in )+$s "here foo# is not serve# co+l# lea# to some )+$s #eci#ing to sto) selling foo#. Ho"ever3 the government $elieves that on $alance )rofita$ility of selling foo# "ill o+t"eigh any incentive to )ermit smo!ing.

    8(

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    /ppendi: 13: /rguments 1or and /gainst the Proposed #mo6ing .an
    *S-o.in$ b&nsD An A'tion Net3o". "ie2in$/ Ret"ie0e# on t(e 2)t( No0e-be" 2))5 2"o- 3334bb'4'o4!.5ne3s
    nti smo!ing an# me#ical organisations have long $een cam)aigning for a com)lete $an on smo!ing in the "or!)lace 7 incl+#ing )+$s an# resta+rants. Ho"ever3 smo!erKs gro+)s an# the hos)itality in#+stry arg+e that this "ill restrict free#om of choice an# co+l# )+t )+$s o+t of $+siness.

    Arguments 0or
    S+))orters of a $an say that evi#ence a$o+t the ris!s of )assive smo!ing is too com)elling to ignore. &he arg+ments incl+#e Passive smo!ing is #angero+s 7 secon# han# smo!ing in the "or!)lace ca+ses a$o+t -00 #eaths each year3 accor#ing to research from *m)erial College ma,ority of )eo)le favo+r a smo!ing $an 7 a smo!ing $an in "or!)laces incl+#ing )+$s an# $ars is s+))orte# $y a ma,ority of )eo)le3 accor#ing to a )oll for the 11C in +g+st 2004 $an "o+l# enco+rage more smo!ers to H+it 7 )oll $y Mintel in May 2004 fo+n# that (0O of smo!ers sai# they "o+l# H+it smo!ing if a $an "as intro#+ce# &he vol+ntary a))roach has faile# 7 &he 2anless re)ort on )+$lic health sai# the vol+ntary a))roach to smo!ing in the "or!)lace ha# only limite# s+ccess 7 )+$s an# $ars still allo" smo!ing. Peo)le have a right to )rotect themselves from smo!e inhalation 7 the 1ritish Me#ical ssociation arg+es that -0O of the )o)+lation are c+rrently #enie# the free#om to go a$o+t their lives in a smo!e free environment.

    Arguments against
    O))onents of a smo!ing $an say that free#om of choice "o+l# $e affecte#. &he arg+ments incl+#e Peo)le "ant restrictions not a $an 7 a )o)+lo+s )oll in May 2004 in#icate# that )eo)le "o+l# li!e to see restrictions on smo!ing rather than an o+tright $an Peo)le sho+l# have free#om of choice 7 the smo!erKs lo$$y gro+) 9O6=S& )oints to a 11C )oll "hich sho"e# that 64O of )eo)le tho+ght that smo!ing sho+l# $e a )ersonal matter Smo!ing $ans #amage $+siness 7 a smo!ing $an co+l# lea# to a significant fall in ta!ings from $ars3 resta+rants an# casinos. 'icense# Bict+allers 2ales say that a $an co+l# lea# to a clos+re of more than a H+arter of )+$s in 2ales &he lin! $et"een )assive smo!ing an# ill health is +n)roven 7 9O6=S& maintains there is no clear lin! $et"een eA)os+re to )assive smo!e an# illness in non smo!ers.

    Self reg+lation is the sol+tion 7 left to mar!et forces3 )+$s3 $ars an# resta+rants "ill intro#+ce smo!e free areas an# $etter ventilation tailore# to c+stomers nee#s.

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    March 2006

    /ppendi: 1%: Proposed /lternative #olutions to the #mo6ing .an


    I&n 9ill-o"e; *No * "itis( o#$e/ on Se'on# , (&n# S-o.eD Rei# 9&"ne#/ Ret"ie0e# on t(e 2>t( No0e-be" 2))5 2"o- 3334&s(4o"$4!. &he %overnment have ma#e a n+m$er of attem)ts to fin# a )olicy short of en#ing "or!)lace smo!ing $y la". 1+t none have sho"n to $e satisfactory. 6he >oluntary O&tion &he P+$ an# resta+rant tra#es create# a vol+ntary 4P+$lic Places Charter5. *n its )rogress re)ort )+$lishe# in )ril 200/3 the Charter %ro+) reveale# that 46O of resta+rants an# )+$s s+rveye# still allo"e# smo!ing thro+gho+t3 "ith 22O having se)arate smo!ing an# non smo!ing areas. 'ess than (O $anne# smo!ing com)letely. =ven >r 6ei# has acce)te# that the Stat+s @+o is not an o)tion3 an a#mission that the vol+ntary a))roach has faile#. Ho"ever3 lea#ing )+$ chains3 "ith 223000 o+t of 003000 o+tlets in 1ritain3 )rom)te# their o"n scheme in the ho)e of staving off legislation. &hey are )romising to en# smo!ing at an# $ehin# the $ar area of )+$s $y the en# of 2000 to 80O smo!eEfree $y the en# of 200.. 8either move "o+l# a#eH+ately )rotect $ar staff or c+stomers. 6he ocal O&tion &he 'a$o+r )artyKs 1ig Conversation cons+ltation floate# the i#ea that local co+ncils sho+l# $e given ne" )o"ers to en# smo!ing in their o"n areas. 1+t even $ig resta+rant an# hotel chains that "o+l# $ac! national legislation to en# smo!ing o))ose this o)tion3 $eca+se it "o+l# shar)ly increase their reg+latory costs 7 it "o+l# leave them "ith #ifferent r+les on smo!ing $et"een #ifferent cities3 an# )ossi$ly $et"een #ifferent 'on#on 1oro+ghs. 'a$o+r has not in#icate# ho" it "ill res)on# to the 2elsh ssem$lyKs reH+est for )o"ers to en# smo!ing in all "or!)laces in 2ales3 or to the ssociation of 'on#on %overnmentKs call for similar )o"ers for the Mayor an# 'on#on ssem$ly. 'iver)ool Co+ncil has )romote# a Private 1ill to get the )o"ers necessary to act 7 $+t local )oliticians an# cam)aigners have ma#e it clear they "o+l# )refer a national smo!e free la". =?em&ting "ubs

    >r 6ei#Ks ai#es have floate# the i#ea of eAem)ting 42et le# P+$s5 Cthose "hose main $+siness is #rin! salesD from any ne" la". &his "o+l# leave $ar staff eA)ose# to the #angers of secon# han# smo!e 7 the gro+) i#entifie# $y the %overnmentKs o"n Scientific Committee on &o$acco an# Health as at most ris!. &he latest re)ort states that 4Overall eA)os+re to secon# han# smo!e in the )o)+lation has #ecline# some"hat as cigarette smo!ing )revalence has contin+e# to come #o"n. Ho"ever3 some gro+)s3 for eAam)le $ar staff3 are heavily eA)ose# at their )lace of "or! an# almost half of all chil#ren still live in ho+sehol#s "ith at least one smo!er.

    8/

    Hemis: 222428

    March 2006

    /ppendi: 14: *o+acco and #mo6ing control Measures Introduced in 8ther Countries
    So!"'eD E=t"&'ts 2"o- *E!"opeEs ENo S-o.in$E Fones/; Ret"ie0e# on t(e 21 st A&n!&"y 2))6; 2"o- 3334ne3s4in#epen#&ntonline4'o4!.5e!"ope5-e#i&5&"ti'le33664<4e'e Rep!bli' o2 I"el&n# Cent+ries of tra#ition "ere overt+rne# in March 2004 "hen smo!ing in $ars an# all other "or!)laces "as $anne#. &he meas+re "as )+she# thro+gh $y a cr+sa#ing health minister in the teeth of o))osition from the )olitically )o"erf+l hos)itality in#+stry. ltho+gh controversial to $egin "ith3 smo!eEfree )+$s an# other "or!)laces H+ic!ly came to $e regar#e# as the norm an# the *rish 6e)+$lic has $een visite# $y #elegations from a n+m$er of other co+ntries contem)lating antiEsmo!ing moves. No"t(e"n I"el&n# smo!ing $an encom)assing all enclose# )+$lic )laces E incl+#ing )+$s3 resta+rants an# hotels E is #+e to come into effect in )ril 200-. Smo!ing is alrea#y $anne# in government offices an# other instit+tions. Ma!ing the anno+ncement last Octo$er3 8orthern *relan# Office minister Sha+n 2oo#"ar# sai#: V8o one has a right to s+$,ect colleag+es an# "or!mates to the #angers an# haJar#s of secon#Ehan# smo!e an# )assive smo!ing.V He3 of co+rse3 re)resents an =nglish constit+ency E "here the )ro)ose# $an is m+ch less com)lete. ltho+gh the 8orthern *relan# )olicy co+l# $e change# if a ne" )o"ersharing government is forme# in 1elfast3 the eA)ectation is that it "o+l# go ahea# as )lanne#. 8o ma,or )olitical )arty has voice# o))osition. En$l&n# Of the fo+r co+ntries of the :;3 =nglan# is the only one going for a )artial $an3 #+e to $e intro#+ce# in )ril 200-. &his "ill )ermit smo!ing in )+$s that #onWt serve foo#. *t has )rovo!e# "i#es)rea# )rotests that it "ill $e +n"or!a$le. &he %overnment has )romise# a set of g+i#elines E $+t they are +nli!ely to $e sim)le. S'otl&n# com)lete $an on smo!ing in enclose# )+$lic )laces in Scotlan# comes into effect at 6am on S+n#ay 26 March follo"ing a +nanimo+s #ecision $y the Scottish =Aec+tive last 8ovem$er. *t "ill $e an offence E "ith a minim+m )enalty of L00 E to light +)3 or allo" others to #o so3 in V noEsmo!ing )remisesV3 #efne# as enclose# locations "hich are +se# $y the )+$lic. S3e#en ll resta+rants3 $ars an# cafes are no" smo!eEfree. Bentilate# smo!ing rooms "here foo# an# #rin! is not serve# can $e set +). 1en-&".

    84

    Hemis: 222428

    March 2006

    :n#er c+rrent legislation3 smo!ing is only $anne# in schools an# government $+il#ings o)en to the )+$lic. &rans)ort an# co+ncil services m+st have in#ivi#+al smo!eEfree )olicies. @e"-&ny 1+ses3 +n#ergro+n# trains3 cinemas an# theatres have $een noEgo areas for smo!ers in %ermany for more than /0 years. Ho"ever a )o"erf+l to$acco in#+stry an# the fact that the 8aJis offcially fro"ne# on smo!ing3 have le# )ostE"ar %erman legislators to avoi# the im)osition of more >raconian meas+res. Mainline trains still have smo!ing carriages3 for eAam)le. 'ast year the government reache# a vol+ntary agreement "ith resta+rant an# )+$ o"ners for the creation of limite# noEsmo!ing areas in /0 )er cent of all license# )remises. &he )artial smo!ing $an is sche#+le# to $e eAten#e# to .0 )er cent of all )+$s an# resta+rants $y 2008 "hen o"ners are reH+este# to ens+re that 00 )er cent of their )remises are reserve# for non smo!ers. Ginl&n# Smo!ing is com)letely $anne# in healthcare3 e#+cational an# government facilities3 in#oor "or!)laces an# offices3 theatres3 cinemas an# )+$lic trans)orts altho+gh se)arate areas for smo!ing may $e )rovi#e#. >isc+ssions are +n#er"ay regar#ing a com)lete smo!ing $an an# ne" amen#ments to c+r$ smo!ing in resta+rants an# )revent em)loyees $eing eA)ose# to am$ient to$acco smo!e sho+l# come into effect in s+mmer 2006. Estoni& &he &o$acco ct of 200(3 amen#e# in 20043 im)oses a com)lete $an on smo!ing in healthcare3 e#+cation an# government facilities3 in#oor offices an# "or!)laces3 as "ell as theatres an# cinemas altho+gh in all these areas s)ecial smo!ing areas are )ermitte#. 6&t0i& 9rom I+ly the c+rrent smo!ing $an3 "hich incl+#es )+$lic $+il#ings an# "or!)laces3 "ill $e eAten#e# to cafes3 $ars an# resta+rants. >esignate# smo!ing areas "ill $e )rovi#e#. Smo!ers "ho ste) o+tsi#e for a cigarette "ill $e s+$,ect to a $an on lighting +) "ithin (0 metres of a )+$lic $+il#ing. 6it(!&ni& >esignate# rooms are )rovi#e# in all "or!)laces3 as "ell as in all health3 e#+cational an# government facilities. com)lete $an on smo!ing on )+$lic trans)ort is enforce#3 $+t longE #istance trains an# )lanes have smo!ing areas. Pol&n# Smo!ing $an in force in "or!)laces an# )+$lic $+il#ings. 8o )lans to eAten# this at )resent. +!n$&"y

    80

    Hemis: 222428

    March 2006

    =m)loyers m+st )rovi#e a#eH+ate )rotection for nonEsmo!ers. >esignate# smo!ing areas may $e )rovi#e#. (..- Chil# Protection ct also states that chil#ren have the right to $e )rotecte# from environmental haJar#s an# s+$stances harmf+l to health. el$i!2006 +shere# in a com)lete smo!ing $an in all "or!)laces. 9rom Ian+ary 200-3 a $an on smo!ing in resta+rants "ill $e enforce#. 6!=e-bo!"$ 8o c+rrent legislation3 $+t there are moves to intro#+ce a com)lete $an on smo!ing in the "or!)lace. T(e Net(e"l&n#s 2004 $ill c+t #o"n on smo!ing in )+$lic )laces an# the government aims to re#+ce to$acco cons+m)tion $y 80 )er cent $y 2008. &his year smo!ing rooms "ill $e set +) in eating esta$lishments3 "ith the aim of )hasing o+t smo!ing in )+$lic. Slo0eni& Smo!ing in hos)itals an# schools is )rohi$ite#. Slo0&.i& (..- la" reH+ires em)loyers to im)ose $ans on smo!ing in "or!)laces freH+ente# $y nonE smo!ers. CHe'( Rep!bli' Smo!ing is $anne# on )+$lic trans)ort an# in "or!)laces "here nonEsmo!ers co+l# $e eA)ose# to to$acco smo!e. *t is also for$i##en to smo!e in resta+rants #+ring $rea!fast3 l+nch an# #inner. Sp&in &hree #ays after S)ain intro#+ce# a la" $anning smo!ing at "or! an# in close# )+$lic s)aces3 there is a gro"ing movement to assert "hat many consi#er their inaliena$le right to smo!e. Mean"hile3 since ( Ian+ary3 203000 )eo)le a #ay have so+ght me#ical a#vice on ho" to sto). Petrol stations3 ne"s stan#s an# sho)s that f+nction as $ars are trying to circ+mvent the la" that $ans them from selling cigarettes3 an# "hich has c+t their income $y +) to 20 )er cent. S)ainWs (23000 o+t#oor ne"s ven#ors feel )artic+larly aggrieve#: smo!ing is )ermitte# in the o)en air3 $+t sales of cigarettes are confne# to s)ecialist to$acco sho)s C"here yo+ cannot smo!eD. Offces an# factories are no" smo!eEfree. Offen#ers )ay fnes of +) to X600 CL4(4D an# em)loyers "arn that time lost to +na+thorise# Vsmo!ing )a+sesV "ill amo+nt to (4 #ays a year )er smo!er. Fo+ can smo!e in the o)en air an# in $ars an# resta+rants smaller than (00 sH+are metres. 8+mero+s small $ars in S)ain have o)te# to $ecome smo!ersW ref+ges3 generating a "orse f+g than $efore.

    86

    Hemis: 222428

    March 2006

    'arger $ars an# resta+rants may #emarcate a smo!ing section of +) to /0 )er cent of the s)ace3 an# have eight months to com)lete the str+ct+ral alterations. &his )oses )ro$lems for large "e##ing )arties3 "here the father of the $ri#e tra#itionally han#s o+t cigars to his g+ests. C&hey can only smo!e in the smo!ing areas3 "here chil#ren are )rohi$ite#.D massively overs+$scri$e# government hel)line reveals grey areas that ca+se# even offcials to scratch their hea#s. Can a lorry #river smo!e in his enclose# ca$N CFes3 itWs not a V"or! centreV.D 2hat a$o+t massage )arlo+rsN Fes3 if rooms are #esignate# Vsmo!ingV. :neA)ecte# o))osition has emerge# from "omen at the hair#ressers3 long acc+stome# to smo!ing +n#er the #rier. 8o" they m+st ste) into the streets3 even in their rollers. Po"t!$&l &otal $an on smo!ing in )+$lic $+il#ings3 as "ell as on )+$lic trans)ort "hen ,o+rneys last less than an ho+r. Partial restrictions on smo!ing on aircraft are enforce#. G"&n'e &he la" on smo!ing in )+$lic )laces in 9rance3 #ating from (..(3 is vag+ely "or#e# an# +nevenly a))lie#. &he antiEsmo!ing lo$$y is )ressing for m+ch to+gher r+les3 com)ara$le to those in *relan# an#3 no"3 S)ain. :n#er rticle (6 of the 'oi =vin of Ian+ary (..( E "hich mostly #eals "ith restrictions on alcohol an# to$acco a#vertising E smo!ing is $anne# on all )+$lic trans)ort an# in V)laces +se# collectivelyV3 eAce)t in V areas reserve# for smo!ersV. &he 9rench rail"ays3 the S8C93 have gone f+rther than the la" an# a$olishe# smo!ing carriages. Ho"ever3 many $ars an# resta+rants inter)ret the la" loosely an# #eclare their "hole esta$lishment to $e an Varea reserve# for smo!ersV. A!st"i& +strian la"3 +)#ate# in 200/3 )rohi$its smo!ing in )+$lic $+il#ings an# trans)ort3 $+t not "or!)laces. @"ee'e P+$lic smo!ing is $anne# in many )laces $+t s)ecial smo!ing areas are allo"e#. Cafes3 $ars an# resta+rants m+st allocate s)ace for nonEsmo!ers. %&lt& &otal $an in )lace since 2000. 1ars3 resta+rants an# cafes that "ish to allo" smo!ing m+st )rovi#e enclose# areas. &he government has the )o"er to im)ose fines of +) to X200 for contravention. It&ly n offcial $an on smo!ing in all enclose# )+$lic )laces incl+#ing $ars3 resta+rants an# offces came into effect in *taly on (0 Ian+ary3 2000. Since then the $an has le# to an 8 )er cent #ro) in cigarette cons+m)tion. &here "as some initial resistance from smo!ers an# $ar o"ners. 1+t $+sinesses face a fne of +) to X23000 CL(3/.0D if they fail to ens+re their c+stomers #o not smo!e. Smo!ers themselves

    8-

    Hemis: 222428
    can receive a X2-0 CL(.(D fine.

    March 2006

    &he la" allo"s smo!ing only in seale#Eoff rooms "ith smo!e eAtractors3 $+t only a fe" )laces have $othere# to com)ly. %enerally the la" has $een acce)te#. Smo!ing is still tolerate# at ca$inet meetings in the )rime ministerWs offce3 "here >efence Minister ntonio Martino3 a smo!er since the age of (83 #escri$es the ha$it asVa sacre# rightV. Cyp"!s Smo!ing is c+rrently $anne# in all )+$lic )laces incl+#ing entertainment ven+es3 government $+il#ings an# on )+$lic trans)ort. *t is also $anne# in )rivate cars carrying )assengers +n#er (63 $+t remains reg+late# in "or!)laces.

    88

    Hemis: 222428

    March 2006

    /ppendi: 15: 'esults "rom #mo6e 1ree Wor6places in Ireland: / 8ne 9ear 'evie(
    So!"'eD O22i'e o2 Tob&''o Cont"ol; */moke 1ree Workplaces in 5reland"; %&"'( 2))5; OTC P!bli'&tions; I"el&n#; P43
    15ecutive summary =nclose# "or!)laces $ecame smo!e free $y la" in *relan# on 2. th March 20043 +n#er the P+$lic Health C&o$accoD cts 2004. &he )rimary aim of this legislation is to )rotect thir# )arties3 )artic+larly "or!ers from harmf+l eA)os+re to secon# han# smo!e3 "hich is !no"n to ca+se cancer3 heart #isease3 res)iratory #isease an# other illnesses. One year later the evi#ence is clear that the vast ma,ority of enclose# "or!)laces are smo!e free an# that clean3 healthy environments are )art of normal social an# "or! life. 2ey +indings Com)liance "ith smo!e free "or!)lace legislation is very high: o .4O of all "or!)laces ins)ecte# +n#er the 8ational &o$acco Control *ns)ection Programme "ere smo!e free o .2O of all "or!)laces ins)ecte# $y the Health an# Safety +thority "ere smo!e free o ./O of all hos)itality "or!)laces ins)ecte# "ere smo!e free &here is over"helming s+))ort for smo!e free la" among smo!ers an# non smo!ers: o .8O of )eo)le $elieve that "or!)laces are healthier o .6O of )eo)le feel that the smo!e free la" is a s+ccess o ./O of )eo)le feel that the smo!e free la" is a goo# i#ea ir H+ality in )+$s has im)rove# #ramatically since the smo!e free la" 'evels of car$on monoAi#e have #ecrease# $y 40O in non smo!ing $ars .6O of all in#oor "or!ers re)ort "or!ing in smo!e free environments since the intro#+ction of legislation.

    7ational 0ompliance .ata !siness Type Hotel 6esta+rant 'icense# Premises Other Tot&l Inspe'tions (3404 638-/ (43400 (232/0 34;<57 Co-pli&n'e ./O ..O .0O .-O <4I

    ,esearch on u!lic 'ttitudes and *ehaviour on 0ompliance


    &he Office of &o$acco Control commissione# mar!et research from &8S on )+$lic attit+#es in res)ect of com)liance "ith the smo!e free "or!)lace legislation. n initial s+rvey "as con#+cte# in March 2004 )rior to the intro#+ction of the la" an# similar s+rveys have $een re)eate# since then. &he most recent s+rvey "as con#+cte# in 9e$r+ary 2000. S+rveys "ere

    8.

    Hemis: 222428

    March 2006

    con#+cte# among a re)resentative sam)le of (000 )eo)le age# (0 years an# ol#er. &he research in#icates that com)liance "ith the la" "as high from the start an# remains so as re)orte# thro+gh the 8ational *ns)ection )rogramme. P!bs Since the intro#+ction of the ne" la"3 .8O of those s+rveye# "ho visite# the )+$ "ithin the )revio+s fortnight re)orte# the atmos)here "as not smo!y. &he com)ara$le fig+re $efore the smo!e free "or!)lace la" "as 46O ..O of all smo!ers s+rveye# "ho visite# the )+$ "ithin the last fortnight either smo!e# o+tsi#e or #i# not smo!e at all. One in five smo!ers chose not to smo!e at all "hen socialising

    &ealth 1ffects of Smoke free -orkplace "egislation &he )rimary aim of the smo!e free legislation is to )rotect thir# )arties3 )artic+larly "or!ers3 from eA)os+re to the harmf+l effects of secon# han# smo!e. 1ar staff an# other hos)itality "or!ers are li!ely to have higher an# more s+staine# eA)os+re to secon# han# smo!e at "or!. *nternational research in other ,+ris#ictions has confirme# the health $enefits of smo!e free la"s. &he emerging evi#ence in *relan# also #emonstrates that the smo!e free legislation is having a #irect an# imme#iate )ositive im)act thro+gh significantly im)roving "or!)lace air H+ality an# re#+cing car$on monoAi#e levels in hos)itality "or!ers. st+#y carrie# o+t at the 6es)iratory 'a$oratory in St Iames Hos)ital3 >+$lin3 Confirms the re#+ction in secon# 7 han# smo!e eA)os+re at "or! $y #oc+menting a mar!e# #ecrease in car$on monoAi#e in $ar "or!ers. &he st+#y eval+ate# $reath car$on monoAi#e of 8( $ar "or!ers $efore the intro#+ction of the la" an# one year after. nalysis of tests on 06 C6.OD of the $ar "or!ers sho"s there is a very s+$stantial fall C40OD in car$on monoAi#e in smo!ers an# /6O in non smo!ers. *ar Sales, &ospitality 1mployment and Tourism .ata &he 6etail Sale *n#eA from the Central Statistic Office shoes that there has $een a #ecline in vol+me of $ar sales since 200(. 1ar sales #ecline# in vol+me $y 4.4O in 20043 "hile the #ecline for the )revio+s year "as 4.2O. =conomic analysts s+ggest that this contin+ing #o"n"ar# tren# is #+e to a n+m$er of factors incl+#ing high )rices3 changing lifestyles3 shifting #emogra)hic )atterns an# increase# home entertainment. &he Central Statistics Office CCSOD also )+$lishes statistics on em)loyment in the hos)itality sector in its @+arterly 8ational ho+sehol# S+rvey. =m)loyment rates in this sector are tra#itionally s+sce)ti$le to fl+ct+ations. &he #ata sho"s a #ecline of 2.4O $et"een the en# of 200/ an# 2004. Ho"ever3 the n+m$ers em)loye# in the sector at the en# of 2004 eAcee#e# those em)loye# in 2002$y 0.6O. &he most recent CSO #ata on to+rism an# travel C)+$lishe# 2000D sho" that there "as a /.2 increase in visitors to *relan# in 2004 "hen com)are# to 200/.

    .0

    Hemis: 222428

    March 2006

    /ppendi:15.: 3ey &essons "rom Irelands #mo6e 1ree &a(


    So!"'eD AS+; Lessons Learned from 5relands /moke free law 7 the case for similar legislation" Ret"ie0e# on t(e 2>t( No0e-be" 2))5 2"o- 3334&s(4o"$4!. Summary @ recommendations 1ase# on the eA)erience in *relan#3 the :; can3 an# sho+l# intro#+ce similar smo!eEfree "or!)lace legislation. &he !ey lessons from the *rish eA)erience are: &he health case for smo!eEfree "or!)laces is irref+ta$le. &he hos)itality tra#e sho+l# not $e eAcl+#e# from any smo!eEfree legislation. since em)loyees in this tra#e are amongst those most eA)ose# to to$acco smo!e )oll+tion. Smo!eEfree "or!)laces are )o)+lar an# enforcea$le: after 6 months3 the *rish smo!eE free la" has achieve# over .0O com)liance. %overnmentEcommissione# )oll *n +g+st 2004 sho"e# that 82O s+))ort the la" an# .0O agree# that going smo!eEfree is of $enefit to "or!ers. clearlyEfoc+sse# e#+cation an# information cam)aign is nee#e# to $+il# an# maintain s+))ort for the meas+re. Materials sho+l# $e )ro#+ce# for em)loyers an# the )+$lic. lea#Ein time of (2E(0 months allo"s time for em)loyers3 +nions an# the )+$lic to a#,+st to the smo!eEfree la". CrossE)arty s+))ort is im)ortant $oth to ens+re the )assing of the la" an# its s+$seH+ent enforcement. strong coalition of health gro+)s3 tra#e +nions3 em)loyers an# others can hel) $+il# s+))ort for the la". &he shortEterm economic im)act of smo!eEfree legislation is li!ely to $e ne+tral "hilst the longEterm im)act is li!ely to $e )ositive. 2hilst smo!eEfree la"s are )o)+lar an# generally selfEenforcing3 it is im)ortant that they are monitore# an# )ro)erly enforce#. &he +)#ate# revie" of the evi#ence of secon#han# smo!e $y the Scientific Committee on &o$acco an# Health sho+l# $e )+$lishe# "itho+t f+rther #elay.

    /ummary of 5rish law 6eg+lations "ere anno+nce# $y the Minister for Health in Ian+ary 200/. &he smo!ing $an came into effect on 2. March 2004 an# a))lies to all enclose# "or!)laces eAce)t #esignate# eAce)tions 7 see $elo". ;ey com)onents: >esignate# signs to $e #is)laye# Penalty for $reach: fine of +) to X/3000 =nvironment Health Officers to enforce $an in hos)itality sector Health an# Safety *ns)ectors to enforce in other "or!)laces The 'ealth case 7 Allwright report

    .(

    Hemis: 222428

    March 2006

    &he scientific evi#ence of the harmf+l effects of secon#Ehan# smo!e is no" $eyon# #is)+te. s )art of the cam)aign to $+il# s+))ort for the )ro)ose# legislation in *relan#3 the *rish Office for &o$acco Control an# the Health an# Safety +thority commissione# an in#e)en#ent revie" of the evi#ence. gro+) of eA)erts3 chaire# $y >r. Shane ll"right a senior lect+rer in e)i#emiology at &rinity College3 >+$lin3 concl+#e# that: =&S CSecon#Ehan# smo!eD is carcinogenic an# ca+ses l+ng cancer an# )ro$a$ly other cancers. =&S ca+ses heart #isease. =&S ca+ses res)iratory )ro$lems in a#+lts an# chil#ren. =&S has a#verse effects on re)ro#+ction3 incl+#ing lo" $irth "eight. 2here "or!)lace smo!ing is )ermitte#3 em)loyee eA)os+re to =&S is li!ely to $e higher an# more s+staine# than in the home environment. E-ployees nee# to be p"ote'te# 2"o- e=pos!"e to ETS &t 3o". . Cem)hasis a##e#.D C+rrent ventilation technology is ineffective at removing the ris! of =&S to health. 'egislative meas+res are reH+ire# to )rotect "or!ers from the a#verse health effects of =&S eA)os+re. 6esearch is reH+ire# to assess occ+)ational eA)os+res to =&S in *relan# an# the res+ltant a#verse health o+tcomes3 es)ecially in highEris! gro+)s s+ch as )regnant "or!ers an# "or!ers in the hos)itality in#+stry.

    2ith regar# to the last $+llete# )oint3 st+#ies in California have #emonstrate# the short an# longerEterm $enefits of a smo!ing $an on the res)iratory health of $ar staff. similar st+#y involving over (00 $ar staff in >+$lin is c+rrently +n#er"ay $y researchers at &rinity College3 >+$lin. &he recently revise# an# +)#ate# re)ort on secon#Ehan# smo!e $y the :;Ks Scientific Committee on &o$acco an# Health sho+l# $e )+$lishe# "itho+t f+rther #elay. 1ocus on workers 8 why smoke8free measures must apply to everyone 8ot s+r)risingly3 m+ch of the #e$ate a$o+t the im)act of smo!eEfree "or!)laces in *relan# has foc+se# on the hos)itality tra#e an# on )+$s in )artic+lar. 2hilst "elcoming commitment to safer "or!)laces3 sections of the hos)itality tra#e eA)resse# concern a$o+t enforcement. &he *rish Hotels 9e#eration3 for eAam)le3 as!e# for a )hase# intro#+ction an# )ractical reg+lations relating to hotel $e#rooms. &his "as achieve# thro+gh a )rocess of cons+ltation an# negotiation. &he )rinci)al tra#e +nions re)resenting hos)itality "or!ers "ere instr+mental in $+il#ing s+))ort for the meas+re. &he !ey message "as that the iss+e "as one of civil rights an# that any attem)t to eAcl+#e )+$s an# $ars from the )ro)ose# legislation "o+l# $e to )ortray $ar "or!ers as Msecon# class "or!ersK. *t is the firm $elief of the +nions that if $ars ha# $een eAcl+#e# it "o+l# have $een #iffic+lt to ma!e a case for the la" an# )+$lic s+))ort "o+l# have $een har#er to maintain. !conomic impact &he 'icense# Bintners ssociation has re)orte# a fall in alcohol sales. Ho"ever3 vol+me sales "ere alrea#y falling $efore the smo!ing $an came into effect. &he *rish Central Statistical OfficeKs in#eA of sales from $ars for the secon# H+arter of each year reache# a )ea! of (0(.. in 200(3 #eclining to .6.. in 20023 ./.2 in 200/ an# to 8..4 in 2004. Clearly3 claims that the smo!eEfree legislation ca+se# this #ecline #o not $ear scr+tiny.

    .2

    Hemis: 222428

    March 2006

    /ppendi: 1<: #P## #o"t(are Compared to Microso"t 2:cel


    &he initial intention in )ro#+cing this #issertation "as to +se SPSS Soft"are for analysis an# )resentation of all collate# research. Ho"ever3 after initial eA)eriences the a+thor #eci#e# Microsoft =Acel may $e more s+ita$le to the research nee#s. ll collecte# #ata from )+$lican H+estionnaires "as in)+tte# into Microsoft eAcel3 "hich "ere then analyse#3 re)orte# on an# )resente#. &he choice to +se =Acel $eing that the siJe of #ata "as m+ch smaller than that for g+est H+estionnaires an# )revio+s eA)erience "ith this soft"are has $een )ositive. ll #ata from the g+est H+estionnaires "ere then in)+tte#3 this time +sing SPSS #ata )rocessing soft"are. &he reasons ,+stifying the +se of SPSS "ere $eca+se of the siJe of the H+estionnaire C/8 H+estionsD an# the scale of the information collecte# C./ res)on#entsD. SPSS "as a#vise# $y a colleag+e at :niversity of Portsmo+th $eca+se of its a$ility to )rocess large an# com)leA sets of #ata "hilst allo"ing easy an# effective com)arisons to $e ma#e $et"een s+ch convol+te# gro+)s of information. &his "as not fo+n# to $e the case. >ata entry "as sim)le eno+gh $+t )resentation an# #isc+ssion of res+lts )rove# challenging an# conf+sing. &he soft"are "as not fleAi$le or easy to +se. &he soft"are is very com)licate# an# #eman#s a great amo+nt of time an# effort to achieve res+lts. 9or every gra)h )ro#+ce#3 the +ser has to man+ally alter an# amen# each in#ivi#+al gra)h3 one at a time. lterations to siJe of gra)h3 fonts3 colo+r3 legen#s3 la$els3 aAis an# titles nee# to $e ma#e on a case $y case $asis. &his )rove# to $e very time cons+ming an# inf+riating. %+i#ance an# a#vice is not easy to locate an# is not )artic+larly hel)f+l either. &he )resentation of gra)hs an# ta$les is very sim)listic an# #oes not #is)lay #e)th or H+ality of research. Presentation is not remotely com)ara$le to that of Microsoft =Acel3 $eing $asic an# ineffective an# the +ser is limite# in terms of "hat they can #o. Only a fe" $asic gra)hs co+l# $e )ro#+ce# "hich too! great lengths of time3 effort an# m+lti)le correction of efforts to achieve. 9inally3 the a+thor lost )atience an# reverte# $ac! to +sing the more +ser frien#ly3 accessi$le an# more effective Microsoft =Acel. 6es+lts +sing $oth ty)es of soft"are have $een incl+#e# in this re)ort3 ho"ever3 =Acel is the )re#ominant )rogramme +se#.

    ./

    Hemis: 222428

    March 2006

    /ppendi: 1=: #P## Coding Manual


    SPSS Co#in$ %&n!&l 2o" P!b @!est :!estionn&i"es
    Baria$le (: SeA Male Q ( 9emale Q 2 Missing #ata Q ... Baria$le 2: ge 1rac!et (8 7 20 Q ( 26 7 /0 Q 2 /( 7 40 Q / 4( 7 00 Q 4 0( 7 60 Q 0 60 R Q 6 Missing #ata Q ... Baria$le /: >escri)tion of Smo!ing Ha$its 8on 7 smo!er Q ( Smo!er "ho "ants to sto) Q 2 Smo!er "ho "ants to c+t #o"n Q / n occasional social smo!er Q 4 n eA smo!er Q 0 Smo!er "ho #oes not "ant to give +) Q 6 Missing #ata Q ... Baria$le 4: &o$acco Preferences Cigarette Q ( Cigar Q 2 Pi)e Q / 6oll +) Q 4 Missing #ata Q ... Baria$le 0: verage mo+nt Smo!e# Per >ay 'ess than ten Q ( (( 7 20 Q 2 2( 7 /0 Q / /( 7 40 Q 4 0 Q More ... Q Missing #ata Baria$le 6: *ntentions to %ive :) Fes Q ( 8o Q 2 =vent+ally Q / Missing #ata Q ... Baria$le -: 2o+l# a Smo!ing 1an Hel) Fes Q ( 8o Q 2 Possi$ly Q / :ns+re Q 4 Missing #ata Q ... Baria$le 8: >oes any of Fo+r 9amily Smo!e

    .4

    Hemis: 222428
    Fes Q ( 8o Q 2 Occasional smo!er Q / Missing #ata Q 4 Baria$le .: Have any of Fo+r 9amily S+ffere# *ll Health as a ConseH+ence Fes Q ( 8o Q 2 Missing #ata Q / Baria$le (0: Has this ffecte# Fo+r >ecision &o"ar# Smo!ing Fes Q ( 8o Q 2 Partly Q / Missing #ata Q ... Baria$le ((: "areness of %overnmentKs Pro)ose# Smo!ing 1an for 'icense# Premises Fes Q ( 8o Q 2 Partly Q / Missing #ata Q ... Baria$le (2: Personal 6es)onse to"ar# Pro)ose# Smo!ing 1an Strongly #isagree Q ( >isagree Q 2 gree Q / Strongly agree Q 4 *n#ifferent Q 0 Missing #ata Q ... 2ho sho+l# $e 6es)onsi$le for Ma!ing S+ch >ecisions 'i!ert ScaleN Baria$le (/: P+$lican Scale ( 7 Baria$le (4: 1re"ery ? P+$ Com)any Scale ( 7 Baria$le (0: %+est Scale ( 7 Baria$le (6: Staff Scale ( 7 Baria$le (-: Politicians ? %overnment Scale ( 7 Baria$le (8: %overnment gency Scale ( 7 Baria$le (.: Other Scale ( 7 Baria$le 20: 9reH+ency of P+$ Bisits >aily Q ( 2 7 / times )er "ee! Q 2 Once a "ee! Q / Once a fortnight Q 4 Once a month Q 0 Once every siA months Q 6 Once a year Q 'ess Q 8

    March 2006

    .0

    Hemis: 222428
    Missing >ata Q ... Baria$le 2(: *s Smo!ing a Significant >etermining 9actor in P+$ >ecision Fes3 Significant >etriment Q ( *t is a )+t off3 $+t other factors are more im)ortant Q 2 Fes3 it is an a))ealing incentive Q / *t is an attractive feat+re $+t other factors are more im)ortant Q 4 8o3 * am +nconcerne# Q 0 Missing #ata Q ... Baria$le 22: >escri)tion of Preferences 6egar#ing Smo!ing in 'icense# Premises Smo!ing every"here Q ( Smo!ing not )ermitte# any"hereQ 2 Provision of se)arate smo!ing an# no smo!ing )+$s Q / Provision of se)arate areas clearly #istinct Q 4 >ata missing Q ... 2hich of the 9ollo"ing are *nfl+ential 9actors in P+$ >ecisionN Baria$le 2/: Smo!ing Policy Scale( 7 8 Baria$le 24: 'ocation Scale ( 7 8 Baria$le 20: tmos)here Scale ( 7 8 Baria$le 26: @+ality of 9oo# Scale ( 7 8 Baria$le 2-: menities ? 9acilities Scale ( 7 8 Baria$le 28: Price Scale ( 7 8 Baria$le 2.: Staff Co+rtesy Scale ( 7 8 Baria$le /0 7 6e)+tation Scale ( 7 8 Baria$le /(: Pro)ensity to =A)lore 8e" lternative O)tions *nstea# of Bisiting the P+$ Fes Q ( 8o Q 2 Possi$ly Q / Missing #ata Q ... Baria$le /2: ffect on 9reH+ency of Bisits from Pro)ose# 1an 'i!ely to visit more Q ( 'i!ely to visit less Q 2 8o change Q / :ns+re Q 4 Missing #ata Q ... Baria$le //: ffect on 'ength of Stay from Pro)ose# 1an 'i!ely to stay longer Q ( 'i!ely to stay shorter Q 2 8o change Q / :ns+re Q 4 Missing #ata Q ...

    March 2006

    .6

    Hemis: 222428

    March 2006

    Baria$le /4: ffect on Pro)ensity to S)en# in a P+$ from Pro)ose# 1an S)en# more Q ( S)en# less Q 2 8o change Q / :ns+re Q 4 Missing #ata Q 0 Baria$le /0: C+rrent Policy of 'ocal ? Most 6ecently Bisite# P+$ &otal $an Q ( >esignate# smo!ing area Q 2 Com)letely smo!ing Q / Missing #ata Q 4 Baria$le /6: 9oo# Service vaila$ility Fes Q ( 8o Q 2 Missing #ata Q ... Baria$le /-: 2hen >ining3 Provision of Smo!ing or 8o Smo!ing reas Fes Q ( 8o Q 2 Missing #ata Q ... Baria$le /8: Smo!ing as a Social *rritant in P+$s Fes Q ( 8o Q 2 *n#ifferent Q / Missing >ata Q ... Baria$le /.: Personal Preferences 2hen >ining in P+$s Smo!ing Q ( 8o Smo!ing Q 2 Se)arate areas Q / *n#ifferent Q 4 Missing >ata Q ... Baria$le 40: 9reH+ency of 'eaving P+$s 1eca+se of Smo!e Fes Q ( 8o Q 2 Missing #ata Q ... Baria$le 4(: Pre#icte# Smo!erKs 1ehavio+r Post ctivation of Smo!ing 1an Smo!e less Q ( Sto) com)letely Q 2 Contin+e +nchange# Q / Smo!e more Q 4 :ns+re Q 0 Missing #ata Q ... Baria$le 42: 9reH+ency of 6esta+rant Bisits >aily Q ( 2 7 / times a "ee! Q 2 Once a "ee! Q / Once a fortnight Q 4 Once a month Q 0 Once every siA months Q 6 Once a year Q -

    .-

    Hemis: 222428
    'ess Q 8 Missing #ata Q ... Baria$le 4/: Smo!ing as a Contri$+ting 9actor for 8ot 9reH+enting 6esta+rants More Often Fes Q ( 8o Q 2 Partly Q / Missing #ata Q ... Baria$le 44: Smo!ing as a Social *rritant in 6esta+rants Fes Q ( 8o Q 2 *n#ifferent Q / Missing #ata Q ... *nfl+ences on 6esta+rant >ecision Baria$le 40: Smo!ing Policy Fes Q ( 8o Q 2 Missing #ata Q ... Baria$le 46: 'ocation Fes Q ( 8o Q 2 Missing #ata Q ... Baria$le 4-: tmos)here Fes Q ( 8o Q 2 Missing #ata Q ... Baria$le 48: @+ality of 9oo# Fes Q ( 8o Q 2 Missing #ata Q ... Baria$le 4.: menities ? 9acilities Fes Q ( 8o Q 2 Missing #ata Q ... Baria$le 00: Price Fes Q ( 8o Q 2 Missing #ata Q / Baria$le 0(: Service Fes Q ( 8o Q 2 Missing #ata Q ... Baria$le 02: 6e)+tation Fes Q ( 8o Q 2 Missing #ata Q ...

    March 2006

    .8

    Hemis: 222428

    March 2006

    Baria$le 0/: =nco+ragement to =A)lore 8e" lternative O)tions *nstea# of >ining O+t as a >irect O+tcome from the Pro)ose# 1an Fes Q ( 8o Q 2 Possi$ly Q / Missing Q ... Baria$le 04: =nco+ragement to 9reH+ent 6esta+rants More as a >irect O+tcome from the Pro)ose# 1an Fes Q ( 8o Q 2 Possi$ly Q / :ns+re Q 4 Missing Q ... Baria$le 00: Personal Preferences "hen >ining in 6esta+rants Com)letely no smo!ing Q ( Smo!ing )ermitte# every"here Q 2 >esignate# se)arate smo!ing areas Q / *n#ifferent Q 4 Missing #ata Q ... @+estions for Smo!ers Baria$le 06: Smo!erKs "illingness to alter #rin!ing ha$its to accommo#ate non E smo!ers socialising "ith Baria$le 0-: Smo!erKs "illingness to alter #ining ha$its to accommo#ate non 7 smo!ers socialising "ith @+estions for 8on 7 smo!ers Baria$le 08: 8on 7 smo!erKs "illingness to alter #rin!ing ha$its to accommo#ate smo!ers socialising "ith Baria$le 0.: 8on 7 smo!erKs "illingness to alter #ining ha$its to accommo#ate non 7 smo!ers socialising "ith The above four questions all have the same potential answers 7 these are listed below0 >efinitely yes Q ( >efinitely no Q 2 >e)en#s on the com)any Q / >e)en#s on the occasion Q 4 >e)en#s on the location of the ven+e Q 0 >e)en#s on other factors3 s+ch as foo# Q 6 :ns+re Q Missing #ata Q ...

    ..

    Hemis: 222428

    March 2006

    /ppendi: 1@: 'esults o" Duestionnaires to pu+ guests ) in graph "orm

    @+estion (: %en#er

    &ale 41A00 = 43A$%

    fe&ale 53A00 = 5$A4%

    @+estion 2 an# /: ge $rac!et com)are# to smo!ing ha$its


    '(E) 12 10 8 $ 4 2 0
    11

    1 18 - 25

    Count

    $ 3 3

    *&o+ing ,a-its '(E) " $ 5 4 3 2 1 0


    $ 4 3 1 1

    n 0o

    .a nt es do s o l .h cia er so to o + a nl ts * & si o an . to as o ts cc .h / an er . o + ho *& er . o+ er *& o + s&

    2 2$ - 30

    Count

    *&o+ing ,a-its

    n 0o

    .a nt es do h o al s . i er oc o + nl s to ts *& oa n a si . as to cc ho ts / . an er . o+ ho *& . er o + er *& o+ s&

    (00

    Hemis: 222428
    '(E) 14 12 10 8 $ 4 2 0
    12

    March 2006
    3 31 - 40

    Count

    4 2

    *&o+ing ,a-its

    '(E) 12 10 8 $ 4 2 0
    10

    n 0o

    .a nt es do ho . er s er o+ l + o cia *& & o s s to e 3 nl ts a 'n si o an . as o cc .h / er o + er + *& &o s

    4 41 - 50

    Count

    4 2 2

    *&o+ing ,a-its

    '(E) 8 " $ 5 4 3 2 1 0
    "

    n 0o

    .a nt es do o .h er e r l s o+ + a o ci *& s& so to e 3 nl ts a n 'n si o . a t o o as ts cc .h an / r . e o + ho . *& er o + +e r *& &o s

    5 51 - $0

    Count

    0on s&o+er

    'n e3 s&o+er

    *&o+er . ho . ants to

    *&o+ing ,a-its

    @+estion 4: ge com)are# to )referre# to$acco choice

    (0(

    Hemis: 222428
    '(E) 999 11A00 = 45A8% 1 18 - 25

    March 2006

    cigarette 13A00 = 54A2%

    '(E) >oll u5 2A00 = 22A2%

    2 2$ - 30

    '(E)

    3 31 - 40 cigarette "A00 = 30A4%

    999
    cigarette "A00 = ""A8%

    1$A00 = $9A$%

    '(E) >oll u5 1A00 = 11A1%

    4 41 - 50
    '(E) 5 51 - $0 cigarette 2A00 = 18A2%

    cigarette 8A00 = 88A9%

    999 9A00 = 81A8%

    @+estion 0: ge com)are# to average H+antity smo!e# "ee!ly

    (02

    Hemis: 222428
    '(E) 12 10 8 $ Count 4 2
    less than ten 11 - 20 &issing data
    4 9 11

    March 2006
    1 18 - 25

    '8erage Buantity *&o+ed '(E) $A5 $A0 5A5 5A0 4A5 4A0 Count 3A5 3A0 2A5
    less than ten
    3A0 $A0 $A0

    2 2$ - 30

    11 - 20

    &issing data

    '8erage Buantity *&o+ed

    '(E) 20

    3 31 - 40

    1$

    10

    Count

    less than ten

    11 - 20

    &issing data

    '8erage Buantity *&o+ed

    (0/

    Hemis: 222428
    '(E) 12 10 8 $ 4 Count 2 0
    4 2 1 2 11

    March 2006
    4 41 - 50

    less than ten 11 - 20

    21 - 30

    &issing data 31 - 40

    '8erage Buantity *&o+ed

    '(E) 10 8 $ 4 Count 2 0
    1

    5 51 - $0
    9

    less than ten

    21 - 30

    &issing data

    '8erage Buantity *&o+ed

    (04

    Hemis: 222428
    @+estion 6: ge com)are# to "illingness to H+it
    '(E) e8entually 3A00 = 23A1% yes no 3A00 = 23A1% "A00 = 53A8% 1 18 - 25

    March 2006

    '(E) e8entually 1A00 = 11A1% no 2A00 = 22A2%

    2 2$ - 30

    '(E)

    3 31 - 40 yes 2A00 = 28A$%

    e8entually
    yes $A00 = $$A"%

    no 1A00 = 14A3%

    4A00 = 5"A1%

    '(E) e8entually 2A00 = 22A2%

    4 41 - 50

    yes no 2A00 = 22A2% 5A00 = 55A$%

    (00

    Hemis: 222428
    '(E) 5 51 - $0

    March 2006

    yes 1A00 = 50A0% e8entually 1A00 = 50A0%

    @+estion -: 2o+l# a $an hel) in H+ittingN


    $0 50 40 30 20
    18 54

    Count

    10 0

    10

    yes no

    5ossi-ly

    &issing data unsure

    'ssistance fro& 4an

    @+estion 8: >o any of yo+r family mem$ers smo!eN


    $0 50
    49

    40 30 20 Count 10 0

    42

    yes

    no

    occassional

    *&o+ing . ithin 1a&ily

    @+estion . an# (0: Have any of yo+r family s+ffere# ill health as a res+lt com)are# to the affect this "o+l# have on smo!ing #ecisionsN

    (06

    Hemis: 222428
    1'2I66) 1$ 14 12 10 8 $ 4 Count 2 0
    yes
    3 9 15

    March 2006
    1 yes

    no

    5artially

    Influence on Decision
    1'2I66) 30 2 no

    20

    22

    10 Count 0
    no 5artially

    Influence on Decision

    @+estion (2: Smo!ing ha$its com)are# to )ersonal res)onse of %overnmentKs )ro)ose# smo!ing $an
    ,'4IT*) Indifferent
    ,'4IT*) 1 0on s&o+er strongly disagree 2A00 = 4A3% Indif f erent 3A00 = $A5% strongly disagree 24A00 = 52A2% disagree 1A00 = 2A2% agree 1$A00 = 34A8%

    2 *&o+er .ho .ants to sto5 strongly disagree 4A00 = 25A0%

    3A00 = 18A8%

    agree 5A00 = 31A3%

    disagree 4A00 = 25A0%

    (0-

    Hemis: 222428
    ,'4IT*) 3 *&o+er .ho .ants to cut do.n

    March 2006

    ,'4IT*)

    4 /ccassioanl social s&o+er

    Indifferent 1A00 = 25A0% disagree 2A00 = 50A0% agree 1A00 = 25A0%

    Indif f erent 2A00 = 25A0%

    strongly disagree 2A00 = 25A0%

    strongly disagree 2A00 = 25A0%

    agree 2A00 = 25A0%

    ,'4IT*) Indifferent 2A00 = 22A2%

    5 'n e3 s&o+er

    ,'4IT*) Indif f erent 1A00 = 9A1%

    $ *&o+er .ho doesnt .ant to gi8 e u5

    agree 4A00 = 44A4% strongly disagree 3A00 = 33A3%

    disagree 3A00 = 2"A3%

    strongly disagree "A00 = $3A$%

    @+estion ((: re yo+ a"are of the governments )ro)osals for a smo!ing $anN

    once a &onth 3A00 = 3A2%


    5artially 3A00 = 3A2% no 1A00 = 1A1%

    once a f ortnight 8A00 = 8A5% once a .ee+ 23A00 = 24A5% daily 15A00 = 1$A0%

    2 - 3 ti&es a .ee+
    y es 90A00 = 95A"%

    45A00 = 4"A9%

    @+estion (0: Ho" often #o yo+ go to )+$lic ho+sesN

    (08

    Hemis: 222428
    50 40 30 20 Count 10 0
    ily da 2 -3 ce on a e+ .e + ee . a ce on a ce on es ti & th on & a ht ig r tn fo

    March 2006

    1re9uency of ;u- :isits

    @+estion (6: *s smo!ing a contri$+ting factor in )+$ #ecision3 com)are# to smo!ing ten#encies of res)on#entN
    ,'4IT*) 1$ 14 12 10 8 $ 4 2
    15 12 10

    1 0on s&o+er

    Count

    *&o+ing a 1actor in Decision

    ,'4IT*) 10 8 $ 4 Count 2 0
    2 1

    *&o+ing a 1actor in Decision

    s ye
    ss ye

    to 5u fic

    d ne er nc e co ur t un a fe no i8e e i8 nt ct ce in tra g at in al 5e or ct a5 fa ff

    si

    i gn
    ni ig fic

    t an
    4

    2 *&o+er .ho .ants to sto5

    to 5u

    d ne er nc e co ur un at fe no e e i8 i8 nt ct ce tra in at g in al 5e or a5 ct fa ff t an

    (0.

    Hemis: 222428
    ,'4IT*) 2A2 2A0 1A8 1A$ 1A4 Count 1A2 1A0
    yes significant no unconcerned
    2A0 2A0

    March 2006
    3 *&o+er .ho .ants to cut do.n

    *&o+ing a 1actor in Decision


    ,'4IT*) 4 /ccassioanl social s&o+er

    Count

    3A5 3A0 2A5 2A0 1A5 1A0 A5

    3A0

    2A0

    1A0

    1A0

    1A0

    *&o+ing a 1actor in Decision

    s ye

    d ne er nc re co u un at fe e no e i8 i8 nt ct ce tra in at g in al 5e or ct a5 fa ff nt to ca 5u i fi gn si

    ((0

    Hemis: 222428
    ,'4IT*) 3A5 3A0 2A5 2A0 1A5 Count 1A0 A5
    yes significant 5ut off factor
    1A0 2A0 3A0 3A0

    March 2006
    5 'n e3 s&o+er

    a55ealing incenti8e no unconcerned

    *&o+ing a 1actor in Decision

    ,'4IT*) $ 5 4 3 2 Count 1 0
    yes significant
    5

    $ *&o+er .ho doesnt .ant to gi8e u5

    3 2 1

    attracti8e feature no unconcerned

    a55ealing incenti8e

    *&o+ing a 1actor in Decision

    @+estion (-: 2hich $est #escri$es yo+r )reference regar#ing smo!ing in license# )remisesN
    40 30 20
    Count

    10 0
    e o+ s& e o+ s& r ea cl s ea ar te ra 5e s se ea ar te ed ra it t & 5e er se t5 no re he y.

    *&o+ing ;referance in ;u-s

    er e8

    (((

    Hemis: 222428

    March 2006

    @+estion (.: Smo!ing ha$its com)are# to loo!ing at alternative #rin!ing o)tions after a $an is im)ose#.
    ,'4IT*)
    50

    1 0on s&o+er

    40

    41

    30

    20

    10

    Count

    0 yes no

    3 5ossi-ly

    E35lore 'lternati8 e /5tions to ;u-s

    ,'4IT*)
    8

    2 *&o+er .ho .ants to sto5

    "

    "

    Count

    2 yes no 5ossi-ly

    E35lore 'lternati8e /5tions to ;u-s

    ,'4IT*)
    3A5

    3 *&o+er . ho . ants to cut do. n

    3A0

    3A0

    2A5

    2A0

    1A5

    1A0

    Count

    1A0 A5 no 5ossi-ly

    E35lore 'lternati8 e /5tions to ;u-s

    ((2

    Hemis: 222428
    ,'4IT*)
    "

    March 2006
    4 /ccassioanl social s&o+er

    Count

    1 no 5ossi-ly

    E35lore 'lternati8e /5tions to ;u-s

    ,'4IT*)
    5A5 5A0 4A5 4A0 3A5 3A0 2A5

    $ *&o+er .ho doesnt .ant to gi8e u5

    5A0

    4A0

    Count

    2A0 1A5 yes

    2A0 no 5ossi-ly

    E35lore 'lternati8e /5tions to ;u-s

    ,'4IT*)
    8 " $ 5 4 3 2 1

    5 'n e3 s&o+er

    "

    Count

    2 no 5ossi-ly

    E35lore 'lternati8e /5tions to ;u-s

    @+estion 20: *f a $an "as intro#+ce#3 "o+l# this affect yo+r freH+ency of visits3 com)are# to smo!ing ha$itsN

    ((/

    Hemis: 222428

    March 2006

    ,'4IT*)
    unsure 1A00 = 2A2%

    1 0on s&o+er

    longer 18A00 = 39A1%

    no change 2"A00 = 58A"%

    ,'4IT*)

    2 *&o+er .ho .ants to sto5

    shorter $A00 = 3"A5%

    no change 10A00 = $2A5%

    ((4

    Hemis: 222428

    March 2006

    ,'4IT*)
    unsure 2A00 = 25A0%

    4 /ccassioanl social s&o+er

    shorter 2A00 = 25A0%

    no change 4A00 = 50A0%

    ,'4IT*)
    unsure 1A00 = 11A1%

    5 'n e3 s&o+er

    longer 2A00 = 22A2%

    no change $A00 = $$A"%

    @+estion 20: Smo!ing ha$its com)are# to length of stay

    ((0

    Hemis: 222428
    ,'4IT*) 1 0on s&o+er

    March 2006

    &ore 14A00 = 30A4%

    unchanged 32A00 = $9A$%

    ,'4IT*)
    unsure 1A00 = $A3%

    2 *&o+er .ho .ants to sto5

    less "A00 = 43A8%

    unchanged 8A00 = 50A0%

    ,'4IT*)
    unsure 1A00 = 9A1% unchanged 2A00 = 18A2%

    $ *&o+er .ho doesnt .ant to gi8e u5

    &ore 1A00 = 9A1%

    less "A00 = $3A$%

    ((6

    Hemis: 222428

    March 2006

    @+estion 2(: 2hat is the c+rrent )olicy of yo+r local )+$N


    co&5letely s&o+ing 3"A00 = 39A4% total -an 5A00 = 5A3%

    designated area 52A00 = 55A3%

    @+estion 22: *s foo# serve# on site at yo+r local )+$N


    no 15A00 = 1$A0%

    yes "9A00 = 84A0%

    @+estion 2/: *s there a choice to #ine in either smo!ing or non smo!ingN


    no 43A00 = 45A"%

    yes 51A00 = 54A3%

    @+estion 24: >oes smo!e $other yo+N


    indifferent 11A00 = 11A"% yes 42A00 = 44A"% no 41A00 = 43A$%

    @+estion 20:

    ((-

    Hemis: 222428
    50 40 30 20 Count 10 0
    s&o+ing se5erate areas no s&o+ing indifferent

    March 2006

    ;ersonal ;reference .hen ;u- Dining

    @+estion 26: have yo+ ever left a )+$ $eca+se of smo!eN

    yes 39A00 = 41A5%

    no 55A00 = 58A5%

    @+estion 2-: *f yo+ are a smo!er ho" #o yo+ $elieve yo+r $ehavio+r "ill $e affecte# $y s+ch a $anN
    $0 50 40 30 20 10 0
    12 " 12 " 54

    Count

    ;redicted 4eha8iour 5ost 4an 'cti8ation

    @+estion 28: Ho" often #o yo+ eat in resta+rantsN

    g sin is & re su e un or ed & ng e o+ ha nc s& u ue ly in te nt co 5le & co o5 st ss le e o+ s&

    ((8

    Hemis: 222428

    March 2006

    less 3A00 = 3A2% once e8ery si3 &onth $A00 = $A4% once a &onth 23A00 = 24A5% 2 - 3 ti&es a . ee+ 8A00 = 8A5% once a . ee+ 2$A00 = 2"A"%

    once a foirtnight 28A00 = 29A8%

    @+estion 2.: *s smo!ing a factor for not going to resta+rants more oftenN
    "0 $0 50 40 30 20 Count 10 0
    1" 14 $3

    yes

    no

    5artly

    *&o+ingCs Contri-ution to >estA:istitaion

    @+estion /0: >oes smo!ing $other yo+ "hen in resta+rantsN


    indifferent 3$A00 = 38A3% yes 48A00 = 51A1%

    no 10A00 = 10A$%

    ((.

    Hemis: 222428
    @+estion /2: 2ill yo+ loo! for alternatives to #ining o+tN
    5ossi-le 11A00 = 11A"% yes 10A00 = 10A$%

    March 2006

    no "3A00 = ""A"%

    @+estion //: 2o+l# a smo!ing $an enco+rage yo+ to eat o+t moreN
    "0 $0 50 40 30 20 Count 10 0
    yes no 5ossi-le unsure

    Encourage&ent of Eating /ut 2ore

    @+estion /4: Please in#icate yo+r )reference "hen #ining in a resta+rantN


    ,'4IT*) indifferent 3A00 = $A5% designated se5erate 9A00 = 19A$% 1 0on s&o+er

    co&5letely no s&o+in 34A00 = "3A9%

    (20

    Hemis: 222428
    ,'4IT*) indifferent 1A00 = $A3% 2 *&o+er . ho . ants to sto5

    March 2006

    co&5letely no s&o+in 3A00 = 18A8% s&o+ing 5er&itted e8 1A00 = $A3%

    designated se5erate 11A00 = $8A8%

    Y
    ,'4IT*) 5 'n e3 s&o+er co&5letely no s&o+in 3A00 = 33A3%
    ,'4IT*) indifferent 1A00 = 9A1% co&5letely no s&o+in 1A00 = 9A1% $ *&o+er .ho doesnt .ant to gi8e u5

    designated se5erate $A00 = $$A"%


    designated se5erate 9A00 = 81A8%

    (2(

    Hemis: 222428

    March 2006

    /ppendi: 2A: &ist o" Pu+s and +ars used in collection o" data
    &ub &he 2oo#)ec!er &he 6e# 'ion &he Ch+rchillian &he S)ice *slan# &he Still an# 2est &he Shi) an# 1ell 'loy#s 8o ( 2hethers)oons &he Mermai# &he 2hite Horse >rift 1ar &he Hogshea# 1ar /8 &he Ol# C+stoms Ho+se &ub &he 6+sty C+tter &he Ol# Ho+se at Home &he 2ellington &he &he Ports$ri#ge 4ate )isited 9ri#ay 24th 9e$r+ary 9ri#ay 24th 9e$r+ary 9ri#ay 24th 9e$r+ary 9ri#ay 24th 9e$r+ary 9ri#ay 24th 9e$r+ary 9ri#ay 24th 9e$r+ary Sat+r#ay 20th 9e$r+ary Sat+r#ay 20 th 9e$r+ary Sat+r#ay 20th 9e$r+ary Sat+r#ay 20 th 9e$r+ary Sat+r#ay 20th 9e$r+ary Sat+r#ay 20 th 9e$r+ary Sat+r#ay 20th 9e$r+ary 4ate )isited Sat+r#ay 20th 9e$r+ary S+n#ay 26th 9e$r+ary S+n#ay 26th 9e$r+ary S+n#ay 26th 9e$r+ary S+n#ay 26th 9e$r+ary Location 2aterlooville Charlton Ports#o"n Hill Ol# Portsmo+th Ol# Portsmo+th Horn#ean Port Solent Port Solent So+thsea So+thsea So+thsea %+n"harf %+n"harf Location 1e#ham)ton >enmea# Ol# Portsmo+th Ol# Portsmo+th Ol# Portsmo+th

    (22

    Hemis: 222428

    March 2006

    /ppendi: 21: 'esults o" ?uestionnaires to Pu+licans ) in ta+le "ormat


    &his )resents all the collate# res+lts from H+estionnaires to )+$licans ? managers. :!estion 1
    /(areness o" Proposed &egislation >es5onse 7es 0o ;artially *otal

    0u&-er 1" 0 1 1=

    % 94A44444 0 5A55555$ 1AA

    :!estion 2
    Personal 'esponse to .an >es5onse *trongly 'gree 'gree Indifferent Disagree *trongly Disagree *otal

    0u&-er 8 4 3 1 2 1=

    % 44A44444 22A22222 1$A$$$$" 5A55555$ 11A11111 1AA

    :!estion 3
    $escription o" 1eelings *o(ard .an >es5onse ;leased *atisfied <nsatisfied :ery <nha55y Infuriated Indifferent *otal

    0u&-er $ 8 1 2 0 1 1=

    % 33A33333 44A44444 5A55555$ 11A11111 0 5A55555$ 1AA

    (2/

    Hemis: 222428
    :!estion 4
    Who should +e 'esponsi+le "or $ecision >es5onse ;u-lican = /.ner = 2anager 4re.eries = ;arent Co&5any (uests ;oliticians = (o8ern&ent >ele8ent (o8ern&ent 'gency *taff /ther *otal

    March 2006

    0u&-er 11 1 1 2 2 1 0 1=

    % $1A11111 5A55555$ 5A55555$ 11A11111 11A11111 5A55555$ 0 1AA

    :!estion 5
    Provision o" #eparate #mo6ing /reas >es5onse 7es 0o *otal

    0u&-er 13 5 1=

    % "2A22222 2"A""""8 1AA

    :!estion 6
    Provision o" 1ood #ervice >es5onse 7es 0o *otal

    0u&-er 1" 1 1=

    % 94A44444 5A55555$ 1AA

    :!estion 7
    Provision o" #eparate $ining /reas >es5onse 7es 0o *otal

    0u&-er 14 4 1=

    % ""A""""8 22A22222 1AA

    :!estion >
    #mo6ing Permitted at .ar >es5onse 7es 0o *otal

    0u&-er 4 14 1=

    % 22A22222 ""A""""8 1AA

    :!estion <

    (24

    Hemis: 222428

    March 2006

    2:istence o" #u""icient >entilation >es5onse 7es 0o *otal

    0u&-er 15 3 1=

    % 83A33333 1$A$$$$" 1AA

    :!estion 1)
    1reDuency o" Complaints a+out #mo6ing >es5onse 7es 0o *otal

    0u&-er 2 1$ 1=

    % 11A11111 88A88889 1AA

    :!estion 11
    Predicted /""ect on *rade "rom .an >es5onse 2ore *&o+ers 6ess *&o+ers 2ore 0on - *&o+ers 6ess 0on - *&o+ers *tay the *a&e - 0o Change <nsure *otal

    0u&-er 0 $ 3 0 $ 3 1=

    % 0 33A33333 1$A$$$$" 0 33A33333 1$A$$$$" 1AA

    :!estion 12
    Predicted /""ect on Income E 'evenue >es5onse *ignificantly ;ositi8e ;ositi8e 0o Change - *tay the *a&e 0egati8ely *ignificantly 0egati8ely <nsure *otal

    0u&-er 2 3 " 5 1 0 1=

    % 11A11111 1$A$$$$" 38A88889 2"A""""8 5A55555$ 0 1AA

    :!estion 13
    Potential &oss o" #ta"" as a 'esult >es5onse 7es 0o <nsure *otal

    0u&-er 0 1$ 2 1=

    % 0 88A88889 11A11111 100

    :!estion 14

    (20

    Hemis: 222428
    Potential 'etention o" #ta"" >es5onse 7es 0o <nsure *otal

    March 2006

    0u&-er $ 8 4 1=

    % 33A33333 44A44444 22A22222 1AA

    :!estion 15
    Measures to /ccommodate +oth parties >es5onse Definite Consideration <nfeasi-le *uggestion >easona-le *uggestion ;ossi-ly Don?t @no. *otal

    0u&-er " 4 3 3 1 1=

    % 38A88889 22A22222 1$A$$$$" 1$A$$$$" 5A55555$ 1AA

    :!estion 16
    #topping 1ood #ervice to /llo( #mo6ing >es5onse 7es 0o ;ossi-ly <nsure *otal

    0u&-er 3 13 1 1 1=

    % 1$A$$$$" "2A22222 5A55555$ 5A55555$ 1AA

    :!estion 17
    Potential Guest /ggression as a 'esult >es5onse 7es 0o ;ossi-ly <nsure *otal

    0u&-er 2 12 4 0 1=

    % 11A11111 $$A$$$$" 22A22222 0 1AA

    (26

    Hemis: 222428

    March 2006

    /ppendi: 22: Comments and 8pinions "rom ?uestionnaires to Pu+licans


    (uestion 9H and 9:# =pportunity to add any e5tra information or share personal opinion that may !e valua!le or constructive to my research. Harvest Home $etter "or!ing environment "ill $e create#. >rift 1ar &he $an "ill not affect $+siness to any significant val+e. Hogs Hea# P+$ Secon# han# smo!e is +nacce)ta$le an# it is a$o+t time the %overnment acte#. Ho)ef+lly3 this )artial $an is the start of a series of action res+lting in a com)lete $lan!et $an. >es)ite initial re#+ctions in tra#e3 "e $elieve things "ill ret+rn to normal after a short in#+ction )erio#. =vent+ally "ill not $e an iss+e &he Ol# C+stoms Ho+se *t "o+l# re#+ce cleaning an# there "o+l# $e less nee# to re )aint over smo!e #amage * )ersonally s+))ort the smo!ing $an as it is an +nsocial ha$it an# sho+l# not $e im)ose# on others. Peo)le sho+l# not smo!e in front of their chil#ren either. 2ho "ill )olice an# enforce this 7 can not realistically $e the managers. 9ines an# )enalties "ill therefore $e +nfair an# ill conceive#. 1ar /8 ny $enefits are s+$,ect to criticism from smo!ers. *t is a goo# thing "here foo# is serve# an# may ho)ef+lly hel) some to H+it altogether. 2ill ho)ef+lly lea# to a com)lete $lan!et $an. 'angtrees Can not )ersonally see any $enefits "e are com)letely against s+ch meas+res. 2ill negatively affect tra#e Staff are a"are of smo!ing in $ars an# choose to "or! there so this sho+l# not $e an arg+ment. Other forms of )oll+tion are not met "ith s+ch o+trageo+s meas+res or s+ch +nfair im)ositions. 8o s)ace for eA)ansion or renovation 7 #onKt feel "e sho+l# have to shell o+t or inconvenience o+rselves to change to accommo#ate the government 'loy#s 8o ( &here "ill $e less c+stomer com)laints an# a healthier "or!ing environment =ither "ay "ill lose $+siness 7 sto) allo"ing smo!ers an# g+ests "ill loo! for other o)tionsT sto) serving foo# an# again g+ests "ill go else"here or eA)lore other o)tions Shi) an# 1ell

    (2-

    Hemis: 222428

    March 2006

    'ess )ainting3 no nee# for eA)ensive eAtraction systems Possi$ly more tra#e as "e are )re#ominantly a #rin!ing )+$ not a foo# )+$ $+t "ill lose a##itional sales from this $an. 2ill nee# to loo! at "ays of reco+)ing this lost reven+e some ho". 2e are too small to affor# renovation or eA)ansion. 6emoval of in#ivi#+alKs rights

    Still an# 2est Possi$le retention of staff an# cost re#+ctions in many areas &here "o+l# only $e a slight im)act on tra#e $eca+se it is not really a smo!ing )+$. S)ice *slan# 8oticea$le health $enefits. =Acellent for "or!ers an# c+stomers ali!e. >e)en#s +ltimately on "hat c+stomer "ants. 6e# 'ion Cleaner )+$s3 frien#lier c+stomers3 nicer atmos)here3 ha))ier ? healthier staff3 )ositive financial res+lts3 higher )rofits an# #elighte# managers. 2ill #e)en# largely on siJe3 ty)e of )+$ an# location. Co+ntry )+$s may $e more affecte# than those in %+n"harf. 8ee# to listen to g+ests an# see "hat they "ant. &he 2oo#)ec!er Personal health $enefits "o+l# $e note# an# a cleaner "or!ing environment en,oye#. 2e alrea#y have )lans in )lace 7 inten#ing to eAten# c+rrent o+tsi#e area an# )rovi#e cover an# )atio heaters to ma!e an all "eather smo!ing area. &he $an "onKt have a negative im)act on tra#e an# is "ell over #+e 7 eAam)les 8e" For!3 Cana#a3 8e" <ealan# an# *relan#. 2ill hel) )eo)le H+it &he 2ellington *ncrease in foo# t+rnover *Kve $een to >+$lin an# San 9rancisco3 *Km a smo!er $+t yo+ get +se# to it an# event+ally feel $etter. &he Ports$ri#ge 8egative im)act on tra#e3 c+stomers "ill go else"here. 2e "ill sto) service of foo# Sho+l# not $e ta!ing choice a"ay &he government are ta!ing the $iggest form of taA reven+e "ay 7 "ill this $e s+$si#ise# in o+r taAesN &he Ch+rchillian 2ill not change cleaning costs. 2ill not ma!e g+ests more aggressive Peo)le "ill ,+st fin# )laces they can smo!e Sho+l# not affect tra#e significantly 8ee# someone to ta!e charge an# tell +s "hat to #o an# ho" to contin+e. 8ee# s+ch a la" to )rovi#e #irection3 g+i#ance an# $o+n#aries.

    (28

    Hemis: 222428

    March 2006

    &he 6+sty C+tter 2ill not $e an iss+e 7 li!e in the airline in#+stry Can see it having a massive )ositive im)act on o+r tra#e an# foo# sales ho)ef+lly soaring 7 alrea#y )lanning for this. 8ee# to listen to g+ests an# see "here mar!et is going &he Mermai# Provi#ing there is a#eH+ate eAtraction an# se)arate areas in the $ar3 the la" sho+l# not change. Smo!ing sho+l# $e !e)t a"ay from foo# areas Cresta+rantsD. 2ill res+lt in higher litter an# tro+$le o+tsi#e. More aggression in )+nters. >+!e of 1+c!ingham 8egative affect on tra#e 7 in reven+e an# in terms of g+ests coming in an# their reg+larity 7 ho" "ill the government ma!e +) for this Massive cost im)lications *ncrease# litter an# tro+$le <ero chance of effective )olicing

    Same thing "ill ha))en as "ith #oor men licences 7 a fe" fines "ill $e han#e# o+t then it "ill $e forgotten a$o+t ? ignore#.

    (2.

    Hemis: 222428

    March 2006

    .i+liography
    $oo;s
    Clar!3 M3 6iley3 M3 2il!ie =3 2oo#3 63 (..83 ,esearching and -riting .issertations in &ospitality and Tourism, 9irst =#ition3 &hom)son 1+siness Press3 'on#on3 P4( =ysenc!3 H3I3 20003 Smoking, &ealth and ersonality3 &ransaction P+$lishers3 'on#on3 P.20 Hoo)er3 P3 (..03 Smoking Issues# ' (uick )uide, >aniels P+$lishing3 Cam$ri#ge3 P46oemer3 63 (../3 "egislative 'ction to 0om!at the -orld To!acco 1pidemic, 2n# =#ition3 P+$lishe# $y the 2orl# Health Organisation3 P.(86 S"etnam3 >3 20003 -riting /our .issertation3 &hir# =#ition3 Ho" to 1oo!s P+$lishers, OAfor#3 P. 8/ &homas3 6ichar#3 (..-3 (uantitative $ethods for *usiness Studies, 9& Prentice Hall3 Harlo"3 P.4 2aliman3 8icholas3 20003 4/our 6ndergraduate .issertation3 Sage P+$lishing3 'on#on3 P.(/6

    Aournals
    +ng3 M3 <hang3 M3 9arhat3 H3 200(3 'n e5ploratory study of the smoking issue in restaurants3 Io+rnal of Management >ecision3 Bol. /.3 8o. 43 P. 2-. E284 1o"er3 %lenna % an# =nJler3 >ave3 20003 rotecting students and faculty from environmental to!acco smoke, Health =#+cation Io+rnal3 Bol. (003 8o 43 P. 20. 1o,anic3>3C3 (..63 The Smoking .e!ate# ' "ook at the Issues Surrounding Smoking *ans in &ospitality3 Hos)itality 6esearch Io+rnal3 Bol. 203 8o.( P2- 7 /8 Casstles3 H3 1ar!er3 3 9+llar#3 13 20063 Impact of Smoke % free "egislation on Smoking revalence3 &o$acco Control @+arterly 1+lletin3 *ss+e 63 P. 2 Clar!3 Mona3 6iley3 Michael3 2il!ie3 =lla an# 2oo#3 6oy3 (..83 ,esearching and -riting .issertations in &ospitality and Tourism, *nternational &hom)son 1+siness Press3 'on#on3 P. .2 CoA3 H3 2illiams3 I an# <immet3 P3 20003 4.ecreasing revalence of 0igarette Smoking in the $iddle Income 0ountry of $auritius 3 1ritish Me#ical Io+rnal3 8o./2( P/40 E /4. C+th$ert3 'ynsey an# 8ic!son3 >ennis3 (...3 4Smoking in the ,estaurant Industry# Time +or ' *an3 *nternational Io+rnal of Contem)orary Hos)itality Management3 Bol. ((3 8o. (3 P. /( E /6 9rie#en3 &.63 Mostashari3 93 ;er!er3 1.>3 Miller3 83 Ha,at3 3 9ran!el3 M3 20003 4'dult To!acco 6se "evels 'fter Intensive To!acco 0ontrol $easures# 7ew /ork 0ity, merican Io+rnal of P+$lic Health3 8o. .03 *ss+e 63 (0(6 E (02/ 9reathy3 P3 C2004D3 The -ho and To!acco 0ontrol# Implications for the Travel ,etail Sector3 *nternational Io+rnal of 6etail an# >istri$+tion Management3 Bol. /23 8o. 03 P.202 E 208 Hammar3 H3 20043 ,estaurant owner perceptions of the effects of a smoking !an, Health Policy3 Bol. -03P. 24/ E 204

    (/0

    Hemis: 222428

    March 2006

    Heloma3 3 Iaa!!ola3 S.M3 20023 +our year follow up of smoke e5posure, attitudes and smoking !ehaviour following enactment of +inlands national smoke free workplace law, Society for the St+#y of ##iction to lcohol an# Other >r+gs3 Bol..83 P. (((( E (((Hill3 C3 (..83 Trends in To!acco Smoking and 0onsequences on &ealth in +rance3 Io+rnal of Preventative Me#icine3 Bol. 2-3 8o./(3 P.0(4 E 0(. Ho#ge3 I3%3 =$er3 %313 20043 To!acco 0ontrol "egislation# Tools for u!lic &ealth Improvement, &he Io+rnal of 'a"3 Me#icine an# =thics3 P. 0(6 E 02/ Iac!son3 %raham3 Ian+ary 20043 Smoking# Suicide for some, $anslaughter for others % time for a !an in all pu!lic places, 1lac!"ell )+$lishing3 *ss+e 083 Bol. (3 P.( ;ro))3 93 'avac!3 3M3 Hol#en3 S3I3 20003 Smoker and *eer .rinkers# 8alues and 0onsumer Suscepti!ility to Interpersonal Influence3 Io+rnal of Cons+mer Mar!eting3 Bol. (63 8o. 63 P0/6 E 00'al3 3 20043 The economic impact of smoke free legislation on sales turnover in restaurants and pu!s in Tasmania3 &o$acco Control3 8o. (/3 P404 7 400 Mc8a$$3 I3 Hearns3 8iamh3 20003 The Smoking *an in &ospitality# ' 0ross *oarder erspective from Ireland3 *nternational Io+rnal of Contem)orary Hos)itality Management3 Bol.(-3 8o.2 P(8( E (.( Mc8a$ola3 3 1ro#eric! 13 Iohnson P3 %ill3 '3 20003 7ew .irections# Improved atmospheres in pu!s due to the smoking !an in Ireland, tmos)heric =nvironment3 Bol. /.3 P 48(0 E 48(6 Moore3 M3 20003 Smoking, &ealth and Social 0are3 Io+rnal of P+$lic Health Management3 8o.03 P-4 E -8 Morrison3 P3 (../3 ' non smoking hospitality environment# profita!le !usiness or financial suicideB, *nternational Io+rnal of Contem)orary Hos)itality Management3 Bol.03 8o.23 P. 2- E /( Pratten3 I.>3 200/3 Smoking policies in 62 pu!s# ' !usiness opportunity, *nternational Io+rnal of Contem)orary Hos)itality Management3 Bol.(03 8o.23 P.(20 7 (20 San#for#3 man#a3 200/3 4)overnment action to reduce smoking, 6es)iratory Io+rnal3 Bol. 83 P.Sciacca3 I3P3 (..63 ' $andatory Smoking *an in ,estaurants# 0oncerns vs. 15periences 3 Io+rnal of Comm+nity Health3 Bol.2(3 8o23 P(/4 E(4. Sim)son3 >3 'ee3 S3 20023 To!acco# u!lic erception and the ,ole of the Industry, *nternational gency on &o$acco an# Health, 'on#on3 :;3 8o. (663 Part 23 P2// E 2/. 2a!efiel#3 M3 6o$erts3 '3 Millar3 C3 20043 erceptions of the 1ffect of an Impending ,estaurant Smoking *an on .ining =ut 15perience3 Io+rnal of Preventative Me#icine3 Bol. 2.3 P. 0/ E 06

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    March 2006

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    Hemis: 222428

    March 2006

    nonymo+s3 20003 Smoke free !ars in 7orway P. 203 retrieve# on the (/th >ecem$er 20003 from """.si+s.no 11C 8e"s3 P+$lishe# 20043 *hutan +or!ids 'll To!acco Sales, 6etrieve# 22n# 8ovem$er 20003 from """.ne"s.$$c.co.+!?go?)r?fr?E?(?hi?"orl#?so+thPasia?40(26/..stm 11C 8e"s3 4Smoke % +ree "aw would Save "ives, retrieve# on the 28th 8ovem$er 2000 from """.ne"svote.$$c.co.+!?m)a))s?)agetools?ne"s 11C 8e"s ction &eam3 Smoking !ans# 'n 'ction 7etwork *riefing 6etrieve# on the 20th 8ovem$er 2000 from """.$$c.co.+!?#na?actionnet"or!? 2-02(4/ 11C 8e"s, (4'# Smoking *an. The )overnment is e5pected to *an Smoking in $ost 1nclosed u!lic 'reas3 20043 Paragra)h (.3 retrieve# on 22n# Octo$er 2000 from """.ne"s.$$c.co.+!?go?)r?fr?health?me#ical 11C 8e"s3 P+$lishe# 20043 Smoking 0ur!s# The )lo!al icture, 6etrieve# on the 2(st 8ovem$er 20003 from """.ne"s.$$c.co.+!?go?)r?fr?E?(?hi?"orl#?40(644-.stm 11C 8e"s3 Helm3 I3 20003 ' To!acco Tale of Two 0ities, 6etrieve# on the 20th 8ovem$er 2000 from """.ne"svote.$$c.co.+!?m)a))s?)agetools?)rint?ne"s?(?hi?scotlan#?4/./04-.stm 1ritish 1eer an# P+$ ssociation3 200/3 *eer and u! *asic +acts, retrieve# on the 2n# 8ovem$er 20003 from """.$eeran#)+$.com?content.as)Ni#PcontentQ-04Ri#Pcontentty)eQ( 1ritish Me#ical ssociation3 20th +g+st 20003 -hat ossi!le 'rgument is there for 7ot Implementing a Total *an, retrieve# on the 2(st >ecem$er 20003 from """.ne"sE me#ical.net?)rintParticle.as)Ni#Q(2-04 1ritish Me#ical ssociation3 (4th Se)tem$er 20003 4&ealth 0ommittee Inquiry into Smoking in u!lic laces % Su!mission !y *$', 1M 'on#on3 retrieve# on 2(st >ecem$er 20003 from """.$ma.org.+!?a).nsf?content?healthcommitte.html P.4 Central Statistics Office3 6etail Sales *n#eA3 retrieve# on .th Ian+ary 20063 from """.cso.ie?releases)+$lications?)rPservices.html Central Statistics Office3 P+$lishe# 9e$r+ary 20003 &ravel an# &o+rism3 retrieve# on the .th Ian+ary 20063 from """.cso.ie?releases)+$lications?)rPto+rism.html Clearing the ir Scotlan#3 20003 1stimates of economic impact of the regulation of smoking in pu!lic places in Scotland3 retrieve# 22n# Ian+ary 2006 from """.clearingtheaircomscotlan#.com?facts?economicEim)act.html C88 Me#ia 1roa#casting3 26th 9e$r+ary 20043 Smoking !an in 0alifornia largely ignored3 retrieve# on the 20th 9e$r+ary 20063 from """.cnn.com?+s?.80(?2/?smo!ing$an >e)artment of Health *relan# "e$site3 20043 Smoke 2ey, retrieve# on the 2n# 8ovem$er 2000 from """.#oh.ie?)+$licationssmo!e!ey.html 9ree#om Organisation for the 6ight to =n,oy Smo!ing &o$acco3 The &istory of Smoking retrieve# on the 20th 8ovem$er 2000 from """.forest.org.+!?c+lt+re 9'6&3 P+$lishe# May 20003 1conomic 0onsequences of ' +ull Smoking *an on 7orthern Islands "icensed Trade, 6etrieve# on the (2th Ian+ary 20063 from """.+lster)+$s.com?#o"nloa# %osling3 P3 200/3 7ow that the smog has lifted3 P+$lic Health 8e"s3 6etrieve# on the 2(st >ecem$er 20003 from """.)+$lichealthne"s.com?ne"s?)rinterfrien#ly.as)Ni# Hea#s 7 +) &eachers i#3 4Teachers % Smoking53 retrieve# on (0th >ecem$er 20003 from """.hea#s+).org.+!?content?#efa+lt.as)N)ageQs./

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    Hemis: 222428

    March 2006

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    Hemis: 222428

    March 2006

    :nison3 20003 Smoke free 1lements of &ealth Improvement and rotection *ill, retrieve# on the 20th 8ovem$er 20003 from """.+nison.org.+! 2i!i)e#ia =ncyclo)ae#ia3 20003 "ist of Smoking !ans, 6etrieve# on 20th 9e$r+ary 2006 from """."i!i)e#ia.org?"i!i?listPofPsmo!ingP$ans 2illmore3 *3 7o *ritish *odge on Second % hand Smoke# ,eid -arned 6etrieve# on the 28th 8ovem$er 2000 from """.ash.org.+!

    MagaBines 8 /e9s&a&er articles8 "ress )e&orts 8 )eleases


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