GEOSTATISTICAL TOOLS IN RESERVOIR CHARACTERISATION GEOSTATISTIKI ALATI U KARAKTERIZACIJI LEITA

Tomislav MALVI1
1

INA-Oil Industry Plc., E&P of Oil and Gas, Reservoir Engineering & Field e!art"ent, #u$i%eva &', 1(((( )agre$, *c., +*c. in Geology

evelo!"ent

SAETAK Geostatisti,a -e vrlo sna.an i standardan alat ,od i/rade geolo0,i1 "odela le.i0ta ugl-i,ovodi,a. 2a,vo /na3en-e !o!ri"ila -e 4(-ti1 godina &(. stol-e%a te ga i"a -o0 i danas. Geostatisti,a u,l-u3u-e "ate"ati3,u teori-u ra/vi-enu /a o!isivan-e !ona0an-a regionali/irane vari-a$le. anas se geostatisti,a u!otre$l-ava u "nogi1 !odru3-i"a naftne

geologi-e ali i drugi" geo/nanosti"a ,o-e se $ave o!isivan-e" !rostornog !ona0an-a regionali/irani1 vari-a$li. 2e"el-i se na variogra"s,o- anali/i te u,l-u3u-e ra/li3ite inter!olaci-s,e i si"ulaci-s,e te1ni,e. Prednosti geostatisti3,e inter!olaci-e 5ra/li3ite te1ni,e ,riginga6 uo3l-ive su na gotovo sva,o" s,u!u s 17 ili vi0e !odata,a. *,u!ina "etoda ,o,riginga do!u0ta u,l-u3ivan-e -edne ili vi0e se,undarni1 vari-a$li ,o-i"a se !o$ol-0ava !roces ,artiran-a !ri"arne vari-a$le. Na-3e0%e !ri"-er -e u!otre$a sei/"i3,i1 atri$uta ,ao dodatnog i/vora infor"aci-a ,od ,artiran-a !oro/nosti. ruga s,u!ina geostatisti3,i1 "etoda o$u1va%a sto1asti3,e si"ulaci-e. 2o -e vrlo ,oristan alat ,o-i se u!otre$l-ava /a ,reiran-e ni/a -edna,ovri-edni1 reali/aci-a ,artirane vari-a$le. Po-edina3ne reali/aci-e oda$iru se na te"el-u ne,oli,o geolo0,i1 ,riteri-a. Kljune rijei: geostatisti,a, ,riging, ,o,riging, sto1asti3,e si"ulaci-e, !oro/nost Pre l!"en# $#%e&!rij# r# #: stru3ni 3lana,

A'STRACT Geostatistics is very !o8erful and standard tool in geological "odelling of 1ydrocar$on reservoirs, starting fro" eig1ties in &(t1 century and last to date. It includes "at1e"atical t1eory develo!ed for descri$ing of regional varia$le $e1aviour. 2oday geostatistics is used 8idely in !etroleu" geology as 8ell as ot1er geosciences t1at 1andle $y s!atial distri$ution of regional varia$le. It is $ased on variogra" analysis and different inter!olation and si"ulation tec1ni9ues. 21e advantages of geostatistics inter!olations 5different :riging tec1ni9ues6 are o$viously for al"ost every datasets t1at include 17 or "ore !oint data. *et of ;o,riging "et1ods allo8 to include one or "ore secondary varia$les to i"!rove "a!!ing !rocess of !ri"ary varia$le. 21e "ost often e<a"!le is !orosity "a!!ing su!!orted $y seis"ic attri$utes. *econd grou! geostatistical "et1ods enco"!ass stoc1astical si"ulations. 21is very useful tool allo8s creating a set of e9ui!ro$a$le reali/ations of "a!!ed varia$le. Particular reali/ation can $e selected $ased on several geological criteria. Ke( )!r *: geostatistics, :riging, ;o,riging, stoc1astic si"ulations, !orosity Pr!+!*e +#+er ,#%e&!r(: Professional !a!er

-. INTRO/UCTION E<!loration and !roduction of oil and gas is large field of activity. Geological "odelling and reservoir c1aracterisation !lay one of t1e "a-or roles in !etroleu" $usiness. Ne8 and i"!roved tec1ni9ues co"e very fast. Geostatistics is one of t1e "ain tools in geological "odelling, recognised and glo$al a!!lied a!!ro<. fro" eig1ties in t1e &(t1 century to date. It can $e a!!lied in all !1ases of geological "odelling, i.e. in e<!loration as 8ell as in develo!"ent !1ase of 1ydrocar$ons 5Figure 16.

Figure 1: Application of geostatistics in different stages of geological modelling

Nu"$er of in!ut is ,ey-value for a!!lying "ostly deter"inistic or stoc1astical geostatistical "et1ods. After1 reservoirs can $e classified as=

/e%er0ini*%i, are reservoirs 81ere inter-8ell area is e<cellent ,no8n, correlated and internal reservoir arc1itecture is solved. *uc1 ty!e is very rare and can $e o$served on s"all or very "ature fields, 81ere is 8ell>s density 1ig1. Geostatistics deter"inistic "et1ods 5:riging?;o,riging6 could $e a!!lied.

S%!,1#*%i, reservoirs includes "ostly deter"inistic !ara"eters, $ut also are c1aracterised 8it1 so"e degree of un-!redicta$ility, i.e. inter-8ell areas include so"e stoc1astic. T1i* %(+e i* %1e 0#in %#r&e% 2!r &e!*%#%i*%i,* 81et1er deter"inistic or stoc1astic "et1ods.

3!*%l( un4+re i,%#5le re*er6!ir* are very rare ty!e, al8ays connected 8it1 e<!loration localities, fe8 8ells or !otential !lays. Esti"ation could $e done only 8it1 analogy or @onte ;arlo "et1od.

In t1e follo8ing c1a!ters several 5deter"inistic and stoc1astic6 e<a"!les are selected fro" evelo!"ent e!art"ent !ractice in geostatistical "odelling. Geostatistics analyses are rava de!ression fro" !erfor"ed in several oil and gas reservoirs and lit1ofacies in t1e

Palaeo/oic to +adenian age. Na"es of 8ells and fields are stayed 1idden as co"!any $usiness infor"ation, $ut all e<a"!les are trans!arent and clearly descri$e $enefit of geostatistics in geological "odelling.

7. 'ASICS O8 GEOSTATISTICS THEOR9 Geostatistics assu"es s!atial data analysis. 21e "ost co""on s!atial tool is variogram defined $y for"ula 5E:. -6.
N ( h) 1 2 2 ( h) = [ z (un ) z (u n + h)] N (h) n =1

516

A1ere are= N(h) #(un) #(un$h) - num er of data pairs at distance !h" (inside searching neigh ourhood area) - value at location un - value at location un$h

;alculation of e<!eri"ental variogra" is necessary in!ut for different geostatistical inter!olation or si"ulation tec1ni9ues, li,e :riging 5E:. 76, ;o,riging 5E:. ;6 and *e9uential Gaussian *i"ulations. z k = i z i
i =1
n

5&6
m

zC = i zi + j s j
i =1 j =1

5B6

A1ere are= #% & #c - points estimated ' (riging & )o%riging

i & * - +eight coefficient for (riging & )o%riging calculated from matri, e-uation
#i s* - hard data of primar' varia le (inside searching neigh ourhood area) - hard data of secondar' varia le (inside searching neigh ourhood area)

21e :riging includes several inter!olation tec1ni9ues 5see e.g. ref.&,B6 li,e *i"!le, Ordinary, +loc, and ot1er :riging inter!olations. *toc1astical si"ulations are geostatistical tool 8it1 different !ur!ose t1an inter!olation tec1ni9ues 5see e.g. ref.C,76. *i"ulation algorit1" transfor"s in!ut data in nor"al distri$ution 8it1 ,no8n "ean and standard deviation. Aell data are res!ected as 1ard data (conditional simulation). Dariogra" "odels and :riging "a! are used as additional in!ut data. Esti"ated !oints are se9uentially used as ne8 E1ard-dataF, and !rocedure 1as $een re!eating until all grid !oints are not si"ulated, defining one reali/ation.

21e si"ulation ai" is "a,e statistically re!resentative set of e9ually !ro$a$le reali/ations, descri$ing reservoir 1eterogeneity.

;. SO3E E<A3PLES O8 VARIOGRA3S AN/ KRIGE/ 3APS ;.-. E=+eri0en%#l 6#ri!&r#0* in /r#6# e+re**i!n E<!eri"ental variogra" "odelling, 8it1 !orosity as !ri"ary varia$le, is !erfor"ed at several reservoirs in rava de!ressionG,H. 21ese "odels included 1(-B( !oint values. *everal !orosity variogra"s are s1o8n on 8i&ure* 7 and ;. Eac1 variogra" is co"$ined 8it1 corres!onding Ordinary :riging "a! 5using local "ean as su$stitution for glo$al "ean6, to reflect influence of variogra" ranges to !orosity "a!!ing. Iuality of eac1 "a! 8as validated using crossvalidation4. Dariogra"s can $e distinguis1ed $y reservoir age, lit1ology and nu"$er of data. All figures re!resent geological 5and variogra"6 structures 8it1 !ri"ary a<is stri,e B(-&1(o. 21e 8i&ure 7 s1o8s variogra" and :riging esti"ation in Jo8er 2riassic 1eterogeneous lit1ology 59uart/ites, filites, dolo"ites...6, o$tained at t1e :alinovac field. ataset includes 11 !oint data, and variogra" range is $ased on Efirst sill crossingF for !ri"ary a<is. :riging "a! is very s"oot1ed, 8it1out E$ull-eyesF effect. ;ross-validation result 8as 1.1B 5co"!ared 8it1 G.17 as "a<i"u" o$tained for t1is lit1ofacies at ot1er field6. 21e ne<t e<a"!le 58i&ure ;6 !resents variogra" "odels and :riging inter!olation "ade in "ostly car$onate lit1ofacies 5dolo"ites, car$onate $reccias6. *uc1 lit1ofacies is c1aracterised 8it1 "ostly stoc1astical !orosity distri$ution, 81at "eans t1at any inter!olation tec1ni9ue 1ave to include significant error. Also, suc1 lit1ology is "ost !ro$le"atic for geostatistics using, often stress E$ull-eyesF effect. +ut t1is e<a"!le s1o8s very successful variogra" and :riging esti"ation, 81ere isolines are elongated along structure 5!orosity distri$ution follo8s structural style6. ;ross-validation result 8as &.4( 51&.1( 8as result at field 8it1 "a<i"u" inter!olation error in t1is lit1ofacies6.

Figure 2: .,perimental variogram from Lo+er Triassic lithofacies (ranges /011,/111 m) and corresponding (riging porosit' map2

Figure 3: .,perimental variogram from 3pper Triassic lithofacies (ranges /111,411) and corresponding (riging porosit' map

;.7. C!$ri&in& i0+r!6e0en% > e=#0+le 2r!0 /r#6# e+re**i!n :riging "a!s are not uni9ue solution, i.e. so"eti"es t1ey need to $e co"!ared 8it1 ot1er ty!es of solutions. Generally it could $e done in case of= a6 *"all-in-nu"$er in!ut 5e.g.K1& 1ard-data values6 81en :riging 8ould need to $e co"!ared 8it1 Inverse geostatistical "et1ods, istance Aeig1ting, Nearest Neig1$our1ood or ot1er non-

$6 *eis"ic attri$ute5s6 t1at could considered as relevant secondary varia$le, 81en :riging is co"!ared 8it1 ;o,riging solution. Sei*0i, #%%ri5u%e #* *e,!n #r( 6#ri#5le is often 8ay 1o8 to i"!rove geostatistical results. In suc1 case ;o,riging tec1ni9ues need to $e tested 5E:. ;6. *uc1 connection need to $e !roved as o$-ective as it is !ossi$le, and it is usual done $y statistical tests li,e= *tandard Pearson>s correlation coefficient, *tatistical t-test or 2a$les 8it1 !ro$a$ility indicating on true or false correlation',1(. rava de!ression G. *ignificant ran,

*uc1 testing 8as !erfor"ed on t1e +eni3anci field in t1e

correlation is found for !air porosit'-reflection strength. ;ollocated ;o,riging 5;;6 "a! s1o8s significantly "ore reservoir 1eterogeneity, due to seis"ic attri$ute, in inter-8ell area t1an Ordinary :riging and Inverse confir"ed as favoura$le istance Aeig1ting "a!s 58i&ure ?6. @ore i"!ortant, t1is "a!!ing tec1ni9ue also $y cross-validation 1eterogeneity $etter reflects true geological !icture of $reccia reservoir. Also, ;o,riging 8as 5;;KI AKO:L&.1'K&.H4K&.'H6. *eis"ic could $e very useful additional source of infor"ation, es!ecially 81en nu"$er of 8ells is s"all 51C in t1is e<a"!le6.

Figure 4: )omparing of I56 (left)7 8( (centre) and )) (right) porosit' maps .

?. STOCHASTICAL SI3ULATIONS *toc1astical si"ulations are very strong tool for different ,ind of esti"ation and can $e o$served as i"!rove"ents for deter"inistic a!!roac1. 21ere is several ,ind of si"ulation M se9uential and indicator tools are very often ty!es. Nere is s1o8n e<a"!le 5 8i&ure @6 of *e9uential Gaussian *i"ulations 5*G*6 a!!lied in !ur!ose of= 1. O$taining ne8 $etter !orosity 1istogra" 5si"ulated O 1ard data6, &. *i"ulation of reservoir !orosity distri$ution in several !ossi$le reali/ations. @at1e"atically and naturally !ossi$le !orosity varia$ility 5$ased on in!uts6 can $e o$served in t8o selected reali/ation for Palaeo/oic reservoir 5 8i&ure @6 at t1e *tari Gradac fieldH,11. 28o Ee<tre"eF reali/ation 5P1 and P'', 81ere P1 "eans t1at '' P of all reali/ations descri$e larger total reservoir !orosity6 s1o8 1uge difference in !orosity distri$ution t1at could $e "a!!ed on t1e sa"e field 5all reali/ation are e9ually !ossi$le6. *et of all 1(( reali/ations is also e<cellent $ase for calculating "ore !recise 1istogra" of analysed varia$le 58i&ure @, ri&1%6.

8i&ure @: Daria$ility of !orosity e<!ressed 8it1 P1 and P'' reali/ations and 1istogra" of si"ulated data

@. /ISCUSSION AN/ CONCLUSIONS Geostatistics offers "any advantages in deter"inistic and stoc1astic a!!roac1es to geological "odelling. :riging tec1ni9ues are generally t1e $est s!atial esti"ation "et1od, and stoc1astic si"ulations are e<cellent tool for descri$ing uncertainty in reservoir. 21ere is no dou$t t1at a!!lying of :riging and *e9uential Gaussian *i"ulations i"!roved geological "odels and es!ecially !orosity distri$ution at several 1ydrocar$on fields in ;roatia. Ji"it of successful a!!lication of :riging is defined at a!!ro<. 1(-17 in!ut !orosity values. 21ere is no need to use "ore de"anding geostatistics for "a!!ing s"aller datasets. It "eans t1at geostatistics could $e used only on t1e fields 8it1 enoug1 nu"$er of 8ells?data. In suc1 case, using of geostatistics 8ill lead to $etter reservoir c1aracterisation 5!orosity "a!!ing, OGIP?OOIP calculations6 and finally to 1ig1er recovery of 1ydrocar$ons.

A. RE8ERENCES 1. Qensen, Q. J., J. A. Ja,e, P. A. @. ;or$ett and .Q. Goggin, &(((, *tatistics for

Petroleu" Engineers and Geoscientists= Elsevier *cience +.D., BB4 !., A"sterda". &. No1n, @. E., 1'44, Geostatistics and Petroleu" Geology= Dan Nostrand Rein1old, !. &GC, Ne8 Ror,. B. Isaa,s, E. and R. *rivastava, 1'4', An Introduction to A!!lied Geostatistics= O<ford Sniversity Press, !. 7G1, Ne8 Ror,. C. u$rule, O., 1''4, Geostatistics in Petroleu" Geology= AAPG, 2ulsa. *ociety of Petroleu" Engineers, &GC !., Ric1ardson. G. @alvi%, 2. and @. Ture,ovi%, &((B, A!!lication of t1e @et1ods= Inverse istance Aeig1ting, Ordinary :riging and ;ollocated ;o,riging in t1e Porosity Evaluation and Results ;o"!arison in t1e +eni3anci and *tari Gradac Field= Nafta, 7C, ', BB1-BC(, )agre$. H. @alvi%, 2. and *. *"ol-anovi%, &((C, Geostatistical Esti"ation and *i"ulation A!!roac1es for @ore etailed OGIP ;alculations 5*tari Gradac - +arcs Nyugat Field6= IOR @et1ods for Econo"ical Oil Recovery fro" *"all *i/e and?or @arginal Oil Fields ? *teiner, I. 5ur.6.)agre$ = Petroleu" *u""er *c1ool, RGNF, 11'-1&4. 4. avis, +., 1'4H, Sses and A$uses of ;ross Dalidation in Geostatistics= @at1e"atical Geology, v. 1' 5B6, !. &C1-&C4. '. :al,o"ey, ;. 2., 1''H, Potential ris,s 81en using seis"ic attri$utes as !redictors of reservoir !ro!erties= 21e Jeading Edge, @arc1, !. &CH-&71. 1(. ;1a"$ers, R. J. and Q. @. Rarus, &((&, Iuantitative Sse of *eis"ic Attri$utes for Reservoir ;1aracteri/ation= RE;OR ER, ;anadian *EG, v. &H, !. 1C-&7, Qune. 11. *"ol-anovi%, *. and 2. @alvi%, &((7, I"!rove"ents in reservoir c1aracterisation a!!lying geostatistical "odelling 5esti"ation & stoc1astic si"ulations vs. standard inter!olation "et1ods6= Nafta, 7G, 7H-GB, )agre$. 7. :el,ar, @. and G. Pere/, &((&, A!!lied Geostatistics for Reservoir ;1aracteri/ation=

ACKNOBLE/GE3ENT 21e !resented researc1ing is !artially done t1roug1 activity of Reservoir Engineering & Field evelo!"ent e!art"ent. 21is is !art of INA-Oil Industry Plc. AUTHOR T!0i*l#6 3#l6iC, graduate engineer in geology, P1 in Natural *ciences, INA- Industry of

Oil Plc., E<!loration and Production of Oil and Gas, Reservoir Engineering & Field evelo!"ent e!art"ent, e<!ert, #u$i%eva &', 1(((( )agre$, tomislav.malvic@ina.hr

APPEN/I< 8i&ure li*%:

8i&ure 7: A!!lication of geostatistics in different stages of geological "odelling 8i&ure 7: E<!eri"ental variogra" fro" Jo8er 2riassic lit1ofacies 5ranges &7((<&((( "6 and corres!onding :riging !orosity "a!. 8i&ure ;: E<!eri"ental variogra" fro" S!!er 2riassic lit1ofacies 5ranges &(((<'((6 and corres!onding :riging !orosity "a! 8i&ure ?: ;o"!aring of I A 5left6, O: 5centre6 and ;; 5rig1t6 !orosity "a!s 8i&ure @: Daria$ility of !orosity e<!ressed 8it1 P1 and P'' reali/ations and 1istogra" of si"ulated data