THIRTY-EIGHT PLATES,

"WITH

EXPLANATJONSj
INTENDED To ILLUSTRATE

LINNAEUS' s SYSTEM of VEGETABLES,

AND PARTICULARLY ADAPTED TO THE

LETTERS ox the ELEMENTS

of

BOTANY.

By

THOMAS MARTYN,
IN

B. D. F. R.

& L.

S. S.

REGIUS PROFESSOR OF BOTANY

THE UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE.

LONDON:
PRINTED FOR
J.

WHITE, AT HORACE'S HEAD,

FLEET-STREET.
1799.
LIBRARY

NSW YORK
BOTANICAL

GARDEN

\QKc 2~.
t

rm

i*

the

Author hopes that he may have met

the ideas of his friends.

Thefe

Plates,

with their

explanations,

may
it is

be coniidered as an entire

work

but

prefumed that they will be much more

fatisfaclory

when

ftudied jointly

with the

Letters.

Six plates are given to illuftrate Roufleau's

fix letters

upon the

moil:

remarkable Natural
intended to explain

Claries.

The

reft are

the ClaiTes of Linn anus's Syftem in their order, except the thirty-fourth,
figures

which exhibits
Nectaries.
claflical

of the moft

remarkable

No

general plate, explanatory of the

is

characters,

given

both becaufe

it

has al-

ready been elegantly done by Mr. Curtis,

and

alfo

may

eafily

be collected from the

particular plates of this work.

Thus

'

'

Thus
T\f

the cha rafter of the Clafs

onandria

is

explained in

Plate

DIANDRIA

TRIANDRIA DIGYNIA

M QNOGYNIA
TETRANDRIA
PENTANDRIA MOMOGYNIA
DIGYNIA

HEXANDRIA
HEPTANDRIA
OCTANDRIA DECANDRIA
ICOSANDRIA
1

ENNEANDRIA")
J

DODECAXDRIA
;

POLYANDRIA
DID YX AM A
I

'

TETRADYNAMIA MONADELPHIA
DIADELPHIA

POLYADELPHIA
SYNGENESIA

POLYGAMIA J.QUALIS
i

__

u p ERFLt

vi

PLATE

SYNGENESIA POLYGAMIA FRUSTRANE A

NECESSARIA

&

XXVII.

SEGREGATA

XXVIII.

MONOGAMIA
GYNANDRIA
MONOECIA
DIOECIA

XXIX.

XXX.

XXXI,
XXXII. XXXIII.

POLYGAMIA

CRYPTOGAMIA, FILICES
MUSCI

XXXV.

'

ALG.E

FUNGI

XXXVI.
XXXVII.
XXXVIII.

PLATE

l/>f;,

/,st/,,

~y/yA /' l,r//,;

J /y ./>'.
///,'/,

,//,//.,/, ,/,. //,:; ., //, .'// ,/:-,r/,

^Jr,,

t'-'o

PLATE

I.

LETTER

I.

LILIACEOUS FLOWERS.
Lilium candidum.
a

White Lily-

The flower in bud. The corolla expanding. b The corolla quite open. c e The germ. d The piftil or pointal. / The ftyle. g The ftigma. The filaments. h The fix ftamens. i k The anthers. pericarp, / The germ advanced into a
which here
is

a capfule.
to

m A

pericarp, tranfverfe fedion of the

(how the three

cells

and

feeds.

I'l.

II.

?/

:/;,//J,./,.u

* .,//,

//+

PLATE

II.

LETTER

II.

CRUCIFORM FLOJVERS.
Cheiranthus incanus.
a
Stock-Gilliflower.

flower of the ftock,

petals

mowing

the four

and the cruciform fhape of the

corolla.

A back view
A

of

it,

exhibiting the calyx,

coniifting of four leaflets,

and bulging

out at the bottom.

c
fingle

petal

feparated,

to

fhow the
fpreading

lower narrow part, called unguis, or

the
part,
tail
;

and the

upper

named

lamina, or

the border,

ema ruinate

or notched at the end.

lection of the calyx,

piftil

with the fingle

and

fix

ftamens in their proper

fituation.
e

The
The

fix

ftamens, two of which are fenfi-

blv fhorter than the other four.

f
g
h

piftil

feparated from the other parti.

fingle ftamen.
fruit, feed-veffel, or pericarp, called

The
a

iilique,

opening from the bottom

upwards, and fhowing the two valves,

with the feeds ranged along the
fepiment,
cells,

dif-

or partition,

of the

two
at

and the permanent ftigma

the top.
\

Figures of

filicles,

or fmall fhort pods

or pouches.

The

flat

triangular, or heart-fhaped

filicle

of the fhepherd's purfe.

The
The

oblong

filicle

of fcurvy-grafs, both

fhut and open.

almoll: fpherical filicle of candy-tuft.

See Letter

XXIII. and Plate XXI.

character of the clafs

Explains the

claffical

Tttr adynamia^ and

i

Explain the characters of the two

orders, Siliquofa

and

Siliculofa,

into

which

it is

divided.

Plate

n;

Drawn iC Ertymvedbyjr^jfodda:
i

)
>

PLATE

III.

LETTER
Garden Pea.

III.

PAPILIONACEOUS FLOWERS.
Pifum fativum.
Fi\
I.

The

peduncle or flower-ftem of
the pea, fhowing the papilio-

naceous corolla
ent fituations.
a b

in

three differ-

A young flower
An
the

not fully expanded.

expanded flower, fhowing the back;

ftandard,
or

banner,

fully

dis-

played, and the calyx cleft into rive

parts.
c

fide

view of

an expanded

flower,

fhowing the banner, wings, and keel

in their natural fituation,

Fig. 2.

The

banner (vexillum), obcordate or inverfely heart-fhaped, and

emar:inate. o
3.
4.
5.

The two wings (ala) The keel (carina). The piftil and ftamens
%

in

their

natural fituation,

?3

Fig. 6.

The

lower broad ftamen, which

involves

the

germ,

termi.

nating in nine filaments, with

an anther on each.
7.

The upper narrow

filament,
pift.il.

ac-

companied with the

8.

The

pericarp,

which

is

a legume,

or pod, open to

fhow the two

valves and the feeds fattened

alternately to

the futures of

the valves at the back of the

legume.
lyx
Obf.
is

The permanent

ca-

alfo here exhibited.

The

character of the clafs Diadelphia*

and of the order Decandria,

alio

as

of the natural
is

clafs

of Legu-

minous plants,

here explained.

Plate

.IV

...

aa

,. ,A-

4.*Jtr,su it ft

W5*

& J<

PLATE

IV.

LETTER
White

IV.

RINGENT FLOIFERS.
Fig.
i.

Lamium album.

Dead Nettle.
mowing how
leaf.

Part of a whorl of flowers,

they

grow

in the

bofom of a

fingle

flower,

mowing

the fh-uclure

of a labiate or ringent corolla, and of

that of the

Lamium
the

in particular.

The

corolla cut away, in order to

diftinftly

mow

more

fituation of the

ftamens and the

clafTical character.

d
e

The germs, with the flyle. The calyx, with the four feeds

within

it.

Fig. 2. Antirrhinum majus.

Snajidragcn.

The The
The

clofed ringent, or perfoliate corolla,

its

in

natural form.

corolla opened, to

mow the

fituation

of the ftamens.
c

capfble,

with the permanent

ftyle

and calyx.

B 4

Fig.

3.

Digitalis

purpurea.
glove,

Purple Fox-

iingle flower,

mowing

the open bell-

fhaped corolla.
b

The

infide,

exhibiting the fituation and

irruclure of the ftamens.

c

The germ, with the ityle. d The capfule, with the ftyle

permanent.

A
A

feci ion

of the capfule.
deprived in part of
its

capfule,

outer

fkin, to

ihow the

interior texture of

the coat.

Plate V.

JJnai-n X. Etttjntreit byj\

P.

Nidda

PLATE
Fig.

V.

LETTER
FLOIVERS.
Petrofelinum.
Par/ley.

V.

UMBELLATE
i.

Apium

Garden

Fig. 2.

Aethufa Cynapium. Fool's Parfley.

three long leaflets of the partial in-

The

volucre, mowing a principal difference

between this and the true

Fig. 3.

Parfley.

Scandix Cerefolium.
vil.

Garden Cher-

Fig. 4.

Sambucus

nigra.

Common

Elder,

To mow
The

the difference between that

plant.

and an umbellate
Fig. 5.

flower of an umbellate plant

magnified, to

mow the

parti-

cular ftruclure.

Obf. Inftances of compound umbels in Fig.

2, 3,

I,

and Fig.

1, 2,
is

of Plate XIII.
reprefented at

fimple

umbel

Fig. 3, Plate XIII.

~n .vi.

i_.^i

//./

--

/; i.,//..

II

PLATE

VI.

LETTER
ILOIVERS.

VI.

COMPOUND
Fig.
i.

Bellis perennis.

Common Daify.
compound and of

The

flower,

which

is

the radiated kind, having femiflorets

or ligulate florets in the raj, and tu

bular florets in the difk.

fe&ion of the receptacle,

florets

with the

on

it.

femi-floret.

d
e

The

cylinder of anthers, with the flyle

it.

perforating

A floret.
2.

Fig. O

Leontodon Taraxacum. Dandelu ion.

flower, confiding

The whole compound

naeus ligulate florets.

entirely of femi-florets, called by Lin-

b
c

fingle flofcule, or floret.

The head
7

of feeds.

I*

Fig- 3-

Showing a flofculous flower, or a flower compofed of florets only, called byLinnaeus tubular
florets.

a
b
c

The whole compound

flowers.

A Angle flofcule.
The back
of a compound flower,

mow-

ing the calyx.

Fig. 4.

Trifolium pratenfe.

Red

Clover.

To mow
is

which a head or aggregate of flowers, and

the difference between this,

a genuine compound flower,

Fig.
1, 2, 3, exhibit.

fuch

as

ri

vl

Vrttufn >/.>,,,",

//y /.

--A

'

1'^,:

>

.//,//..'/,;//

tfecy

/-.v,

y //

/,/ ,/,',../,,

/y

"'I.

'//://

'>-

'3

PLATE
Fig.
i.

VII.

LETTER
indica.

XI.

MONANDRIA.
Canna
Indian Shot.

a a a Three different views of the flower,

the
corolla cut
into fix lanceolated
parts,

one of the three interior re-

fleaed.

b
c

The

fcabrous germ, with

triphyllous
it.

The
The The
The

perianth, or ciflyx,

on

the top of

d
e

anther growing to one of the pe-

tals,

which

ferves

it

for a filament.

flyle,

growing

to

the petaliform

filament.

f
g

fcabrous capfule.
to

Cut open

mow

the three cells.

Fig. 2. Hippuris vulgaris. Mare's Tail.

a a
b
c

The germ. The ftamen. The ftyle.

I'l.Vfll

:/!,//.;//,, v,,,,

,,-*>

<-

//

a/J:-.-a,

/.-.

///^

i5

PLATE
Fig. I.

VIII.

LETTER

XIL

DIANDRIA.
Veronica Charnaedrys. Wild Speedwell,

The

wheel-fhaped corolla, divided into

four fegments, the loweft (b) nar-

rower than the

reft.

The d The
c

capfule.
oval, wrinkled leaves, indented about

the edge.
Fig. 2

Jafminum

officinale.

White Jaf-

mine.

A front view of the

ments.

monopetalous falverfive feg-

fhaped corolla, divided into

b
c

back view of the

corolla.

The

tube of the corolla, with the anthers

it.

lying within

d The
e

calyx,

with the rudiment of the

fruit.

leaf pinnated,

with

all

the lobes dif-

tin6h

x6

Fig. 3.

Salvia officinalis.

Garden Sage*

a
b

flower.

The two
The

ftamens, fhowing their lingu-

lar ftruclure.

piflil feparate.

p>i

/;.,

,// y

'

.A:/: l../.

:/,://;^,/ ,.. jl,

/7

...

~, // .-/-/ ***-

4 .^.///u

'

i7

PLATE

IX.

LETTER

XIIL

TRIANDR1A, \DIGYNIA GRASSES.

Fig.

Lolium perenne.

Ray

Grafs,

As an
Fig.
2.

inftance of a fpiked grafs*

Da&ylis glqmerata.
chaff or glume.

Hard

Grafs.

The

b b b
c

The

three flamens.
reflected ftyles,

The two

with the fea-

thered ftigmas.

<A

''^/../s.J/y^,;^//,,

//r/,/,.,^,

/yd.///,} <-X

'9

PLATE

X.

LETTER

XIV,

TRUNDRIA MONOGYNIA.
Iris

pumila.
fheath, or fpathe.
corolla,

a
b

The The

confifting of fix parts,

united at the bafe.

The outer petals, called/a/Zf. d d The inner petals, called Jlandards. The petal-form fUgma, each part cone e
c c

cealing one ftamen under

it,

f A
//

fingle ftamen.

g The germ, inferior or below the corolla*

h

The

neclary, in a villous line along the

reflected petals.

Plate

XI

-Drmm tCmndbyF. I".

/./-,;

Pub/fo'd J&n/JJyS&as

elie-jlcl direct,'

by B. TITiiu SsSan.

21

PLATE

XI.

LETTER

XV.

TETRANDRIA.
Fig.
i.

Scabiofa columbaria.

Small Scabious.

An
b

aggregate flower, confirming of

cules.

many flof-

A fingle flofcule
irregular

the corolla cut into five

fegments,
hairs.

and

the

germ
and

crowned with
c

The

calyx, with the four ftamens

piftil.

the
Fig. 2.

Rubia peregrina.

Wild Madder.

An inftance of ftellated plants.

The
fquare ftalk
:

the ftellated leaves

:

the

corolla of four fegments

the double

germ below

the flower.

Fig. 3. Plantago lanceolata.

tain.

Ribwort Plan-

m The

flowers growing in a fpike or oblong

head.

C3

f
o

The angular

fcape.

fingle flower, exhibiting the quadrifid

corolla

and the very long filaments,

ftyle.

d
e

The germ and

The

calyx, inclofing the capfule.

'St///,.,/,;//.

!/ y,w,

lf ,j

//'

&& cdree&, /,

./,'. //.

v/, /./,,

23

PLATE

XII.

LETTER

XVI.

PENTJNDRIA MONOGYNIA.
Fig.
i.

Nicotiana Tabacum.
bacco.

Common To-

a
b

A A

flower-bud.
flower,

mowing

the

funnel- fhaped

corolla difplayed.
c

The

corolla removed,
piftil.

to

fhow the

five

ftamens and

A tranfverfe
A

feclion of the capfule.

Fig. 2.

flower of Dodecatheon Meadia.

Fig. 3.

Convolvulus fepium.
Weed.

Great Bind-

The
The

corolla,

with the involucre immediit,

ately

below

at Fig. 3.

b
c

five

ftamens difplayed.
within the calyx,

The germ
ftyle,

with the

terminated by the two ftigmas.

24

Fig.

4.

Lonicera

Caprifolium.

Garden

Honeyfuckle.

flowfr, exhibiting the irregular

mono-

petalous corolla.

The

tube opened, to fhow the

manner

in

which the filaments are

e

fixed.

The

pift.il.

Fig. 5.

Vinco major.
corolla,

Great Periwinkle.
the bending of
its

The

mowing

five divifions,

and the pentagon form

of the faux, or opening of the tube.

b

The

calyx divided to the bottom into five

;

fegments

and the

pift.il

with

two

ftigmas, one over the other,

c

The tube of

the corolla opened, to

mow

the fituation of the five ftamens and

form of the anthers.

fingle

ftamen ieparate.

//y
y/,//
-a,

,/,

//,.

,-.-.

.,

d, ///

,/. .,/.

a. /,/,;.

/,.,.

*5

PLATE

XIII.

LETTER

XVII.

PENTANDRIA DIGYNIA.
Fig.
i.

Sium nodifiorum.
Parfnep.

Creeping Water

To (how
water
a

thedifterence between this plant and

crefles, reprefented in Plate

XXL
com-

A pinnated leaf, the pinnae,

than thofe of water

fmall or

ponent leaves, longer and

crefTes,

narrower
ferrated

on the edges and pointed

the terminating pinna
h
c

at the

end

trifid.

fertile

umbel of flowers.

(ingle flower.

d The

fruit.

Fig. i. Scandix Anthrifcus. Hemlock Chervil.

To
a
b

(how the

difference

between that and

Garden Chervil,

Plate 5, Fig. 3.

An umbel
An umbel

of flowers.
of
fruits.

26

Fig. 3.

Scandix Pe&en.
or Venus's

Shepherd's Needle^

Comb.

a
h

The umbels,
umbel.

being inftances of a fimple

The

feeds,

terminated by the long pro-

cefles or beaks,

which gave occafion

to the names.

w.xcv

>

/:.-//.,

-:/

/-//-.

J,://,;/,/,.//,,,,

7**,

* //-./,/ ,/;/,.

/>,.

///,//,

,^C)

*7

PLATE

XIV.

LETTER

XVIII.

HEXANDRIA.
Fig.
i.

Tradefcantia Virginica.
Sjiiderwort.

Virginian

The corolla of three petals. b The three-leaved calyx. c One of the fringed filaments. d The piflil.
a Polyanthus Nar-

Fig. 2. Narciflus Tazetta.

ciffus.

The

corolla in front,

mowing

the fix equal

petals,

and the funnel or cup-maped

neclary.

back view of the flower, mowing that

the corolla
the germ.
is

fuperior, or

on the top of

The fpathe. d The corolla opened,

c

to

mow
9

the fituation

of the
e

fix

ftamens within the ne&ary,

The

piftih

pi.xv:

</;7n,,.//y

'>: "/-.

V
,K, y/7 "'';

y,//.;/.y,.

.,/l,

r/r/-

,/;,,/,. /,, /;.

//<u'

.-./,.,

29

PLATE
Fig.
i.

XV.

LETTER
Hippocaftanum.

XIX.

HEPTANDRIA.
JEfculus

Horjz

Chefnut.

a
b

The The

corolla of five petals,

and the feven

ftamens, with bending filaments.

one-leafed calyx, fwelling at the bafe,
five

and divided at top into

c

fegments.
ltyle,

Theyoungcapfule terminated by the

fingle ftamen.

OCTANDRIA.
Fie. a.

Oenothera biennis.

Tree Primrofe*

a
b

flower,

mowing

the four-parted calyx,

petals, in the

and the corolla of four obcordate The eight ftamens, and the piftil

middle, with the deflected calyx.

C

The
The

piftil,

with the filiform

ftyle,

and the

quadrifid ftigraa.

d
e

capfule.

tranfverfe fe&ion of the capfule,

mow-

ing the four

cells.

Fig. 3.

Epilobium anguflifolium.
Willow.

French

PL XVI

fin

'4-/:/
,/;,//,;/,,/,. /Aryy-,,.,,.,//,

///.,;.

A /^

,/.///,/,

C,

3*

PLATE

XVI.

LETTER

XIX.

ENNEANDRIA HEXAGYNIA.
Fig.
i.

Butomus umbellatus.
Rujk.

Flowering

a
b
c

The flower of fix petals, The nine ftamens. The fix capfules.

DECANDRIA MONOGYNIA.
Fig. 2.

Di&amnus

albus.

Fraxinella.

The

flower, with a corolla of five fpread-

ing petals.

b
c

The

five-leaved calyx, with the capfules.

A fingle filament,

with

its

glandules.

P1.XVB

If

TO

i.
. .

:/:,/*;<(../,..

/v

,fri

j^+

,-

33

PLATE

XVII.

LETTER

XX.

DODECANDRIA DODECAGYNIA.
Sempervivum tedtorum.
a

Common

Houfeleek.

The

flower-ftem, with a reflexed range

of flowers.
b

flower in front,

mowing

the corolla of

twelve petals.
c

The

calyx, with the capfules, after the

is

flower

part.

d
e

Angle capfule.

The

twelve ftamens and twelve

ftyles,

feparated from the flower.

J A
g

Angle

piir.il,

exhibiting the germ, ftyle,

and anther.

Two

ftamens.

TLXVH1.

,/;,//,.;//,.. //,, y,s, .j //,

Oct

J;-. ,$

A, ./;.///,^

f m

35

PLATE

XVIII.

LETTER

XXL

ICOSANDRIA.
Fig.
i.

Myrtus communis.
corolla.
fruit or berry.

Common

Myrtle.

a b
c

The
The

A fingle flower without the corolla, mowing the ftamens proceeding from the
calyx.

Fig. 2.

Pyrus Cydonia.

The Quince.

D*

Ci

^/y,;..-,y/y '/-'/: L;//.,

.'/;//,.;/.,/,.. /?.,y ytt,

* 4* Ct '

./',-.,*..

/y/:. ///La ,<'/'.

37

PLATE

XIX.

LETTER

XXI.

POLYANDRIA.
Fio-. i.

Galtha paluftris.

Marjh Mangold.

A flower,ihowing the corolla of five petals

the

many ftamens
&c.

Ihorter

than the

corolla,

Another flower, fliowing

calyx.

that

it

has no

The

capfules, after the flower

is

pall.

Fio-. 2.

Papayer Rhoeas.

Corn

PoJ/jiy.

a
h

The

corolla of four large roundifh petals,

The numerous ftamens proceeding from

the receptacle.

The

papfule crowned with

its

ftigma.

Obf.

Fio*.

i.

is

an inftance of the order

Fig.
2.

Polygynia.

of the order

Monogynia,

D3

l'LUOi

/I,//,'./,,;/,.

/fy^S.,

r.,

//

//^,/W,, /, ^. ///,/, Y/.,

39

PLATE
Fi-. i.

XX-

LETTER

XXII.

DIDYNAMIA GYMNOSPERMIA.
Glechoma hederacea.
leaves.

Ground Ivy.

The kidney-fhaped
b
c

The

ringent flowers.

flower opened, to the itamens.

mow

the fituation of

d
e

A flower exhibiting the cruciform appearance of the anthers.

The

calyxes.

/ A fingle filament.
g

The

piftil.

DIDYNAMIA ANGIOSPERMIA.
Fi\
<z

2.

Bi^nonia radicans.
calyx.
corolla.

Trumpet Flower.

b
c

The The The

corolla difplayed, to

mow

the fitua-

tion of the ftamens.

The

piftil,

Ob/,

The
clais

claffical

charader
c.

is

clearly

mown
IV,

at Fig, 2.

This

was farther

illuftrated in Plate

Fl.AXi

n&J^

/,,

s:

:/'.

i,.,/A

<

j;,//.:/,

/,

js.y

yv
,,

,.,

//,

/. < t

meAf /,,

a. ///^

\"

4i

PLATE XXL LETTER

TETRADYNAMIA.
Sisymbrium Nafturtium.

XXIII.

Water

Crefs.

aa7?he pinnated
b
c

leaves.

The odd lobe ending: blunt. The corymb of flowers.

d
e

fingle four-petalled cruciform flower.

fingle petal.

f
g
//

The
The

calyx.

calyx,

with the ftamens.

fingle ftamen.
iilique.

The

Compare Plate XIII.

See alfo Plate

II.

Plate

XXII

D,-,m-i, i-

r; ve,i fr,JT

P JVadJa:

43

PLATE
Fig.
i.

XXII.

LETTER

XXIV.

MONADELPHIA.
Althaea officinalis.
MarJJi Mallow.

The flower,
at

fliowing the five petals united

bottom, obcordate or inverfely heartfhaped, and flightly emarginated or

end-nicked.
In
the

centre

is

the
in

column of flamens, with the

the middle of them.

piftils

The column

of flamens and piftils removed from the corolla, and fhowinothe rudiment of the fruit underneath.
piflil feparate.

The

d The

calyx, exhibiting the nine divifions of the outer calyx, which is one of the

principal generic characters.

Fig. 2.

Malva

fylveflris.

Common Mallow.

The

flower as before.

The

petals nar-

row, heart-fhaped,
deeply end- nicked.
b c

and much more

The column
parated.
fruit,

of flamens,

and

pifril

f e-

d The

with the double calyx; the

the clefts of the

outer vtry narrow,

44

)
:

inner broad and large

there are five

of thefe, and three

other
;

diitinci leaves in the

but

all

of them could not be

fruit flat,

reprefented.

The

with

many
its

feeds in a ring, each covered with

aril,

or loofe coat.

Fig. 3.

Geranium zonalei
Crane/bill.

Horfe-JIioe

The

flower,

mowing
petals,

the corolla of five

unequal
flarnens,

with the column ot

flisrn'tly

very

connected at

bottom, and of unequal lengths.

b

The

calyx, with the

figures

column of fhow the

flarnens.

Both thefe
nated by
c

flyle ftand-

ing up above the ftamens, and termifive ftisrmas.

The

fruit,

with the permanent flyle and

;

ftigmas
it,

mowing

the beaked form of

and the

live feeds in their arils,

tail,

each

terminated by a

and feparating
c

from the beak,

calyx
is

a b

fhow that the

lingle

and five-leaved.

N.

B. Thefe figures ferve to explain the clais

Monadeljihia

and two of the

3,

orders,,

Decandria, Fig.
Tm*
t

and Polvandrm^

xsiii

S/,^,,

<

/,.;/.:,,,.//,-> /'.!

M,

./"/.:../,..

My y

/ //< /,*. /y. /;///.,<

.'.;

45

PLATE

XXIII.

LETTER

XXV.

DIADELPHIA DECJXDRLL
Lathy rus
Fi\
i.

latifolius.

Everlaftmg Pea.

A bunch
fize

of flowers, in their natural

and

iituation.

Fi\

^.

The
One

banner.

Fi-. 3.

of the wings.
keel.

Fig. 4.
Fio-. 5.

The The
The

ftamens and

piftil in their

na-

tural fituation.
Fig. 6.

ftamens,

mowing

the iimple

filament ieparate from the

com-

pound one.
Fio-. 7.

The

piftil.

See Plate III.

n.xxiv

'/:,u;/.y ,,.

//.

;/y

.,

//,//,/

^;.x,./

*//x>, <./..)

47

PLATE

XXIV.

LETTER

XXV.

POLYJDELPHIJ.
Hypericum Afcyron.
a

Garden Tut/an.

The

flower, with a corolla of five petals

and the numerous ftamens in

middle.

the

h
c

A fingle pencil or parcel of ftamens.

The permanent
cluding the
piftils.

five-parted

calyx,

infive

germ terminated by

Explains the characters of the

clafs

and

order Polyadelphia Polyandria.

n.xxv.

;/

49

PLATE

XXV.

LETTER

XXVI.

SYNGENESIA POLYGAMIA
Fig.
i.

/RQTTJTJS.
Salfafy,

Tragopogon porrifolium.

a
b c

A flower clofed, fhowing the fimple calyx, A tingle ligulate flofcule. A flofcule, deprived of the corolla.

d
e

A feed,
The

with the feathered

flipitate

down.
pift.il

cylinder of anthers, with the

it,

perforating

terminated by the two

revolute ftigmas.

The

cylinder of anthers alone.

Fig. z.

Carduus nutans.
flower,

Mujh

Thtjiie,

The compound
all

mowing

the calyx

imbricate with thorny

fcales.

front

view of the whole compound

flower,
florets.

compofed wholly of tubulous

A finer] o e
The
The

flofcule or floret.

d
e

cylinder of anthers.
piitil.

Fig. 3.

Eupatorium cannabinum.

Common

Hemp Agrimony,
a
b
c

A bunch of flowers. A Tingle flower. A iingle bunch of flowers.

The down.
Thefe three figures explain the three
fedtions

Ob/l

of

this order.

1.

Conli-

taining

compound

flowers with
2.

gulate florets only.

The

capi-

tate or headed flowers,

with tu-

bulous florets only.

coid,

3.

The di
flowers,

or naked

difcous

with tubulous
head.

florets,

but not in a

Plate

XXVI

nnn^KSl^n^Jt^Fr.XoMl
iti/yhWi
.V.;y

rS8,aJ

rf,.

.4* Ju^J.Ji WhUc

&

5i

PLATE XX VJ. LETTER

XXVI.

SYNGENESIA POLYGAMIA SUPERFLUA.

Doronicum
pardalianches.

Common Leopard's

Bane.

The compound
difk,

radiated flower, confirming

of regular tubulous flofcules in

the

and irregular

ligulate flofcules in

the ray.

The under

part of the flower,

mowing
flof-

the double
c

row of

fcales to the calyx.

One

of the femi-florets, or ligulate

cules,

taken from the ray, to

is

mow

that the feed

naked, or deftitute of

down.

d
e

A
A

floret
is

from the

difk,

the feed of

which

crowned with a Ample down.

of the
difk, in order to exhibit

feclion

the naked receptacle.

1M

XXVII

:!'')

'

,/,

/f,.,

,,

53

PLATE

XXVII.

LETTER XXVL

SYNGEN. POLYG. FRUSTRANEA and NECESSARIA.

Figr. i.

Centaurea montana. Mountain Blue

Bottle.

The compound
than the

flower,

mowing the neutral

or barren florets on the outride, longer

fertile

ones in the middle,

and the
h
c

ciliated fcales of the calyx,

barren

floret.

fertile floret*

with fame of the

brifiles

at the bale.

J The The e

fame,, diverted of the corolla.

piftiL
\

N. B. This ferves to explain the order Polygamia Fruftranea in the clafs Syngenefia.
Fi:. 2.

Calendula

officinalis.

Garde

Marigold.

&
b

The compound radiated flower. The calyx, with the feeds in the
bending inwards after the
decayed.

ray only,

florets are

54

The

boat-fhaped muricated feed, without

down.

d A
e

barren feed, from one of the central

flowers.

f
N.

A A

fertile flofcule

from the

ray.
diik.

barren flofcule from the

B. This ferves to explain the order Poly-

gamia NecefTaria
genefia.

in the clafs Syn-

^
~^Jt

55

PLATE

XXVIII.

LETTER

XXVI,

SYNGEN. POLYG. SEGREGATA.

Echinops fphaerocephalus. Globe a
Thijile.

The
-

entire

compound
florets,
;

flower,

confiding

of tubular
proper

feparated by their

perianths

which determines

this plant to

be of the fegregate order

in the clafs Syngenefia.

finuated leaf, the jags ending in fpines.

A fingle flofcule in its calyx. A flofcule taken out of the calyx,

the ftyle feparate.

with

fingle fubulate leaflet of the calyx, in

three different views.

i'l.xm:.

,'y

-./^.yr/:

i ,//,"

57

PLATE

XXIX.

LETTER
Sweet
Violet,

XXVI.

SYNGENESIA MONOGAMIA.
Viola odorata.

a
b
c

The The The

calyx of five leaves.

corolla of five irregular petals.

horn-fhaped nectary.

d
e

flower opened, to (how the ftamens

with the

five

connected anthers.

The Itamens
The
i

within the calyx.

f A fingle ftamen.
g
;

piftil.

h h h

The heart-fhaped The young leaves,

leaves.

involuted,

rolled

inwards, or rather upwards.

k k k

The

fcape, with the double

it.

brade on

the middle of
/

One

of the ftolones, or runners, putting

forth roots.

&UJ+.//

f/. ,,,//,

,/.

/:

; /r/ /f

59

PLATE

XXX.

LETTER

XXVII.

GYNANDRIA.
Paffiflora caerulea.

Blue PaJJion Flower,

a
b

The The

pal mated leaf.

corolla

and calyx, each of

five leaves,

and having the fame appearance in

front.

The d The The e

c

radiate crown,
piftil

which

is

the nectary.

and

five

ftamens.

anthers terminating the filaments, which fpring from the bottom of the

germ,

where
it

it

meets the

pedicle,

upon which

ftands.

///

The
germ.

three ftigmas arifing from the

y
s

A~

,y/.,:/:

/'.

irj/.,-

/A//,.;/,./ A .,t. .y,.

.,

,/,.

//,.,

,/;..,.

jj//fy ]./,

6i

PLATE XXXL LETTER

MONOECIA.
Momordica Elaterium.
a a
b b

XXVIII.

Spirting Cucumber,

The male or ftaminiferous flowers. The female or piftilliferous flowers, with

the
laro-e

germ below

the receptacle. the three

fila-

The male

flower,

mowing

ments, with double anthers on two of them, and a Ample anther on the
third.

The germ, iurmounted with

divided
into

the ftyle,

three

parts,

each part

fuftaining
e

The

an oblong gibbous ftigma. divided part of the ftyle, with the

views of a fingle ftigma.

ftigmas.

Two

different

i'l.XYxn.

r*/4^ /-^7
^&'.jy 7-- jL <**'6*

63

PLATE

XXXII.

LETTER

XXIX.

D 10 ECIA.
Cannabis
fativa.

Hemp.

Fi-.

i.

Female Hemp.
female flower.

a
b

A fingle
The

feed included within the calyx.

Fi\ 2.

Male Hemp.
feparate.

Male flowers


pi.xxxh

'/,-,

&-

65

PLATE

XXXIII.

LETTER

XXX.

POLYGAMIA MONOECIjL
Acer campeftre.
a a
b b

Common Maple.

The

lobed leaves.

Bunches of flowers.

Perfecl.

d Male, with ftamens

only.

A (ingle perfecl: flower. / A petal. g A perfecl flower diverted

e

of the corolla

and calyx.
h
i

(ingle (tamen.
piftil,

The

with the two revolute ftigmas,

and the rudiment of the two capiules,

terminating
k
in a wins;.

male, or (laminiferous flower, and a

Angle petal of

it.

ri.xxxi\

&wn

.</.,

//.,

/,7// 1,,/J,:

//',//,:/,v,.

/f, ry ,-..., ,,, //<

//././:. -r*. /,,/!///;?, x/,i,.

6;

PLATE
Fig.
i.

XXXIV.

LETTER

XXXI.

NECTARIES.
Aconitum Napellus.
Hood,
a a Blue Monk's

The two
taries.

recurved pedunculated nec-

fingle nectary,

taken out of the flower.

Fig.

2.

Delphinium Ajacis.
f/iur.

Garden Lark"

The

nectary, continued backward

in

form

of a horn or fpur.
Fig. 3.
Parnaffia paluftris.

flower, with the nectareous fcales at

the bafe of the ftamens.

The

five

heart-fhaped nectaries, termi-

nating in hairs,

with a

little ball

on

the top of each, and placed between

the ftamens.
Fig. 4.

A petal of the Ranunculus,

infide at a a.

mowing

the honied gland iuft above the bafe.

on the

68

Fig.

5.

Iris

or Flag.
line,

The

nectary, in

form

of a villous

along the middle of

petals.

one of the reflex

Fig. 6.

Fritillaria Imperialis.

Crozvn Im-

perial,

An
"

excavation at the bafe of the petal,

is

which

the neclary.

Fig.

7.

Alphodelus luteus. Yellow AfphodeL

ftamens, each

The flower, mowing the fix

fitting

on

its

valve, and the fix valves

forming an arch over the germ.

b

fingle filament

on

its

fcale,

which

is

inferted into the bafe of the petal.

Fig. 8.

Helleborus foetidus.
Hellebore,

Stinking Black-

The

tubular nectaries placed in a ring at

the bafe of the ftamens.

A fingle

neclary.

I'l

WAV

,/;.//:/,.,/,..//..,.,-,

69

PLATE

XXXV.

LETTER
F1LICES.

XXXII.

CRTPT0GAM1A
Ofmunda
Fig.
i.

Ferns.

Spicant.

Rough

Sjileenwort.

Fig. 2.
Fig. 3.

The The

barren frond.
fertile frond.

fingle
fcales

at

pinna magnified, with the aa and covers of the

;

capfules at b b.
Fig. 4.

part of the pinna

fied,

more magni-

at a,

with the anthers on the rib and the membrane rolled

b,

back at b

to exhibit

the

rudi-

ments of the feed

veffels at c c.

PLATE

XXXVI.

LETTER

XXXII.

CRTPTOGAMIA MUSCL
Bryum
Fig.
i.

Mojfes.

pyriforme.

Pear Bryum.
natural
fize.

The mofs of its

Fig. 2.

The

anthers yet entire.

flower, while
it is

Fig. 3.

The female

yet

inclofed within the inmoft leaves.

Fig. 4.

The fame

feparated, with the ap-

pendages, viz. a a the adduclors.

b b the cylindrical jointed threads.

PI XXXVI.

L>

>

/,,

/4

./-.

/.'

/--^.

;,//,:/,./,.. //,,

,-.'.~

//,

"./,/;,,'. /; #.////.

->'>

pi

xxxvn.

Wl
o,.,., ,</;

,r

.,y/

,/: r '/; /,///

.

PL ATE XXXVII.

LETTER

XXXII.

CRYPTOGAMIA ALGAL.
Lichen
Fig.
i.

ciliaris.

Ciliated Liverwort.

The

plant of

its

natural iize.

Figr. 2.

The fame

magnified.

The male or barren flower;. The females in a flute of ripenefs. b b The rooting; hairs. c c d d The hairs, or cilia:, growing on
a a
extremities.

the

Fig. 3.

The

feeds magnified.

7*

PLATE

XXXVIII.

LETTER
gifT. p.

XXXII.

CRYPTOGAMIA FUNGI.
AgaricusDillen.
Fig.
1.
.*
.

Fungufes.

185.

Plants of different ages, and of their

natural, fize.
*
.

-.

a
b
c

Is

the

Fungus

in its perfecl ot adult llate.

The fame

in its

middle
riling.

ftate.

Small plants jufl

Fig. 2.

parcel of knotted threads

from

the fungus

marked

b,

fuppofed to

be the ffamens.
Fig. 3.

fe&ion of the cap (a) and

la-

mella (b) of the fame fmall fungus

magnified.
Fig. 4.

The

ripe ieeds of this fungus

much
from
would

magnified.

Obf.

Thefe four

plates

are

copied
as
it

Hedwig's Theoria,
have anfwered
figure fuch
little

purpofe to
their

minute plants of

natural fize only. j

HE EN D.

v\

x.v.win

'..y,.,.:.//,.,.. /.I,-//-,