1 Plies

PART I
PLIES
Version 1.0
HUT/LLS Theoretical Background of ESAComp Analyses 5.3.1998
I.0.1
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Table of Contents
PART I PLIES
Table of Contents
1 NOTATION AND CONVENTIONS....................................................................... 1.1
Symbols..................................................................................................................... 1.1
1.1 Ply Coordinate System...................................................................................... 1.3
1.2 Stresses and Strains........................................................................................... 1.4
1.3 Coordinate Transformations.............................................................................. 1.6
1.3.1 Three-dimensional stresses and strains ................................................ 1.6
1.3.2 In-plane stresses and strains................................................................. 1.7
References ................................................................................................................. 1.8
2 ORTHOTROPIC MATERIAL BEHAVIOR......................................................... 2.1
Symbols..................................................................................................................... 2.1
2.1 Basic Assumptions............................................................................................ 2.3
2.2 Three-Axial Constitutive Behavior.................................................................... 2.3
2.2.1 Constitutive equations of orthotropic materials.................................... 2.3
2.2.2 Engineering constants ......................................................................... 2.4
2.2.3 Transversely isotropic and isotropic materials ..................................... 2.5
2.2.4 Restrictions on elastic constants .......................................................... 2.8
2.2.5 Constitutive equations in xyz-coordinate system................................. 2.8
2.2.6 Engineering constants in xyz-coordinate system.................................. 2.9
2.3 Plane Stress State............................................................................................ 2.11
2.3.1 Constitutive equations ....................................................................... 2.11
2.3.2 Coordinate transformations to xy-plane ............................................. 2.12
2.3.3 Stiffness invariants............................................................................ 2.14
2.4 Hygrothermal Expansion................................................................................. 2.15
2.4.1 Expansion coefficients ...................................................................... 2.15
2.4.2 Stress coefficients ............................................................................. 2.16
References ............................................................................................................... 2.18
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1 Notation and Conventions
1 NOTATION AND CONVENTIONS
Markku Palanter (HUT/LLS)
The ply 123-coordinate system and the rotated xyz-coordinate system are introduced. The stress and strain
notation of ESAComp is described. Coordinate transformations of stresses and strains between the 123- and xyz-
coordinate systems are further defined.
SYMBOLS
[T] Transformation matrix
x, y, z (Laminate) coordinate system
Shear strain (engineering strain)
Normal strain
{} Strain vector
Rotation angle between the xyz- and 123-coordinate systems
around the z-axis
Normal stress
{} Stress vector
Shear stress
1, 2, 3 Ply coordinate system, principal material directions
Subscripts
xy In the xy-plane of the xyz-coordinate system
xyz In the xyz-coordinate system
12 In the 12-plane of the 123-coordinate system
123 In the 123-coordinate system
Superscripts
T Transpose matrix
-T Transpose of an inverse matrix
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-1 Inverse matrix
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1.1 PLY COORDINATE SYSTEM
In ESAComp, the directions in a layered (composite) material, i.e. in a ply, are indicated by a
coordinate system 123. The axes 1 and 2 define the plane of the ply, hence the axis 3 is
perpendicular to the plane (Figure 1.1). The 123-coordinate system is the principal material
coordinate system, i.e. the constitutive behavior of the material is orthotropic in this
coordinate system (see Chapter 2). In practice this means that the axes 1 and 2 are aligned
according to the internal structure of the ply. In a unidirectional reinforced ply the axis 1 is
normally in the direction of fibers.
Ply properties can also be studied in an xyz-coordinate system. The z-axis is parallel to the 3-
axis of the ply coordinate system 123. The rotation angle between the x- and y-axes and 1-
and 2-axes is denoted by . Figure 1.2 defines the positive direction of the angle . When
plies are considered as layers forming a laminate (Part III), the xyz-coordinate system is
referred to as the laminate coordinate system.
Figure 1.1 123-coordinate system for plies.
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Figure 1.2 Positive rotation of the axes 1 and 2 with respect to the axes x and y is defined by the right-hand-rule:
when the thumb points in the z-direction, fingers indicate the positive direction of rotation.
1.2 STRESSES AND STRAINS
ESAComp uses the so-called contracted notation for stresses and strains. The directions of
normal stresses and strains are indicated with subscripts corresponding to the direction of the
stress or strain (e.g.
1
,
1
). For shear stresses and strains, the plane where the stress or strain
acts is indicated with two subscripts (e.g.
12
,
12
). In the alternative tensor notation, all the
stresses and strains are usually identified with two subscripts (e.g.
11
,
12
,
11
,
12
). However,
the major difference between the two systems is that the so-called engineering shear strains
are used in the contracted notation. As illustrated in Figure 1.3, the magnitude of an
engineering shear strain is twice the magnitude of the corresponding tensor shear strain.
In the general three-dimensional stress-strain state, the stresses and strains in the 123-
coordinate system can be expressed in the form of the following vectors:
{ } { }
'
'
12
31
23
3
2
1
123
12
31
23
3
2
1
123
;
(1.2.1a,b)
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ij
ij
= 2
ij
Figure 1.3 Engineering shear strains (
ij
) used in ESAComp are twice the magnitude of tensor shear strains (
ij
).
Correspondingly, in the xyz-coordinate system the vectors are
{ } { }
'
'
xy
zx
yz
z
y
x
xyz
xy
zx
yz
z
y
x
xyz
; (1.2.2a,b)
Composite plies are often studied assuming plane stress state in the plane of the ply (see
Section 2.3). In that case, only the in-plane components of the stresses and strains are needed
to define the stress-strain state. In the 123-coordinate system, the vectors reduce to
{ } { }
'
'
12
2
1
12
12
2
1
12
;
(1.2.3a,b)
Similarly, in the xyz-coordinate system the vectors are
{ } { }
'
'
xy
y
x
xy
xy
y
x
xy
; (1.2.4a,b)
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1.3 COORDINATE TRANSFORMATIONS
1.3.1 Three-dimensional stresses and strains
In three axial stress-strain state, the transformation of stresses from an xyz-coordinate system
to the ply 123-coordinate system, and vice versa, can be expressed as follows, e.g. [13]:
{ } [ ]{ }
{ } [ ] { }
123
1
123

T
T
xyz
xyz
(1.3.1a,b)
The transformation matrix [T] is
[ ]
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
]
1

sin cos
0 0 0 cos sin cos sin
0 cos sin 0 0 0
0 sin cos 0 0 0
0 0 0 1 0 0
cos sin 2 0 0 0
cos sin
cos sin 2 0 0 0
sin cos
2 2
2 2
2 2

= T (1.3.2)
and its inverse matrix is
[ ]
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
]
1

sin cos
0 0 0 cos sin cos sin
0 cos sin 0 0 0
0 sin cos 0 0 0
0 0 0 1 0 0
cos sin 2 0 0 0
cos sin
cos sin 2 0 0 0
sin cos
2 2
2 2
2 2
1

= T (1.3.3)
In the equations above, is the angle of rotation between the x- and 1-axes around the z-axis
as defined in Section 1.1.
For tensor strains the transformation equations are equivalent to those of stresses, but for
engineering strains the transformation equations are
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{ } [ ] { }
{ } [ ] { }
123
123

T
xyz
xyz
T
T
T

(1.3.4a,b)
The superscript -T denotes the inverse of a transpose matrix.
1.3.2 In-plane stresses and strains
Considering only the in-plane stresses, the transformation equations reduce to
{ } [ ]{ }
{ } [ ] { }
12
1
12

T
T
xy
xy
(1.3.5a,b)
where
[ ]
1
1
1
]
1

sin cos
cos sin cos sin
cos sin 2
cos sin
cos sin 2
sin cos
2 2
2 2
2 2
= T (1.3.6)
and
[ ]
1
1
1
]
1

sin cos
cos sin cos sin
cos sin 2
cos sin
cos sin 2
sin cos
2 2
2 2
2 2
1
= T (1.3.7)
For the in-plane strains, the transformation equations are
{ } [ ] { }
{ } [ ] { }
12
12

T
xy
xy
T
T
T

(1.3.8a,b)
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REFERENCES
1. Jones, R.M., Mechanics of Composite Materials. Hemisphere, New York, 1975.
2. Tsai, S.W., Composites Design, 4
th
edition. Think Composites, Dayton, OH, 1988.
(Replaced by: Tsai, S.W., Theory of Composite Design, Think Composites, Dayton,
OH, 1992.)
3. Whitney, J.M., Structural Analysis of Laminated Anisotropic Plates. Technomic,
Lancaster, PA, 1987.
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2 Orthotropic Material Behavior
2 ORTHOTROPIC MATERIAL BEHAVIOR
Markku Palanter (HUT/LLS)
The constitutive relations of linear-elastic orthotropic materials in three-axial stress state and in plane stress state
are presented. Stiffness and compliance matrices are defined and the compliances are further given in the form of
engineering constants. Isotropic and transversely isotropic material behavior is described. Coordinate
transformations from the material principal coordinate system 123 to an xyz-coordinate system are presented.
Stiffness invariants and quasi-isotropic engineering constants are further defined. Thermal and moisture
expansion coefficients and hygrothermal stress coefficients of orthotropic materials are introduced.
SYMBOLS
[C] Ply stiffness matrix, three-axial stress state, 123-coordinate system
[ C ] Ply stiffness matrix, three-axial stress state, xyz-coordinate system
E Young's modulus
G Shear modulus
[Q] Ply stiffness matrix, plane stress state, 123-coordinate system
[ Q ] Ply stiffness matrix, plane stress state, xyz-coordinate system
[S] Ply compliance matrix, 123-coordinate system
[ S ] Ply compliance matrix, xyz-coordinate system
[T] Transformation matrix
U
1
,, U
5
Stiffness invariants
x, y, z (Laminate) coordinate system
Thermal expansion coefficient
Moisture expansion coefficient
Stress coefficient
Shear strain (engineering strain)
m Moisture content difference
T Temperature difference
Normal strain
{} Strain vector
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ij,i
Lekhnitskii's coefficient of the first kind (
i
/
ij
,
ij
applied)
i,ij
Lekhnitskii's coefficient of the second kind (
ij
/
i
,
i
applied)
Rotation angle between the xyz- and 123-coordinate systems
around the z-axis
ij
Poissons ratio (-
j
/
i
,
i
applied)
Normal stress
{} Stress vector
Shear stress
1, 2, 3 Ply coordinate system, principal material directions
Subscripts
iso Quasi-isotropic
xy In the xy-plane of the xyz-coordinate system
xyz In the xyz-coordinate system
12 In the 12-plane of the 123-coordinate system
123 In the 123-coordinate system
Superscripts
T Transpose matrix
m Due to moisture
T Thermal
-T Transpose of an inverse matrix
-1 Inverse matrix
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2.1 BASIC ASSUMPTIONS
The stress-strain relations of plies are assumed to be linear-elastic in all the analyses of the
current ESAComp system. Furthermore, the slopes of the stress-strain curves are assumed to
be the same in tension and compression, i.e. the Young's moduli are equal.
The assumption on linear-elasticity is sufficient for typical stiffness, load response, and failure
analyses of composite plies and layered laminate structures formed from composite plies.
However, deviation from linearity may become significant especially at high load levels. To
some extent, the linear-elastic ply model can also be used to approximate this nonlinear
behavior as will be described in conjunction with laminate failure analyses (see Part III,
Section 5.2).
Practically all composite materials have some type of symmetry in their internal structure. In
ESAComp, plies are therefore assumed to be generally orthotropic. Plies may further belong
to a subgroup of orthotropic materials, such as isotropic materials.
2.2 THREE-AXIAL CONSTITUTIVE BEHAVIOR
2.2.1 Constitutive equations of orthotropic materials
The stress-strain relations of an anisotropic material can be expressed in the form
{ } [ ]{ }
123 123
C (2.2.1)
where [C] is the stiffness matrix of the material. Through strain energy considerations it can
be shown that [C] is symmetric, which leaves 21 independent elastic constants for the
material. The inverse relation in terms of a compliance matrix [S] is
{ } [ ]{ }
123 123
S (2.2.2)
where
[ ] [ ]
1
C S (2.2.3)
The compliance matrix is also symmetric.
If planes of elastic symmetry exist, the number of independent elastic constants is reduced.
For an orthotropic material there are three planes of elastic symmetry, which define the
principal 123-coordinate system of the material, and nine independent elastic constants. In
terms of the stiffness matrix, the stress-strain relations can be written as
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'
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
]
1
'
12
31
23
3
2
1
66
55
44
33 23 13
23 22 12
13 12 11
12
31
23
3
2
1
0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
C
C
C
C C C
C C C
C C C
(2.2.4)
In terms of the compliance matrix, this becomes
'
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
]
1
'
12
31
23
3
2
1
66
55
44
33 23 13
23 22 12
13 12 11
12
31
23
3
2
1
0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
S
S
S
S S S
S S S
S S S
(2.2.5)
There is no shear-extension coupling in the principal coordinate system. Thus, for deriving the
stiffness matrix from the compliance matrix, the matrix inversion can be broken into two
parts. For the extension constants this yields
1
33 23 13
23 22 12
13 12 11
33 23 13
23 22 12
13 12 11
1
1
1
]
1
1
1
1
]
1
S S S
S S S
S S S
C C C
C C C
C C C
(2.2.6)
while the shear constants are
66
66
55
55
44
44
1
;
1
;
1
S
C
S
C
S
C (2.2.7ac)
2.2.2 Engineering constants
The elastic material properties are most often presented in terms of the so-called engineering
constants: Young's moduli (E), shear moduli (G), and Poisson's ratios (). These constants
relate the stresses and strains in principal loading conditions, i.e. in uniaxial tension or
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compression and in shear. The row normalized notation for Poisson's ratios is used in
ESAComp, that is
'

zero stresses other all
applied
,
i
i
j
ij
(2.2.8)
The elements of the compliance matrix written in terms of the engineering constants are
[ ]
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
]
1
12
31
23
3 2
23
1
13
3
32
2 1
12
3
31
2
21
1
1
0 0 0 0 0
0
1
0 0 0 0
0 0
1
0 0 0
0 0 0
1
0 0 0
1
0 0 0
1
G
G
G
E E E
E E E
E E E
S

(2.2.9)
Due to symmetry of the compliance matrix, the major and minor Poisson's ratios have the
relation
3 , 2 , 1 , , j i
E E
j
ji
i
ij

(2.2.10)
Thus, there are nine independent engineering constants for an orthotropic material. Knowing
these constants, the compliance matrix is defined. Using Eqs. (2.2.67), the elements of the
stiffness matrix can further be determined.
2.2.3 Transversely isotropic and isotropic materials
A transversely isotropic material has a plane where the elastic properties are invariant of the
direction. The number of independent elastic constants reduces to five.
For transversely isotropic materials with the plane of isotropy 12, such as mat plies with
randomly oriented fibers (Figure 2.1a), the compliance matrix is
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[ ]
( )1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
]
1
12 11
44
44
33 13 13
13 11 12
13 12 11
2 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
S S
S
S
S S S
S S S
S S S
S (2.2.11)
Knowing the engineering constants E
3
, G
23
, either
31
or
13
, and two of E
1
, G
12
and
12
, the
rest can be determined from the relations
( )
3
31
1
13
23 13 32 31 21 12
12
1
12 31 23 2 1
; ;
1 2
; ;
E E
E
G G G E E

+

(2.2.12ag)
Unidirectional plies (Figure 2.1b) are typically transversely isotropic with the plane of
isotropy 23. Thus, the compliance matrix becomes
[ ]
( )
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
]
1
66
66
23 22
22 23 12
23 22 12
12 12 11
0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0
0 0 2 0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
S
S
S S
S S S
S S S
S S S
S (2.2.13)
From the engineering constants E
1
, G
12
, either
12
or
21
, and two of E
2
, G
23
and
23
, the rest
can be determined using the relations
( )
2
21
1
12
31 21 13 12 32 23
23
2
23 31 12 3 2
; ;
1 2
; ;
E E
E
G G G E E

+

(2.2.14ag)
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Figure 2.1 Transversely isotropic materials: (a) a mat ply with the plane of isotropy 12, (b) a unidirectional ply
with the plane of isotropy 23.
An isotropic material has the same elastic properties in all directions and planes. The
compliance matrix is of the form
[ ]
( )
( )
( )1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
]
1
12 11
12 11
12 11
11 12 12
12 11 12
12 12 11
2 0 0 0 0 0
0 2 0 0 0 0
0 0 2 0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
S S
S S
S S
S S S
S S S
S S S
S (2.2.15)
The engineering constants E, G, and define the material behavior. Only two of the constants
are independent. The third one can be determined from the relation
( ) +
1 2
E
G (2.2.16)
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2.2.4 Restrictions on elastic constants
To be truly elastic, several conditions have to be met by the elastic constants of an orthotropic
material [1]. In the following, these conditions are stated in terms of the ply engineering
constants.
First, if only one stress component, tensile or compressive, is applied at a time, the
corresponding strain has to be positive or negative, respectively. Thus, the diagonal elements
of the compliance matrix have to be positive, which is equivalent to the condition that the
Youngs moduli and the shear moduli are positive:
0 ; 0 ; 0
0 ; 0 ; 0
31 23 12
3 2 1
> > >
> > >
G G G
E E E
(2.2.17af)
Secondly, with a similar reasoning, the diagonal elements of the stiffness matrix also have to
be positive. This leads to four inequalities:
2
23
3
2 2
13
3
1 2
12
2
1
; ; > > >
E
E
E
E
E
E
(2.2.18ac)
and
( ) 0 2 1
1
3
13 23 12 13
2
3 2
23
2
1 2
12
> +
E
E
E
E
E
E
(2.2.19)
Specification of plies that do not meet the above given conditions is restrained in the
ESAComp system.
2.2.5 Constitutive equations in xyz-coordinate system
The constitutive equations of three-axial stress state in an arbitrary xyz-coordinate system can
be written in a way analogous to Eq. (2.2.1). This yields
{ } [ ]{ }
xyz xyz
C (2.2.20)
where [ ] C is the stiffness matrix in the xyz-coordinate system. Substituting the coordinate
transformation equations for stresses and strains, i.e. Eqs. (1.3.1a) and (1.3.4a), into Eq.
(2.2.1) leads to the transformation equation
[ ] [ ] [ ][ ]
T
T C T C

1
(2.2.21)
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Similarly,
{ } [ ]{ }
xyz xyz
S (2.2.22)
where [ ] S is the compliance matrix in the xyz-coordinate system. It is determined by inverting
the stiffness matrix:
[ ] [ ]
1
C S (2.2.23)
2.2.6 Engineering constants in xyz-coordinate system
The Young's moduli, shear moduli, and Poisson's ratios in the xyz-coordinate system are
related to the elements of [ ] S in the same way as the constants in the 123-coordinate system
are to [S]. Thus, in accordance with Eq. (2.2.9), the Youngs moduli and shear moduli are
66 55 44
66 22 11
1
;
1
;
1
1
;
1
;
1
S
G
S
G
S
G
S
E
S
E
S
E
xy zx yz
z y x

(2.2.24af)
and the major Poisson's ratios are
22
23
11
13
11
12
; ;
S
S
S
S
S
S
yz xz xy
(2.2.25ac)
The minor Poissons ratios are related to the major ones through the reciprocal relation shown
in Eq. (2.2.10) for the 123-coordinate system.
In an arbitrarily chosen xyz-coordinate system there is also shear-extension coupling for
orthotropic materials, which does not exist in the principal coordinate system of the material.
These effects are described by coefficients of mutual influence defined by Lekhnitskii.
Following the row normalized notation for Poisson's ratios, the Lekhnitskii's coefficients of
the first kind and the second kind are defined as
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'
'

applied
,
applied
,
,
,
i
i
ij
ij i
ij
ij
i
i ij
(2.2.26a,b)
The Lekhnitskii's coefficients in the xy-plane, in terms of material compliances, are
66
26
,
22
26
,
66
16
,
11
16
,
;
;
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
y xy xy y
x xy xy x

(2.2.27ad)
It should be noted that in the coordinate transformation from the 123-coordinate system to the
xyz-system, all the nine independent elastic constants of an orthotropic material are not
coupled. In other words, all the elements of the 3D stiffness and compliance matrices of Eq.
(2.2.23) are not needed for determining a specific engineering constant in the xyz-coordinate
system. The coordinate transformations of the in-plane engineering constants are covered in
the next section. For the out-of-plane constants, the following relations can be derived:
( )
( ) ( )
( )
( ) ( )
yz
y
z
zy xz
x
z
zx
yz
xz
yz zx
z
E
E
E
E
E E G G E
G E E
E E G G E
G E E
G G
G G
G
G G
G G
G
E E

+ +
+
+ +
+
;
cos sin cos cos sin 2 sin
cos sin
cos sin sin cos sin 2 cos
sin cos
cos sin
;
cos sin
1 2
2 2
12
4
12 2 12
2 2 4
12 23 1
2
13 2
2
1 2
2 2
12
4
12 2 12
2 2 4
12 23 1
2
13 2
2
31
2
23
2
31 23
23
2
31
2
31 23
3
(2.2.28ag)
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2.3 PLANE STRESS STATE
2.3.1 Constitutive equations
In plane stress state the normal stress component perpendicular to the plane and the
transverse shear stresses are zero. In the analysis of composite plies and laminates, plane
stress state is typically assumed in the ply/laminate plane. Thus, in the 12-plane the zero-
stresses are
'
0
0
0
31
23
3
(2.3.1ac)
The constitutive equations can be stated in terms of a compliance matrix by deleting the rows
and columns corresponding to the zero stresses in the 6 by 6 compliance matrix. This gives
{ } [ ]{ }
12 12
S (2.3.2)
or
'
1
1
1
]
1
'
12
2
1
66
22 12
12 11
12
2
1
0 0
0
0
S
S S
S S
(2.3.3)
As shown earlier in Eq. (2.2.9), the non-zero elements of the compliance matrix in terms of
the engineering constants are
1
12
21 12
12
66
2
22
1
11
1
;
1
;
1
E
S S
G
S
E
S
E
S

(2.3.4ad)
According to Eqs. (2.2.5) and (2.2.9), the strains corresponding to the zero-stress components
in plane stress state are
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'
+
0
0
31
23
2
2
23
1
1
13
2 23 1 13 3

E E
S S
(2.3.5ac)
Since
3
is not zero, the elements of the stiffness matrix in plane stress state are not equal to
the elements of [C] for general three-axial stress state. For distinction, the stiffness matrix in
plane stress state is denoted by [Q]. The constitutive equations are written as
{ } [ ]{ }
12 12
Q (2.3.6)
or
'
1
1
1
]
1
'
12
2
1
66
22 12
12 11
12
2
1
0 0
0
0
Q
Q Q
Q Q
(2.3.7)
The stiffness matrix is the inverse of the compliance matrix. Thus, in terms of engineering
constants the non-zero elements of [Q] are
2 12
21 12
12 66
2
22
1
11
; ;
E
Q Q
G Q
E
Q
E
Q
(2.3.8ad)
where
2
12
1
2
21 12
1 1
E
E
(2.3.9)
According to Eq. (2.2.18a), the value of is always greater than zero.
2.3.2 Coordinate transformations to xy-plane
In plane stress state, the coordinate transformations of the constitutive relations from the 12-
plane to the xy-plane are similar to the transformations of the three-axial stress state. Eq.
(2.2.20) becomes
Version 1.0
I.2.13
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{ } [ ]{ }
xy xy
Q (2.3.10)
or
'
1
1
1
]
1
'
xy
y
x
xy
y
x
Q Q Q
Q Q Q
Q Q Q
66 26 16
26 22 12
16 12 11
(2.3.11)
where [ ] Q is the stiffness matrix of plane stress state in the xyz-coordinate system. The
transformation equation for the stiffness matrix is alike the one for three-axial stress state in
Eq. (2.2.21):
[ ] [ ] [ ][ ]
T
T Q T Q

1
(2.3.12)
[T] is here the 3 by 3 transformation matrix of Eq. (1.3.6). The inverse relation can be written
as
{ } [ ]{ }
xy xy
S (2.3.13)
or
'
1
1
1
]
1
'
xy
y
x
xy
y
x
S S S
S S S
S S S
66 26 16
26 22 12
16 12 11
(2.3.14)
The 3 by 3 compliance matrix [ ] S is determined by inverting the corresponding stiffness
matrix:
[ ] [ ]
1
Q S (2.3.15)
The approach for determining the ply engineering constants in an arbitrary xyz-coordinate
system was presented in Subsection 2.2.6. If only the in-plane constants of a ply are known,
the above given equations are used for determining the 3 by 3 compliance matrix [ ] S from
which the engineering constants for the plane xy are obtained according to Eqs. (2.2.2425) and
(2.2.27).
Version 1.0
I.2.14
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2.3.3 Stiffness invariants
The effect of orientation on orthotropic material properties can be studied using stiffness
properties that are invariant with respect to the orientation. Based on Eq. (2.3.12), the
elements of the stiffness matrix in the xyz-coordinate system can be expressed as [1,2]

4 sin 2 sin
4 sin 2 sin
4 cos
4 cos
4 cos 2 cos
4 cos 2 cos
3 2 2
1
62 26
3 2 2
1
61 16
3 4 21 12
3 5 66
3 2 1 22
3 2 1 11
U U Q Q
U U Q Q
U U Q Q
U U Q
U U U Q
U U U Q
+

+
+ +
(2.3.16a-f)
where U
1
U
5
, the stiffness invariants, are
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
66 12 22 11 8
1
5
66 12 22 11 8
1
4
66 12 22 11 8
1
3
22 11 2
1
2
66 12 22 11 8
1
1
4 2
4 6
4 2
4 2 3 3
Q Q Q Q U
Q Q Q Q U
Q Q Q Q U
Q Q U
Q Q Q Q U
+ +
+ +
+

+ + +
(2.3.17a-e)
In Eqs. (2.3.16) all the expressions, excluding those of
16
Q and
26
Q , include a term that is
independent of the orientation.
The stiffness invariants can further be used for defining the so-called quasi-isotropic
engineering constants [2]. In terms of the invariants, the quasi-isotropic stiffness matrix is
[ ]
1
1
1
]
1
5
1 4
4 1
0 0
0
0
U
U U
U U
Q
iso
(2.3.18)
and the corresponding compliance matrix becomes
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I.2.15
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[ ]
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
]
1
5
2
4
2
1
1
2
4
2
1
4
2
4
2
1
4
2
4
2
1
1
1
0 0
0
0
U
U U
U
U U
U
U U
U
U U
U
S
iso
(2.3.19)
Thus, the quasi-isotropic engineering constants of a ply are
( )
1
4
5 1
2
1
2
4
2
1
; ; 1
U
U
U G U
U
U U
E
iso iso iso iso

(2.3.20ac)
These engineering constants represent the in-plane behavior of a laminate that is isotropic in
its plane.
2.4 HYGROTHERMAL EXPANSION
2.4.1 Expansion coefficients
The expansion of a material due to a temperature change (T) or a moisture content change
by weight (m) is directly proportional to the magnitude of the change, that is
{ } { }
{ } { }
123 123 0
123 123 0

m
T
m
T

(2.4.1a,b)
where and represent the thermal and moisture expansion coefficients, respectively. There
are no shear deformations in a material under uniform thermal or moisture loading. Thus, the
vectors formed by the expansion coefficients are
{ } { }
'
'
0
0
0
;
0
0
0
3
2
1
123
3
2
1
123
(2.4.2a,b)
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I.2.16
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For the study of plane stress state, only the in-plane coefficients are required:
{ } { }
'
'
0
;
0
2
1
12 2
1
12

(2.4.3a,b)
Transformation of the expansion coefficients to an xyz-coordinate system is equivalent to the
transformation of strains in Eqs. (1.3.4b) and (1.3.8b), hence
{ } [ ] { }
{ } [ ] { }
) 3 ( 12 ) (
) 3 ( 12 ) (

T
z xy
T
z xy
T
T
(2.4.4a,b)
2.4.2 Stress coefficients
The concept of equivalent thermal and moisture stresses proves its usefulness later when
hygrothermal loads in laminates are considered (see Part III, Section 2.4). The equivalent
stresses are defined as the stresses corresponding to an external mechanical load that causes
the same deformation as the thermal or moisture load.
In terms of stress coefficients () [3], the equivalent thermal and moisture stresses of plane
stress state are
{ } { }
{ } { }
12 12
12 12
m m
T T
m
T

(2.4.5a,b)
From the constitutive equations of plane stress state and from Eq. (2.4.1) it follows that the
stress coefficient vectors are
{ } [ ]{ }
{ } [ ]{ }
12 12
12 12
Q
Q
m
T

(2.4.6a,b)
The expression for the thermal stress coefficients can further be written as
Version 1.0
I.2.17
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'
+
+
'
1
1
1
]
1
'
0 0 0 0
0
0
2 22 1 12
2 12 1 11
2
1
66
22 12
12 11
12
2
1

Q Q
Q Q
Q
Q Q
Q Q
T
T
T
(2.4.7)
Transformation of stress coefficients to an xyz-coordinate system is equivalent to the
transformation of stresses in Eq. (1.3.5b):
{ } [ ] { }
{ } [ ] { }
12
1
12
1
m
xy
m
T
xy
T
T
T

(2.4.8a,b)
Unlike in the 123-coordinate system, the stress coefficient
xy
representing shear behavior is
generally non-zero.
Version 1.0
I.2.18
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REFERENCES
1. Jones, R.M., Mechanics of Composite Materials. Hemisphere, New York, 1975.
2. Tsai, S.W., Composites Design, 4
th
edition. Think Composites, Dayton, OH, 1988.
(Replaced by: Tsai, S.W., Theory of Composite Design, Think Composites, Dayton,
OH, 1992.)
3. Humphreys, E.A. and Rosen, B.W., Properties Analysis of Laminates, Engineered
Materials Handbook, Vol. 1, Composites, pp. 218235. ASM International, Metals
Park, OH, 1987.

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PART I

zero stresses other all

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