223

World Conference on Timber Engineering

Auckland New Zealand
15 - 19 July 2012



Development of The High-strength and High-ductility Timber
Framed Joints using Drift Pins and Fiber Reinforced Plastics


Shinya Matsumoto
1
, Takaaki Ohkubo
2
, Yasuaki Watanabe
3
, Etsuo Kajita
4






ABSTRACT: The joints are very important structural element in timber framed structures. The purpose of this study is
to develop the high-strength and high-ductility beam-column joint for timber structure. In this study, steel plate
fastened with drift pins and paste the ultraviolet-ray hardening Fiber Reinforced Plastics (FRP) on the surface of the
member section. The wood is the anisotropic material of which the strength characteristic greatly differs according to
the direction of the fiber. The strength of the fiber direction is high, but the strength of the fiber orthogonal direction is
low. Also, the splitting failure is caused in the fiber orthogonal direction, and there is a case in which strength and
toughness extremely lower. It is necessary to consider the weak point of such woody material for the case in which the
wood is used as a structural element for timber framed structure. It is very important to be ensured the earthquake-proof
safety of the building, and prevent a building collapse for the great earthquake. This study reinforces weak point on the
strength of woody material by using the ultraviolet-ray hardening FRP. Then, timber framed joint of the high-strength
and high ductility is developed as a structural element. In this study, the basic experimental tests which the degradation
accelerated test for temperature, outdoor weather tests are carried out to grasps durability performance. Then, the
verification experiment is carried out for the joint element specimens of the large section wood.
KEYWORDS: Composite material, Column beam joints, Ultravioletrayed-hardening, FRP


1 INTRODUCTION
123

The wood is the anisotropic material of which the
strength characteristic greatly differs for the direction of
the fiber. Though the strength of the fiber direction is
high, the strength is low for the fiber orthogonal
direction. Also, the splitting failure is caused in the
fiber orthogonal direction, and there is a case in which
strength and toughness extremely lower. It is necessary
to consider the weak point of such woody material for
the case in which the wood is used as a structural
element for timber framed structure.
Recently, the development of engineered wood such as
the structural glued laminated wood advances. The
market is supplied with the lumbering of which the
quality is high as an industrial product. The technology
which artificially controls the material dispersion is

1
Shinya Matsumoto, Department of Architecture, Faculty of
Engineering, Hiroshima University, 1-4-1, Kagamiyama,
Higashi-Hiroshima,739-8527, Japan. Email:
mshin@hiroshima-u.ac.jp
2
Takaaki ohkubo, Department of Architecture, Faculty of
Engineering, Hiroshima University, 1-4-1, Kagamiyama,
Higashi-Hiroshima,739-8527, Japan
3
Yasuaki Watanabe, Asahi-Kasei Geotech, Tokyo, Japan
4
Etsuo Kajita, Asahi-Kasei Geotech, Tokyo, Japan
widely used. However, they also worry about the
possibility of causing fracture event in the design by the
large earthquakes etc. It is very important to be ensured
the earthquake-proof safety of the building, and prevent
a building collapse for the great earthquake. This study
reinforces weak point on the strength of woody material
by using the ultraviolet-ray hardening FRP. It is a basic
research with the aim of further upgrading of past
earthquake-proof technology.
This study reinforces weak point on the strength of
woody material by using the ultraviolet-ray hardening
FRP. Then, timber framed joint of the high-strength and
high ductility is developed as a structural element. In
this study, the basic experimental tests which the
degradation accelerated test for temperature, outdoor
weather tests are carried out to grasps durability
performance. Then, the verification experiment is
carried out for the joint element specimens of the large
section wood.

2 Outline of the research
In the reinforcement of glass fiber (high intensity) or
vinylon fiber (high deformability), FRP sheet handled in
this study are epoxy acrylate plastic and ultravioletrayed-
hardening FRP sheet which impregnated with the
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World Conference on Timber Engineering
Auckland New Zealand
15 - 19 July 2012
ultraviolet curing initiator. This FRP sheet hardens by
the polymerization reaction, when the irradiation of
ultraviolet ray (315-400nm wavelength) is received.
This FRP sheet is carried in the condition that the
ultraviolet ray was shielded in the construction field.
And the attachment work was carried out for the fixed
place. It is possible that this FRP sheet finishes the
construction in the short period by forcing and
irradiating ultraviolet ray ultraviolet fluorescence light
(black light). The field processing in proportion to shape
and dimension of the reinforcement position can be
easily carried out in order to carry out the construction in
the condition of the soft sheet before the hardening,
means of reinforcement work this FRP sheet. This
construction method using this FRP sheet is possible to
simply process in construction field because the
construction is carried out in the soft condition before
the hardening.
In addition, it is an easy point by the attachment work
by this sheet tearing off the bright film which covers the
surface, and it is excellent in the workability. The cross
section schema and appearance of the ultravioletrayed-
hardening FRP sheet are shown in Figure 1.










Figure 1: Ultravioletrayed-hardening FRP sheet cross
section schema and appearance.
3 Durability performance test
In this research, the durability performance test is
carried out for the purpose of verifying the weather
resistance in bonding this ultravioletrayed-hardening
FRP to the wood.
In this test, the artificial temperature cycle was
determined like the Figure 2 used by the temperature
chamber. Then temperatures are assumed that the
summer period is 40 and winter period is -10. The
number of cycles is set 50 cycles, and after that the two
plane shear loading test was carried out for each
specimen.

Figure 2: Hot - cold temperatures repetition test
Figure 3 shows the two plane shear test specimen for
FRP model and V-plate (metal) model. V-plate model is
a test specimen for the comparison to FRP model. Table
1 shows the specimen list on the two plane shear test.
The quantities of specimens are 3 for each type of
specimen.







Figure 3: Two plane shear test specimens
Table 1 Specimen list on the two plane shear test
Type
Joining
(Both sides)
Wood Quantities
FRP
FRP
(GUD12)
Structural glued
laminated wood
(JAS:E105-F300)
3
V-plate
V-plate
(metal)
3

On the other side, we carried out the exposure test by
natural environment on the outside of the laboratory.
Photo 1 shows the exposure test specimens. The two
plane shear loading tests were carried out to investigate
the initial performance, hot-cold repetition and exposure
test for 3 months. Photo 2 shows the equipment for two
plane shear loading test.


Photo 1: Exposure test specimens

Photo 2: Equipment for two plane shear loading test
Figure 4 shows results of the maximum load for two
plane shear loading test in each specimen. The graph
shows the average of maximum load for 3 specimens,
white bar is the result for initial performance, gray bar is
hot-cold repetition (50 cycles) test, and black bar is
exposure test for 3 months. In this graph, the
performance for maximum load of FRP model is not so


protection film
reinforced fiber
Plastic
(Ultravioletrayed-hardening)
The sheet cross section Ultravioletrayed-hardening
FRP

Setting time
for each step
1 1 minute
2 1 minute
3 90 minutes
4 1 minute
5 90 minutes
6 1 minute
Summer
Winter


300 200
105

150 150 100 100

Adhesion length
FRP model
V-plate model
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World Conference on Timber Engineering
Auckland New Zealand
15 - 19 July 2012
reduced by the durability performance test compared
with the V-plate model.


Figure 4: Maximum load for two plane shear loading
test
4 Loading test for frame joint
In this paper, we proposed the timber frame joint
using drift pins and FRP. Figure 5 shows the timber
frame joint which we propose. The joint is using the
steel plate insertion, drift pins and ultravioletrayed-
hardening FRP. Features of this proposal are shown in
the following.

Improvement for the workability. (The adhesive is
not used for the construction of the FRP.)
Iimprovement for the ductility of the joint by using
steel members.
Improvement for the initial stiffness of the joint by
using FRP for tensile resistance force.













Figure 5: The joint with steel plate insertion Drift pins
and FRP
Figure 6 shows specimens of column-beam joint
element for loading test. In this figure, Model A is FRP
Non-reinforced model, and Model B is FRP reinforced
model. The loading was made to be the positive and
negative repeated-load, and the rotation angle of the joint
was made to be 1/500, 1/350, 1/250, 1/175, 1/120, 1/85,
1/60, 1/45, 1/30, 1/20, and final cycle for ultimate.
















Figure 6: Specimen of joint element for loading test
Photo 3 shows the construction scene of artificial
ultraviolet irradiation by black light for hardening FRP.


Photo 3: The construction scene (artificial ultraviolet
irradiation by black light)
Figure 7 shows the result of loading test, bending
moment-rotation angle relationship for loading test. In
this graph, the black line is the result for Model A (FRP
reinforced), and red line is result for Model B (FRP Non-
reinforced). The characteristic values for loading test are
shown in Table 2. There were shown that by the FRP
reinforcement, the initial stiffness of the joint increases
in comparison with the FRP non-reinforcement.


Figure 7: Bending moment-rotation angle
relationship for loading test
Table 2 The characteristic values for loading test
0
10
20
30
40
50
FRP V-plate
M
a
x
i
m
u
m

l
o
a
d
(
k
N
)
Initial performance
Hot-cold repetition
Exposure for 3 months
-100
-80
-60
-40
-20
0
20
40
60
80
100
-0.1 -0.05 0 0.05 0.1
B
e
n
d
i
n
g

m
o
m
e
n
t

M

(
k
N
m
)
Rotation angle (rad)
FRP Reinforced
FRP Non-reinforced

=12

1005057.5mm
t=9mm
=12

Site fabrication
Factory construction
12118
10.9TM14*45
12118
1005057.5
E105-F300
120360
1500 120
3
6
0
2
0
0
0
1
0
0
3
6
0
360
2
0
0
0
30
3
0
7
5
7
5
7
5
7
5
3
0
30 75 75 75 75 30
3
0
4
0
3
0
E105-F300
120360
15
10mm360410
10
E105-F300
120360
E105-F300
120360
12118
10.9TM14*45
10mm360410
10mm360410
12
18 18 18 18
M16 M16
50 200 320 320 360 200 50
18 18 18 18
1500
50 200 320 360 320 200 50
3
0
6
0
3
0
1
2
0
1
0
4
1
0
4
1
0

FRP

FRP
E105-F300
120360
1500 120
3
6
0
2
0
0
0
1
0
0
3
6
0
360
2
0
0
0
30
360
E105-F300
120360
10
E105-F300
120360
E105-F300
120360
GUD12

50 200 1000 200 50

18 18 18 18
1500
50 200 320 360 320 200 50
3
0
6
0
3
0
1
2
0
1
0
4
1
0
4
1
0
GUD12

GUD12

GUD12

150 150
5
1
0
360
9
7
0
5
1
0
3
6
0
9
7
0
660
2
8
0
2
8
0
80 100 100 80 80 100 100 80
11mm
11mm
12118
10.9TM14*45
12118
1005057.5
E105-F300
120360
1500 120
3
6
0
2
0
0
0
1
0
0
3
6
0
360
2
0
0
0
30
3
0
7
5
7
5
7
5
7
5
3
0
30 75 75 75 75 30
3
0
4
0
3
0
E105-F300
120360
15
10mm360410
10
E105-F300
120360
E105-F300
120360
12118
10.9TM14*45
10mm360410
10mm360410
12
18 18 18 18
M16 M16
50 200 320 320 360 200 50
18 18 18 18
1500
50 200 320 360 320 200 50
3
0
6
0
3
0
1
2
0
1
0
4
1
0
4
1
0

FRP

FRP
E105-F300
120360
1500 120
3
6
0
2
0
0
0
1
0
0
3
6
0
360
2
0
0
0
30
360
E105-F300
120360
10
E105-F300
120360
E105-F300
120360
GUD12

50 200 1000 200 50

18 18 18 18
1500
50 200 320 360 320 200 50
3
0
6
0
3
0
1
2
0
1
0
4
1
0
4
1
0
GUD12

GUD12

GUD12

150 150
5
1
0
360
9
7
0
5
1
0
3
6
0
9
7
0
660
2
8
0
2
8
0
80 100 100 80 80 100 100 80
11mm
11mm

Model A
(FRP Non-reinforced)
Model B
(FRP reinforced)
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World Conference on Timber Engineering
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15 - 19 July 2012
Characteristic values Model A Model B
Yield rotation angle

y
(rad)
0.0266 0.0093
2/3M
max

(kNm)
57.4 58.4
Ultimate moment
M
u
(kNm)
78.5 82.4
Ultimate angle

u
(rad)
0.105 0.089
Stiffness
R (kNm/rad)
1947 3779
Ductility factor

2.59 4.10
Structural characteristics factor
D
s

0.489 0.373

Ultimate situation for Model A and B are shown in
Photo 4 - Photo 5. And, Photo 6 shows the detailed
destruction of the joint steel plate for Model A. The
fracture pattern was the steel plate edge rupture. Photo
7 shows the damage situation of the FRP (Model B). It
is shown that the FRP resists for the bending.


Photo 4: Ultimate situation for Model A


Photo 5: Ultimate situation for Model B


Photo 6: Destruction for Model A


Photo 7: The damage situation of the FRP (Model B)

5 CONCLUSIONS
In this study, the basic experimental tests which the
degradation accelerated test for temperature, outdoor
weather tests were carried out to grasps durability
performance. Then, the verification experiment was
carried out for the joint element specimens of the large
section wood.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
This work was supported by JSPS KAKENHI 23686080.

REFERENCES
[1] Julio F. Davalos, Youngchan Kim, Ever J. Barbero :
A layerwise beam element for analysis of frames
with laminated sections and flexible joints, Finite
Elements in Anslysis and Design 19, pp.181-194,
1995
[2] Architectural Institute of Japan : Design Manual for
Engineered Timber Joints. Maruzen, 2009.(In
Japanese)
[3] Architectural Institute of Japan : Fundamental
Theory of Timber Engineering. Maruzen, 2009.(In
Japanese)

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