Developing Strain Gauges and Instruments

TML STRAIN GAUGES SELECTION

1. Measuring purpose
Material Purpose Operating temperature Gauge series F/PF UF QF ZF Bonding adhesive Coating materials Extension wire Vinyl/Enamel Vinyl/FEP(6F) FEP(6F)/PTFE(4F) PTFE(4F) PTFE(4F) MI cable FEP(6F)/PTFE(4F) Contact TML MI cable MI cable MI cable FEP(6F)/PTFE(4F) FEP(6F)/PTFE(4F) Vinyl/Cross-linkedvinyl/PTFE(4F) Vinyl FEP (6F) Vinyl Vinyl FEP (6F) Vinyl Vinyl Vinyl Vinyl Twisted vinyl Shielded vinyl Vinyl Vinyl Vinyl Chloroprene Vinyl Vinyl Vinyl Vinyl Vinyl Vinyl

Room (2080) High temperature (20150) High temperature (20200) High temperature (20300)

CN/P-2/EB-2 W-1/N-1/SB tape CN/EB-2 W-1/N-1/SB tape NP-50 C-1/NP-50 C-1/NP-50 KE-348 TSE3976-B Contact TML KE-348 Contact TML Contact TML Contact TML K-1 Contact TML Bond 1521B W-1/SB tape W-1/SB tape KE-348 W-1/SB tape W-1/SB tape KE-348 KE-348 SB tape W-1/SB tape W-1/SB tape W-1/N-1 SB tape W-1/KE-348 W-1/KE-348

General purpose

Metal Mild steel (ferritic) Stainless steel Copper alloy Aluminium Other metals Long-term

Stress concentration Residual stress Torque Shearing strain Bending strain Bolt axis Large strains (Elongation) Magnetic eld Surface strain Inner strain Surface strain Inner strain General purpose General purpose General purpose General purpose General purpose Temperature

AW-6 High temperature Spot welding 300) (196 AWM High temperature (196 300) EFLX/EFLK CN/EB-2 (196 200) EFCA/EFRA C-1/NP-50 High temperature HZF Z-1 (196350) Dynamic use only AWMD Spot welding High temperature 800) (196 High temperature AWHU Spot welding 800) (196 High temperature AWH Spot welding (196 650) Cryogenic temperature CF EA-2A/C-1 (26980) Wide range CEF C-1 (269200) ZF CN/C-1/NP-50 Room (2080) AW-6 Spot welding FXV/FYV Room (2080) FBXV/FBYV CN/P-2/EB-2 CCFXX/CCFYX High temperature QFXV/QFYV C-1/NP-50 (20200) QFBXV/QFBYV Room (2080) FRS/FRAS CN/P-2/EB-2 FCT CN/P-2/EB-2 Room (2080) High temperature QFCT NP-50/C-1 (20200) High temperature QFLT NP-50/C-1 (20200) Room (1070) DD CN/P-2 Room (1080) Room (060) Room (2080) Room (2080) Room (2080) Long-term use Room(2080) Room (2060) Room (2080) BTM BTMP-10A YEF/YF MF P/PF FLM/WFLM PM/PMF SSM A-2 CN/CN-Y CN/CN-E/RP-2 CN-E/RP-2 PS Embedment RP-2/PS Embedment CN CN/NP-50 CN/NP-50 CN-E

Metal Concrete Concrete Mortar Asphalt Plastics Composite Composite Wood/Gypsum Wood General

Room (2060) PMFLS Room temperature GF (2080) High temperature BF (20200) Static (30120) UBF Dynamic(30150) Room (2080) LF Long-term use PFLW/PLW Room(2080) 20200 TF

W-1 W-1/N-1 PS SB tape CN/C-1/NP-50 -1/SB tape

11

CEF

269

200

2. OPERATIONAL TEMPERATURES
Strain Gauges 300 200 100 AWHU AWMD AWH AWM/AW-6 HZF ZF BF/QF UBF UF CEF CF AWC EF* F/LF YEF/YF P/PF SSM/PLW/PFLW 196 20 20 20 20 80 80 80 80 Extension lead sheathed material 350 30 269 30 30 30 196 30 30 30 269 50 80 100 NB: * marked PTFE(4F) is available up C for short term of period. to 300 200 180 180 150 120 120 300 269 269 269 196 60 20 20 20 200 200 125 100 100 80 300 Polyimide 260 PTFE(4F)* FEP(6F) Polyester Polyethylene Vinyl Poly-propylene Vinyl 269 269 20 80 100 200 *Single element(EFLK/EFLX)
is expandable up to 300.

Coating Materials 200 300 800 300 200 100 0 100 200 300 Temperature

100

196 196 196 196 196 20 20 30 20 200

50 50 60 60 100 100 80 80 80
60 0 50

300 200 180

TSE3976-B KE-348 Epoxy resinAV138 Araldite standard Epoxy resin AW106 Bond 1521B N-1 SB tape VM tape K-1 W-1

Dynamic use only Static Dynamic

300 350 300

800 600 650

30 30 20 20

Static 120 Dynamic 150

150 200 269

Bonding adhesives Z-1 NP-50 C-1 P-2 RP- 2 EB-2 CN CN-E,CN-R CN-Y PS EA-2A 196

12

Developing Strain Gauges and Instruments

TML STRAIN GAUGES SELECTION

3. Strain Gauge Characteristics

Gauge series
F and Leadwireintegrated F TemperatureintegratedFLA-T WF

Applicable specimen
Metal, Glass, Ceramic Metal, Glass, Ceramics Metal, Glass, Ceramics Metal Metal, Ceramics Metal, Ceramics Metal Metal Metal, Ceramics Metal, Ceramics Metal Metal Metal Metal Metal Metal Concrete, Mortar Metal, Mortar Concrete, Mortar Concrete, Mortar Asphalt Concrete, Asphalt Plastics Composite Wood, Gypsum Wood Metal, Concrete Metal elongation Bolt axial force Bolt axial force Metal Metal, Concrete Metal General Metal Metal Single 2-/3-elements

Applicable thermal Operational temperature () Bonding expansion (ppm/) Normal Compensation adhesive
8, 11, 17,23 11, 17, 23 11, 17, 23 11, 17, 23 11 11 11 11 11, 17, 23 11, 17, 23 2080 1080 080 3080 20150 20200 20300 196300 196200 1080 CN/P-2/ EB-2

Materials Backing
Epoxy Epoxy

Strain limit 6 Element (10 strain)

Cu-Ni Cu-Ni Cu-Ni Ni-Cr Cu-Ni Cu-Ni Ni-Cr Ni-Cr Ni-Cr Special alloy Special alloy Special alloy Special alloy Special alloy Special alloy Special alloy Special alloy Cu-Ni Wire Cu-Ni Ni -Cr Cu-Ni Wire/Foil Cu-Ni Cu-Ni Cu-Ni 5% (50000) 3% (30000) 3%(30000) 1%(10000) 5% (50000)

CN/P-2

UF and Leadwireintegrated UF QF (High temperature) ZF (High temperature) EF (High temperature) HZF (High temperature) CF (Cryogenic temperature) CEF (Wide range temperature) AWM AWMD AW AWH AWHU AW-6 P Leadwireintegrated P PF Leadwireintegrated PF FLM/WFLM Metal-backing PM/PMF Mold gauge PMFLS Mold gauge SSM Pavement surface GF Low-elastics UBF/BF Composite LF Low-elastics PFLW/PLW MF Magnetic eld YF Large strain YEF BTM Bolt-embed BTMP-10A DD FAC Crack gauge SF Stress gauge Transducerspecic TF Temperature gauge FGMH Strain checker AWC

Epoxy 1080 CN/P-2 Polyimide CN/NP-50 Polyimide10100 Amide EB-2 CN/NP-50 Polyimide 10100 C-1 CN/NP-50 10100 Polyimide C-1 10150 CN/EB-2 Polyimide 0150 C-1/NP-50 Z-1 Polyimide CN/EA-2A 19680 Epoxy C-1 C-1 Spotwelding Spotwelding Spotwelding Spotwelding Spotwelding Spotwelding CN-E RP-2 CN RP-2 PS Polyimide SUS304 Inconel Inconel SUS321 Inconel Inconel SUS304 SUS304 Polyester Polyester SUS 304

196350 10300 26980

269200 26980

11, 12.7, 23 196300 Room300 Adjustable 10.9, 12.7 11 11 11 11 11 50, 70 3, 5, 8, etc. 11 11 11, 17, 23 11, 17, 23 196800

196650 Room600 196600 196800 Room800 196300 10300 20100 2080 2080 2080 2060 2060 2080 2080 20200 2080 2080 2080 2080 1080 1080 1070 2080 10300 1080 1080 1080 1080 1080 1080 1080

3% (30000) 1 (10000) 1 (10000) 1 (10000) 1 (10000) 1 (10000) 1 (10000) 1 (10000) 0.6 (6000) 1% (10000) 0.5 (5000) 0.5 (5000) 2 (20000) 2 (20000) 0.5 (5000)

Acrylic, SpeEmbed cial plastics Special Embed plastics Special RP-2/PS plastics CN Epoxy CN/EB-2 PolyimideNP-50 amide CN-E PS CN/CN-E RP-2 CN/CN-Y A-2 CN/P-2 CN/RP-2 Epoxy Polyester Epoxy Special plastics Special plastics Acrylic Epoxy Polyimideamide Epoxy, Polyimide-amide Polyimideamide

3 (30000) 3 Cu-Ni (30000) 3 Cu-Ni (30000) Cu-Ni 2 Wire/Foil (20000) 1 Ni-Cr (10000) 1520% Cu-Ni 1015% 0.5 Cu-Ni (5000) Cu-Ni Cu-Ni Cu-Ni Cu-Ni Cu-Ni, Ni-Cr Ni-alloy 0.15 (1500)
6

20200 10100 CN/NP-50 C-1 CN/NP-50 20200 C-1 20200 0 60 1080 C-1 Magnet

N.B. Fatigue life is measured at room temperature. Strain level : 150010 6 strain 15Hz

: 100010 strain 15Hz

13

Fatigue life at room temperature

110 110 110 110 110 110 110 110 110 110 110 110 110 110 110 110 110 110 110 110 110 110 110 110 YF : YEF: 510 110 110 110

Applications
The F series employs specially controlled alloy foils which are 0.003 to 0.007mm thick. The grid is precision etched by the most advanced processes available, and employs an extremely thin epoxy backing. Leadwire integrated F series has a pre-attached vinyl leadwire to F series. This gauge eliminates the need for a moistureproof coating, which is sometimes troublesome in eld test. The gauge has a vinyl leadwire and the entire gauge and leadwire junction have been fully overcoated with a transparent and exible epoxy resin. Perfect waterproong can be achieved by bonding. This gauge includes temperature sensor to measure both strain and temperature simultaneously. The FLA-T identical to the F series has T thermocouple. The operational temperature range of this general-purpose gauge series extends to 150. The gauges are temperature compensated for mild steel, strainless steel and aluminium. The backing is colour-coded according to the temperature compensated material type in the same method as for the F. The QF series have a polyimide carrier backing for excellent performance at high temperature of 200. It oers a small gauge length of 0.2 or 0.4mm, for use as a stress concentration measurement gauge or shear stress measurement gauge. The ZF series have a polyimide carrier backing for excellent performance at high temperature of 300. Owing to the use of Ni-Cr alloy and special grid design for the strain sensing element, creep characteristics in high temperature have been much improved. The EF series have a polyimide carrier backing strain gauge for high temperature use. The gauge has a miniature grid pattern required as strain gauge to measure the mechanical properties of printed circuit boards and mounting parts which are getting smaller. The HZF series is a bonding type strain gauge usable up to 350. The gauge is RoHS compliant for welding the gauge leads to the base gauge. The gauge requires bonding adhesive Z-1. This epoxy-backed foil gauge is designed for measuring under cryogenic conditions and oers single element, rectangular 2-element, and rectangular 3-element with 350. The specially heat treated sensing foil shows very small zero shift under cryogenic temperature. The CEF series have a polyimide-amide carrier backing for wide use in temperature range from cryogenic condition up to 200 and conguration of single element. The AWM is a spot-weldable strain gauge with Quarter bridge with 3-wire system. As the element is hermetically sealed, the gauge withstand up to 300 and in harsh environment for strain measurement. The AWMD is a spot-weldable strain gauge withstand upto 800for only dynamic strain measurement. It has a standard high-pass lter with full bridge conguration to eliminate unexpected low frequency inuence. The AWH is a spot-weldable strain gauge withstand upto 600for static measurement or upto 650for dynamic measurement. The backing material is available in Inconel 600 or SUS321 which should be selected according to the test specimen. The AWHU is a spot-weldable strain gauge withstand upto 800for both static and dynamic measurement. Although it has a half bridge conguration, the measurement is made by full bridge using the supplied temperature compensation circuit board. The AW-6 with quarter bridge with 3-wire system is suited for strain measurement in high temperature upto 300for measurement of specimen to which adhesive is not applicable or for long term measurement. The AWC-8B is fully encapsulated in a stainelss steel tube with quarter bridge with 3-wire system. It enables a long term strain measurement in harsh environment.

This gauge is a standard wire strain gauge with a transparent plastic backing impregnated with a polyester resin. It oers several remarkable features such as excellent electrical insulation, easy and accurate installation, and quick setting for concrete specimen. This is a foil strain gauge with the same transparent plastic backing as that of the P series gauges. Electrical insulation is excellent, and installation is very easy. It is especially recommended for mortar measurement. This gauge is designed for strain measurement on concrete surfaces. It has a thin stainless steel backing which prevents the penetration of moisture from the reverse side. The WFLM gauge has moisutreproong overcoating in addition to stainless steel backing. This gauge has been specially designed for measuring interior strain in concrete, mortar under a loading test. The PM is sealed, and PMF employs super engineering plastics capable of superior wateproong. For long term use, the Strain Transducer KM is preferable. The PMFLS series have a super engineering plastics carrier backing featuring high temperature resistive and waterproong, making embedment possible into pavement of asphalt with heating (200), while operating temperature is available during 20 to60. The SSM series are specially designed to measure pavement surface strain with multi strain gauge system as the vehicle driving is carried out. The system is arranged with 16 sensing elements in X direction or Y direction respectively. This gauge is specially designed for materials having a low elastic modulus, such as plastics, and is specially congured to minimize the eect of gauge tightening. Self-temperature compensation is available for materials with thermal expansion of 50 and 70 ppm/. This gauge is designed for strain measurement on composite materials. Developing soft carrier backing, UBF series feature advanced characteristics of thermal cycle examination and gauge creep, and BF series feature special element to minimize gauge tightening. This gauge is specially designed for materials having a low elastic modulus such as wood or gypsum. It consists of a foil-etched gauge with an epoxy carrier backing and it is self-temperature compensated with 11ppm/. This gauge has a thin metal backing for a long term measurement on woods, not aected by moisture contained in wood. The gauge is bonded with PS adhesive.

These gauges feature a special plastic carrier base capable of withstanding extreme elongation without creeping or cracking. The YF series measure 1520% elongation, and the YEF 1015% Cycle measurement under elastic strain (approx. 1500x10 -6 ) is available with the YEF series. The BTM is designed to measure the tensile force of bolts. To install, simply insert the gauge together with A-2 bonding adhesive into a predrilled hole in the bolt head with syringe (optional). This method ensures that the gauge will not be damaged. This unique wrench is designed for measurement of bolt axial force with special terminal bonded on hexagonal bolt head. No wiring on bolttightening is required, and greatly save complex works. The DD is specially designed to separately measure bending and tensile stress by simply bonding the gauge to one side of a plate or beam. It works on the assumption that strain distribution in the section of the specimen which is subjected to both stress is linear. The FAC-20 is designed to measure the progress (length) of a crack and its rate of growth to a pre-determined location on a test specimen for which metal fatigue monitoring is required. Adaptor CGA-120A is required between the gauge and the strainmeter. The SF is a foil strain gauge with a polyimide backing and measures stress in the optioinal direction in a plane stress eld. It detects stress in the gauge axial direction regarding the shearing strain. This range of strain gauges is lined up for strain gauge-type transducers such as force transducers, pressure transducers, torque transducers, etc. The TF is a series of resistance type temperature sensors(resistance thermometers) and is a bonded type like strain gauges. Strain checker (FGMH-1B/FGMH-2A) is directly pressed against the structure with the attractive force of a magnet to measure the strain by the friction produced at the interface. Strain is easily and immediately measured by directly attaching the strain checker to a position of interest.

Consisting two identical grids, this gauge is designed to cancel noise voltage for strain measurement in a magnetic environment. By using a specially congured element pattern, the gauge circuit minimizes electromagentic eects.

14