SLecture 2

MA 105 Calculus: Lecture 2 Limits and Continuity
S. Sivaji Ganesh
Mathematics Department IIT Bombay
July 27, 2009
S. Sivaji Ganesh (IIT Bombay)
MA 105 Calculus: Lecture 2
July 27, 2009
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Limits Denition Let f be a function dened on both sides of a, except possibly at a itself.
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Limits Denition Let f be a function dened on both sides of a, except possibly at a itself. Then lim f (x ) = L
x a
and say the limit of f (x ) as x approaches a, equals L
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x a
and say the limit of f (x ) as x approaches a, equals L if we can make the values of f (x ) arbitrarily close to L (as close to L as we like)
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x a
and say the limit of f (x ) as x approaches a, equals L if we can make the values of f (x ) arbitrarily close to L (as close to L as we like) by taking x to be sufciently close to a (on either side of a)
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x a
and say the limit of f (x ) as x approaches a, equals L if we can make the values of f (x ) arbitrarily close to L (as close to L as we like) by taking x to be sufciently close to a (on either side of a) but not equal to a.
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x a
and say the limit of f (x ) as x approaches a, equals L if we can make the values of f (x ) arbitrarily close to L (as close to L as we like) by taking x to be sufciently close to a (on either side of a) but not equal to a. Note The value of the function at a does not play any role in the above denition.
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x a
and say the limit of f (x ) as x approaches a, equals L if we can make the values of f (x ) arbitrarily close to L (as close to L as we like) by taking x to be sufciently close to a (on either side of a) but not equal to a. Note The value of the function at a does not play any role in the above denition. In fact, f need not be dened at a. See Appendix 1 for some pictures.
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Limits Compute
1
lim x21 x 1 x 1
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Limits Compute
1
lim x21 x 1 x 1
What is the domain of this function?
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Limits Compute
1
lim x21 x 1 x 1
What is the domain of this function? What if my function
assigns 1 to 2009 ?
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Limits Compute
1
lim x21 x 1 x 1
assigns 1 to 2009 ? Draw Graphs.
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Limits Compute
1
lim x21 x 1 x 1
|x | x 0 x
assigns 1 to 2009 ? Draw Graphs.

2
lim
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Limits
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Limits
Graph of Heaviside function H (x ) = not exist. Why?

0 1
if x < 0 limx 0 H (x ) does if x 0
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Limits
Graph of Heaviside function H (x ) =
0 if x < 0 limx 0 H (x ) does 1 if x 0 not exist. Why?There is no L as in the denition of limit.

S. Sivaji Ganesh (IIT Bombay) MA 105 Calculus: Lecture 2 July 27, 2009 4 / 27
Limits Denition Let f be a function dened on the left side (or both sides) of a, except possibly at a itself.
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Limits Denition Let f be a function dened on the left side (or both sides) of a, except possibly at a itself. Then
x a
lim f (x ) = L
and say the left-hand limit of f (x ) as x approaches a, equals L
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x a
lim f (x ) = L
and say the left-hand limit of f (x ) as x approaches a, equals L if we can make the values of f (x ) arbitrarily close to L (as close to L as we like)
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5 / 27
x a
lim f (x ) = L
and say the left-hand limit of f (x ) as x approaches a, equals L if we can make the values of f (x ) arbitrarily close to L (as close to L as we like) by taking x to be sufciently close to a and x less than a.
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x a
lim f (x ) = L
and say the left-hand limit of f (x ) as x approaches a, equals L if we can make the values of f (x ) arbitrarily close to L (as close to L as we like) by taking x to be sufciently close to a and x less than a. Note Once again, value of the function at a does not play any role in the above denition.
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x a
lim f (x ) = L
and say the left-hand limit of f (x ) as x approaches a, equals L if we can make the values of f (x ) arbitrarily close to L (as close to L as we like) by taking x to be sufciently close to a and x less than a. Note Once again, value of the function at a does not play any role in the above denition. In fact, f need not be dened at a.
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x a
lim f (x ) = L
and say the left-hand limit of f (x ) as x approaches a, equals L if we can make the values of f (x ) arbitrarily close to L (as close to L as we like) by taking x to be sufciently close to a and x less than a. Note Once again, value of the function at a does not play any role in the above denition. In fact, f need not be dened at a. Similarly dene the right-hand limit of f (x ) as x approaches a, equals L
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x a
lim f (x ) = L
and say the left-hand limit of f (x ) as x approaches a, equals L if we can make the values of f (x ) arbitrarily close to L (as close to L as we like) by taking x to be sufciently close to a and x less than a. Note Once again, value of the function at a does not play any role in the above denition. In fact, f need not be dened at a. Similarly dene the right-hand limit of f (x ) as x approaches a, equals L which is denoted by limx a+ f (x ).
x 0
lim H (x ) = 0 & lim H (x ) = 1

x 0+
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Limits
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Limits
f (x ) = sin(x )
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Limits
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Limits
x f (x ) = x x + 8
if x 0 if 0 < x < 4 if 4 < x < 8

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Limits
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Limits
f (x ) =
x ex
if x < 0 if x 0
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Limits
f (x ) =
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Limits
Graphs of exp(x ), log(x )
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Limits Denition Let f be a function dened on both sides of a, except possibly at a itself. Then lim f (x ) =
x a
means that the values of f (x ) can be made arbitrarily large (as large as we like)
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x a
means that the values of f (x ) can be made arbitrarily large (as large as we like) by taking x to be sufciently close to a (on either side of a)
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x a
means that the values of f (x ) can be made arbitrarily large (as large as we like) by taking x to be sufciently close to a (on either side of a) but not equal to a.
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x a
means that the values of f (x ) can be made arbitrarily large (as large as we like) by taking x to be sufciently close to a (on either side of a) but not equal to a. Note Once again, value of the function at a does not play any role in the above denition.
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x a
means that the values of f (x ) can be made arbitrarily large (as large as we like) by taking x to be sufciently close to a (on either side of a) but not equal to a. Note Once again, value of the function at a does not play any role in the above denition. In fact, f need not be dened at a.
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x a
means that the values of f (x ) can be made arbitrarily large (as large as we like) by taking x to be sufciently close to a (on either side of a) but not equal to a. Note Once again, value of the function at a does not play any role in the above denition. In fact, f need not be dened at a. Similarly dene limx a f (x ) = .
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x a
means that the values of f (x ) can be made arbitrarily large (as large as we like) by taking x to be sufciently close to a (on either side of a) but not equal to a. Note Once again, value of the function at a does not play any role in the above denition. In fact, f need not be dened at a. Similarly dene limx a f (x ) = . Go to the previous slide.
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Limits Denition Let f be a function dened on both sides of a, except possibly at a itself. Then The line x = a is called a vertical asymptote of the curve y = f (x ) if at least one of the following statements is true limx a f (x ) = limx a f (x ) = limx a+ f (x ) = limx a f (x ) = limx a f (x ) = limx a+ f (x ) = .
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Limits Denition Let f be a function dened on both sides of a, except possibly at a itself. Then The line x = a is called a vertical asymptote of the curve y = f (x ) if at least one of the following statements is true limx a f (x ) = limx a f (x ) = limx a+ f (x ) = limx a f (x ) = limx a f (x ) = limx a+ f (x ) = . Note Give some examples by drawing their graphs.
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Limits Denition Let f be a function dened on both sides of a, except possibly at a itself. Then The line x = a is called a vertical asymptote of the curve y = f (x ) if at least one of the following statements is true limx a f (x ) = limx a f (x ) = limx a+ f (x ) = limx a f (x ) = limx a f (x ) = limx a+ f (x ) = . Note Give some examples by drawing their graphs. Go back and check if we already some examples.
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Limits
f (x ) = tan(x )
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Limits
f (x ) = tan(x ) Question List all the vertical asymptotes.

Limits
f (x ) =
1 , for x = 0 x2
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Limits
f (x ) =
1 , for x = 0 x
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Limits Denition Let f be a function dened on both sides of a, except possibly at a itself. Then The line y = b is called a horizontal asymptote of the curve y = f (x ) if
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Limits Denition Let f be a function dened on both sides of a, except possibly at a itself. Then The line y = b is called a horizontal asymptote of the curve y = f (x ) if either limx f (x ) = b
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Limits Denition Let f be a function dened on both sides of a, except possibly at a itself. Then The line y = b is called a horizontal asymptote of the curve y = f (x ) if either limx f (x ) = b or
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Limits Denition Let f be a function dened on both sides of a, except possibly at a itself. Then The line y = b is called a horizontal asymptote of the curve y = f (x ) if either limx f (x ) = b or limx f (x ) = b holds.
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Limits Denition Let f be a function dened on both sides of a, except possibly at a itself. Then The line y = b is called a horizontal asymptote of the curve y = f (x ) if either limx f (x ) = b or limx f (x ) = b holds. Note Give some examples by drawing their graphs.
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Limits Denition Let f be a function dened on both sides of a, except possibly at a itself. Then The line y = b is called a horizontal asymptote of the curve y = f (x ) if either limx f (x ) = b or limx f (x ) = b holds. Note Give some examples by drawing their graphs. Go back and check if we already some examples.
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Limits
1 f (x ) = sin( ), for x > 0 x
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Limits
1 f (x ) = sin( ), for x > 0 x Question Can you explain why limx 0+ f (x ) does not exist?
Limit laws We have seen some limit laws in the context of sequences. Similar limit laws also hold for limits of functions.
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Limit laws We have seen some limit laws in the context of sequences. Similar limit laws also hold for limits of functions.Let f , g be two functions dened on both sides of a, except possibly at a itself.
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Limit laws We have seen some limit laws in the context of sequences. Similar limit laws also hold for limits of functions.Let f , g be two functions dened on both sides of a, except possibly at a itself.Assume that lim f (x ) and lim g (x ) exist. Then
x a x a
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x a
1
x a
x a
lim (f (x ) + g (x )) = lim f (x ) + lim g (x )

x a x a
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x a
1
x a
x a
2

x a x a
x a
lim cf (x ) = c lim f (x ) for any number c .

x a
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x a
1
x a
x a
2

x a x a
x a
3

x a
x a
lim f (x )g (x ) = lim f (x ) lim g (x )

x a x a
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x a
1
x a
x a
2

x a x a
x a
3

x a
x a
4
lim f (x )g (x ) = lim f (x ) lim g (x ) =

x a
lim 1 x a g (x )
x a 1 lim g (x )
x a
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x a
1
x a
x a
2

x a x a
x a
3

x a
x a
4

x a
lim 1 x a g (x )
x a x a 1 lim g (x ) provided
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x a
1
x a
x a
2

x a x a
x a
3

x a
x a
4

x a
lim 1 x a g (x )
Polynomials,
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x a
1
x a
x a
2

x a x a
x a
3

x a
x a
4

x a
lim 1 x a g (x )
Polynomials,Rational functions,
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x a
1
x a
x a
2

x a x a
x a
3

x a
x a
4

x a
lim 1 x a g (x )
Polynomials,Rational functions, all trigonometric functions wherever they are dened, have property called direct substitution property:
x a
lim f (x ) = f (a)
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Limits
1 f (x ) = x sin( ), for x = 0 x
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Limits
1 f (x ) = x sin( ), for x = 0 x
1 What is lim x sin( x )? x 0
Limits
1 f (x ) = x sin( ), for x = 0 x
1 What is lim x sin( x )? Why? x 0
Limits
1 f (x ) = x sin( ), for x = 0 x
1 What is lim x sin( x )? Why? How to prove? x 0
Squeeze (Sandwich) Theorem for Limits Theorem If f (x ) g (x ) when x is near a (except possibly at a) and the limits of f and g both exist as x approaches a, then
x a
lim f (x ) lim g (x ).
x a
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x a
x a
The Squeeze Theorem If f (x ) g (x ) h(x ) when x is near a (except possibly at a) and
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x a
x a

x a
lim f (x ) = lim h(x ) = L,

x a
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x a
x a

x a

x a
then
x a
lim g (x ) = L.
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x a
x a

x a

x a
then
x a
lim g (x ) = L.
Note that x x sin(1/x ) x

x a
x a

x a

x a
then
x a
lim g (x ) = L.
Note that x x sin(1/x ) x and apply Squeeze theorem.

Limits
behaviour of sin(x ) at innity
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Limits
behaviour of sin(x ) at innity Question Can you explain why limx sin(x ) does not exist?
Limits
behaviour of sin(x ) at innity Question Can you explain why limx sin(x ) does not exist? Did we see this already?
Limits
behaviour of sin(x ) at innity Question Can you explain why limx sin(x ) does not exist? Did we see this already? Recall sin(n) exercise; solve it graphically.
- denition of Limit L et f be a function dened on some
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- denition of Limit L et f be a function dened on some open interval
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- denition of Limit L et f be a function dened on some open interval that contains a, except possibly at a itself.
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- denition of Limit L et f be a function dened on some open interval that contains a, except possibly at a itself. Then we say that the limit of f (x ) as x approaches a is L and we write
x a
lim f (x ) = L.
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x a
lim f (x ) = L.
if
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x a
lim f (x ) = L.
if for every > 0
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x a
lim f (x ) = L.
if for every > 0 there is a number > 0 such that |f (x ) L| < whenever 0 < |x a| < .
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x a
lim f (x ) = L.
if for every > 0 there is a number > 0 such that |f (x ) L| < whenever 0 < |x a| < . Dene the precise denitions of left-hand and right-hand limits. Play the - game in many examples,
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x a
lim f (x ) = L.
if for every > 0 there is a number > 0 such that |f (x ) L| < whenever 0 < |x a| < . Dene the precise denitions of left-hand and right-hand limits. Play the - game in many examples, including the next one. Also, see Appendix 2.
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- denition of innite imits L et f be a function dened on some
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- denition of innite imits L et f be a function dened on some open interval
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- denition of innite imits L et f be a function dened on some open interval that contains a, except possibly at a itself.
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- denition of innite imits L et f be a function dened on some open interval that contains a, except possibly at a itself. Then we write
x a
lim f (x ) =
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x a
lim f (x ) =
if
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x a
lim f (x ) =
if for every M > 0
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x a
lim f (x ) =
if for every M > 0 there is a number > 0 such that f (x ) > M whenever 0 < |x a| < .
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x a
lim f (x ) =
if for every M > 0 there is a number > 0 such that f (x ) > M whenever 0 < |x a| < . Dene limx a f (x ) =
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x a
lim f (x ) =
if for every M > 0 there is a number > 0 such that f (x ) > M whenever 0 < |x a| < . Dene limx a f (x ) = Prove that limx 0 x12 = .
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x a
lim f (x ) =
if for every M > 0 there is a number > 0 such that f (x ) > M whenever 0 < |x a| < . Dene limx a f (x ) = Prove that limx 0 x12 = . What do we need to do?
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Continuity
1
A function f is continuous from the right at a if
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Continuity
1

x a+
lim f (x ) = f (a).
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Continuity
1

x a+
lim f (x ) = f (a).
A function f is continuous from the left at a if
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Continuity
1

x a+
lim f (x ) = f (a).

x a
lim f (x ) = f (a).
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Continuity
1

x a+
lim f (x ) = f (a).

x a
lim f (x ) = f (a).
A function f is continuous at a if
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Continuity
1

x a+
lim f (x ) = f (a).

x a
lim f (x ) = f (a).
x a
lim f (x ) = f (a)
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Continuity
1

x a+
lim f (x ) = f (a).

x a
lim f (x ) = f (a).
x a
lim f (x ) = f (a)
A function f is continuous on an interval if
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Continuity
1

x a+
lim f (x ) = f (a).

x a
lim f (x ) = f (a).
x a
lim f (x ) = f (a)
A function f is continuous on an interval if f is continuous at every number in the interval.
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Continuity
1

x a+
lim f (x ) = f (a).

x a
lim f (x ) = f (a).
x a
lim f (x ) = f (a)
A function f is continuous on an interval if f is continuous at every number in the interval.In case f is dened only on one side of an end point of the interval,
MA 105 Calculus: Lecture 2 July 27, 2009 24 / 27
Continuity
1

x a+
lim f (x ) = f (a).

x a
lim f (x ) = f (a).
x a
lim f (x ) = f (a)
A function f is continuous on an interval if f is continuous at every number in the interval.In case f is dened only on one side of an end point of the interval, continuous at the end point means
Continuity
1

x a+
lim f (x ) = f (a).

x a
lim f (x ) = f (a).
x a
lim f (x ) = f (a)
A function f is continuous on an interval if f is continuous at every number in the interval.In case f is dened only on one side of an end point of the interval, continuous at the end point means continuous from the right or continuous from the left.
Continuity Note that the denition for continuity of a function f at a is equivalent to the following:
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1
The function f must be dened at a.
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1
The function f must be dened at a. i.e., a is in the domain of f ,
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1 2
The function f must be dened at a. i.e., a is in the domain of f , limx a f (x ) exists,
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1 2 3
The function f must be dened at a. i.e., a is in the domain of f , limx a f (x ) exists, and limx a f (x ) = L.
Theorem If f and g are continuous at a, then the functions f + g,
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1 2 3
Theorem If f and g are continuous at a, then the functions f + g, f g,
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1 2 3
Theorem If f and g are continuous at a, then the functions f + g, f g, cg (c is a constant),
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1 2 3
Theorem If f and g are continuous at a, then the functions f + g, f g, cg (c is a constant), fg,
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1 2 3
Theorem If f and g are continuous at a, then the functions f + g, f g, cg (c is a constant), fg, f /g (provided ....),
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1 2 3
Theorem If f and g are continuous at a, then the functions f + g, f g, cg (c is a constant), fg, f /g (provided ....), f g (composition of f and g,
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1 2 3
Theorem If f and g are continuous at a, then the functions f + g, f g, cg (c is a constant), fg, f /g (provided ....), f g (composition of f and g, whenever it makes sense) are all continuous.
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1 2 3
Theorem If f and g are continuous at a, then the functions f + g, f g, cg (c is a constant), fg, f /g (provided ....), f g (composition of f and g, whenever it makes sense) are all continuous. Thus, Polynomials,
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1 2 3
Theorem If f and g are continuous at a, then the functions f + g, f g, cg (c is a constant), fg, f /g (provided ....), f g (composition of f and g, whenever it makes sense) are all continuous. Thus, Polynomials, Rational functions,
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1 2 3
Theorem If f and g are continuous at a, then the functions f + g, f g, cg (c is a constant), fg, f /g (provided ....), f g (composition of f and g, whenever it makes sense) are all continuous. Thus, Polynomials, Rational functions, trigonometric functions
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1 2 3
Theorem If f and g are continuous at a, then the functions f + g, f g, cg (c is a constant), fg, f /g (provided ....), f g (composition of f and g, whenever it makes sense) are all continuous. Thus, Polynomials, Rational functions, trigonometric functions are all continuous
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1 2 3
Theorem If f and g are continuous at a, then the functions f + g, f g, cg (c is a constant), fg, f /g (provided ....), f g (composition of f and g, whenever it makes sense) are all continuous. Thus, Polynomials, Rational functions, trigonometric functions are all continuous on their respective domains.
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Properties of continuous functions
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Properties of continuous functions Take a continuous function on an interval. Take any two values in the range
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Properties of continuous functions Take a continuous function on an interval. Take any two values in the range and take any third value lying between them.
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Properties of continuous functions Take a continuous function on an interval. Take any two values in the range and take any third value lying between them. What can we say about it?
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Properties of continuous functions Take a continuous function on an interval. Take any two values in the range and take any third value lying between them. What can we say about it? Does it also belong to the range?
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Properties of continuous functions Take a continuous function on an interval. Take any two values in the range and take any third value lying between them. What can we say about it? Does it also belong to the range? Intermediate value theorem Suppose that f is continuous on the closed interval [a, b ] and
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Properties of continuous functions Take a continuous function on an interval. Take any two values in the range and take any third value lying between them. What can we say about it? Does it also belong to the range? Intermediate value theorem Suppose that f is continuous on the closed interval [a, b ] and let N be any number between f (a) and f (b ), where f (a) = f (b ). Then there exists a c (a, b ) such that f (c ) = N .
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Properties of continuous functions Take a continuous function on an interval. Take any two values in the range and take any third value lying between them. What can we say about it? Does it also belong to the range? Intermediate value theorem Suppose that f is continuous on the closed interval [a, b ] and let N be any number between f (a) and f (b ), where f (a) = f (b ). Then there exists a c (a, b ) such that f (c ) = N . Understand what is meant by between.
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Properties of continuous functions Take a continuous function on an interval. Take any two values in the range and take any third value lying between them. What can we say about it? Does it also belong to the range? Intermediate value theorem Suppose that f is continuous on the closed interval [a, b ] and let N be any number between f (a) and f (b ), where f (a) = f (b ). Then there exists a c (a, b ) such that f (c ) = N . Understand what is meant by between. Verify the validity of the theorem by drawing graphs of manycontinuous functions.
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Properties of continuous functions Take a continuous function on an interval. Take any two values in the range and take any third value lying between them. What can we say about it? Does it also belong to the range? Intermediate value theorem Suppose that f is continuous on the closed interval [a, b ] and let N be any number between f (a) and f (b ), where f (a) = f (b ). Then there exists a c (a, b ) such that f (c ) = N . Understand what is meant by between. Verify the validity of the theorem by drawing graphs of manycontinuous functions. Intersting question Is every continuous function given by a formula?
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Properties of continuous functions Take a continuous function on an interval. Take any two values in the range and take any third value lying between them. What can we say about it? Does it also belong to the range? Intermediate value theorem Suppose that f is continuous on the closed interval [a, b ] and let N be any number between f (a) and f (b ), where f (a) = f (b ). Then there exists a c (a, b ) such that f (c ) = N . Understand what is meant by between. Verify the validity of the theorem by drawing graphs of manycontinuous functions. Intersting question Is every continuous function given by a formula? Roughly speaking,
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Properties of continuous functions Take a continuous function on an interval. Take any two values in the range and take any third value lying between them. What can we say about it? Does it also belong to the range? Intermediate value theorem Suppose that f is continuous on the closed interval [a, b ] and let N be any number between f (a) and f (b ), where f (a) = f (b ). Then there exists a c (a, b ) such that f (c ) = N . Understand what is meant by between. Verify the validity of the theorem by drawing graphs of manycontinuous functions. Intersting question Is every continuous function given by a formula? Roughly speaking, a continuous function is
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Properties of continuous functions Take a continuous function on an interval. Take any two values in the range and take any third value lying between them. What can we say about it? Does it also belong to the range? Intermediate value theorem Suppose that f is continuous on the closed interval [a, b ] and let N be any number between f (a) and f (b ), where f (a) = f (b ). Then there exists a c (a, b ) such that f (c ) = N . Understand what is meant by between. Verify the validity of the theorem by drawing graphs of manycontinuous functions. Intersting question Is every continuous function given by a formula? Roughly speaking, a continuous function is the one whose graph can be drawn without
Properties of continuous functions Take a continuous function on an interval. Take any two values in the range and take any third value lying between them. What can we say about it? Does it also belong to the range? Intermediate value theorem Suppose that f is continuous on the closed interval [a, b ] and let N be any number between f (a) and f (b ), where f (a) = f (b ). Then there exists a c (a, b ) such that f (c ) = N . Understand what is meant by between. Verify the validity of the theorem by drawing graphs of manycontinuous functions. Intersting question Is every continuous function given by a formula? Roughly speaking, a continuous function is the one whose graph can be drawn without lifting pen from the paper.
Properties of continuous functions Take a continuous function on an interval. Take any two values in the range and take any third value lying between them. What can we say about it? Does it also belong to the range? Intermediate value theorem Suppose that f is continuous on the closed interval [a, b ] and let N be any number between f (a) and f (b ), where f (a) = f (b ). Then there exists a c (a, b ) such that f (c ) = N . Understand what is meant by between. Verify the validity of the theorem by drawing graphs of manycontinuous functions. Intersting question Is every continuous function given by a formula? Roughly speaking, a continuous function is the one whose graph can be drawn without lifting pen from the paper. Can we draw the graph of every continuous function?
about Intermediate Value Theorem
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about Intermediate Value Theorem Proof is non-trivial
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about Intermediate Value Theorem Proof is non-trivial and uses V.I.P. of Real numbers.
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about Intermediate Value Theorem Proof is non-trivial and uses V.I.P. of Real numbers. Formulate a converse of Intermediate value theorem
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about Intermediate Value Theorem Proof is non-trivial and uses V.I.P. of Real numbers. Formulate a converse of Intermediate value theorem and is it true?
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about Intermediate Value Theorem Proof is non-trivial and uses V.I.P. of Real numbers. Formulate a converse of Intermediate value theorem and is it true? Draw graphs and nd out for yourself.
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about Intermediate Value Theorem Proof is non-trivial and uses V.I.P. of Real numbers. Formulate a converse of Intermediate value theorem and is it true? Draw graphs and nd out for yourself.
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about Intermediate Value Theorem Proof is non-trivial and uses V.I.P. of Real numbers. Formulate a converse of Intermediate value theorem and is it true? Draw graphs and nd out for yourself. Applications of Intermediate Value Theorem Helps us in deciding a given function is not continuous on an interval.
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about Intermediate Value Theorem Proof is non-trivial and uses V.I.P. of Real numbers. Formulate a converse of Intermediate value theorem and is it true? Draw graphs and nd out for yourself. Applications of Intermediate Value Theorem Helps us in deciding a given function is not continuous on an interval. For odd degree polynomials P (x ) with real coefcients,
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about Intermediate Value Theorem Proof is non-trivial and uses V.I.P. of Real numbers. Formulate a converse of Intermediate value theorem and is it true? Draw graphs and nd out for yourself. Applications of Intermediate Value Theorem Helps us in deciding a given function is not continuous on an interval. For odd degree polynomials P (x ) with real coefcients, if we can show that P takes positve as well as negative values,
July 27, 2009
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about Intermediate Value Theorem Proof is non-trivial and uses V.I.P. of Real numbers. Formulate a converse of Intermediate value theorem and is it true? Draw graphs and nd out for yourself. Applications of Intermediate Value Theorem Helps us in deciding a given function is not continuous on an interval. For odd degree polynomials P (x ) with real coefcients, if we can show that P takes positve as well as negative values, we conclude that the polynomial P (x ) has a real root.
July 27, 2009
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about Intermediate Value Theorem Proof is non-trivial and uses V.I.P. of Real numbers. Formulate a converse of Intermediate value theorem and is it true? Draw graphs and nd out for yourself. Applications of Intermediate Value Theorem Helps us in deciding a given function is not continuous on an interval. For odd degree polynomials P (x ) with real coefcients, if we can show that P takes positve as well as negative values, we conclude that the polynomial P (x ) has a real root. Prove
July 27, 2009
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about Intermediate Value Theorem Proof is non-trivial and uses V.I.P. of Real numbers. Formulate a converse of Intermediate value theorem and is it true? Draw graphs and nd out for yourself. Applications of Intermediate Value Theorem Helps us in deciding a given function is not continuous on an interval. For odd degree polynomials P (x ) with real coefcients, if we can show that P takes positve as well as negative values, we conclude that the polynomial P (x ) has a real root. Prove See Appendix 3 also.
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MA 105 Calculus: Lecture 2 Limits and Continuity

July 27, 2009

S. Sivaji Ganesh (IIT Bombay)

MA 105 Calculus: Lecture 2

July 27, 2009

S. Sivaji Ganesh (IIT Bombay)

MA 105 Calculus: Lecture 2

July 27, 2009

and say the limit of f (x ) as x approaches a, equals L

S. Sivaji Ganesh (IIT Bombay)

MA 105 Calculus: Lecture 2

July 27, 2009

S. Sivaji Ganesh (IIT Bombay)

MA 105 Calculus: Lecture 2

July 27, 2009

S. Sivaji Ganesh (IIT Bombay)

MA 105 Calculus: Lecture 2

July 27, 2009

S. Sivaji Ganesh (IIT Bombay)

MA 105 Calculus: Lecture 2

July 27, 2009

S. Sivaji Ganesh (IIT Bombay)

MA 105 Calculus: Lecture 2

July 27, 2009

S. Sivaji Ganesh (IIT Bombay)

MA 105 Calculus: Lecture 2

July 27, 2009

S. Sivaji Ganesh (IIT Bombay)

MA 105 Calculus: Lecture 2

July 27, 2009

What is the domain of this function?

S. Sivaji Ganesh (IIT Bombay)

MA 105 Calculus: Lecture 2

July 27, 2009

What is the domain of this function? What if my function

S. Sivaji Ganesh (IIT Bombay)

MA 105 Calculus: Lecture 2

July 27, 2009

What is the domain of this function? What if my function

assigns 1 to 2009 ? Draw Graphs.

S. Sivaji Ganesh (IIT Bombay)

MA 105 Calculus: Lecture 2

July 27, 2009

What is the domain of this function? What if my function

assigns 1 to 2009 ? Draw Graphs.

S. Sivaji Ganesh (IIT Bombay)

MA 105 Calculus: Lecture 2

July 27, 2009

S. Sivaji Ganesh (IIT Bombay)

MA 105 Calculus: Lecture 2

July 27, 2009

Graph of Heaviside function H (x ) = not exist. Why?

if x < 0 limx 0 H (x ) does if x 0

MA 105 Calculus: Lecture 2

July 27, 2009

Graph of Heaviside function H (x ) =

0 if x < 0 limx 0 H (x ) does 1 if x 0 not exist. Why?There is no L as in the denition of limit.

S. Sivaji Ganesh (IIT Bombay)

MA 105 Calculus: Lecture 2

July 27, 2009

and say the left-hand limit of f (x ) as x approaches a, equals L

S. Sivaji Ganesh (IIT Bombay)

MA 105 Calculus: Lecture 2