Development of A Malaysian Anthropometric Database PDF

World Engineering Congress 2010, 2
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5
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August 2010, Kuching, Sarawak, Malaysia
Conference on Manufacturing Technology and Management
CMTM49
DEVELOPMENT OF A MALAYSIAN ANTHROPOMETRIC DATABASE

Darliana Mohamad, Baba Md Deros, Ahmad Rasdan Ismail, Dian Darina Indah Daruis
Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering
Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment
Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia
Email: darliana@eng.ukm.my

ABSTRACT
Human being plays an important role in the functioning of socioeconomic system such as in developing
equipment, machinery, workstation, and objects. The most important criteria which have been suggested in
ergonomic were the system must fit anthropometrically, comfortable and safe to use. Therefore the designer
must ensure those important criteria such as the anthropometric data were applied before the system could be
use by the user. Several literatures were presented in this paper to show the importance of incorporating
anthropometric concern in designing processes. Eventhough the importance of anthropometric database is
recognised, a published anthropometric database for Malaysian population is still not available. This paper
presents a summarized data of a Malaysian population anthropometric study. The objective of the study was to
develop an anthropometric database for Malaysian population. The study was conducted using anthropometric
data of 1,007 Malaysian consisting of 516 males and 491 females. The equipments used in this study were
measuring tools comprised of Human Body Measuring Kit and Anthropometer for body dimension
measurements. A total of 40 anthropometric dimensions were measured in this study. The data collection was
for both standing and sitting postures. The database comprised of the important values such as the mean and the
standard deviation, the 5
th
and 95
th
percentile. The study had successfully produced a detailed and
comprehensive anthropometric database for Malaysian population which can be used in the future by all
designer and engineers in designing process.

Keywords: ergonomics, anthropometry, human-machine, design.

INTRODUCTION
Ergonomic is one of the important factors that need to be considered in the design process. As mentioned by [1],
the importance of safety and ergonomic had grown significantly. During the past decade, researches in
ergonomics had led to heightened interest in the technology of work and furniture design based on biomechanics
of the human body. These researches were focused on the development of new principles for the design of
chairs and desks in the workplace [2].
The branch of ergonomics that deals with human variability in size, shape and strength is called
anthropometry. Anthropometry refers to the measurement of humans. Anthropometry has been considered as the
very basic core of ergonomics in an attempt to resolve the dilemma of fitting people to machine [3]. Bridger
[4] and Chou & Hsiao [5] believed anthropometry is a research area in ergonomics dealing with the
measurement of human body dimensions and certain physical characteristics. Anthropometric data can be used
in ergonomics to specify the physical dimensions of workspaces, workstations, and equipment as well as applied
to product design.
As mentioned in the abstract section, the objective of this study was to develop an anthropometric
database for Malaysian population. The aim was to assist the designer and engineers in incorporating
anthropometric features in their design process.

LITERATURE REVIEW
The roots of modern anthropometry beginning can be traced back to the initiative taken by the Belgian
statistician Adolphe Quetelet in the middle of the 19th century [6]. Adolphe Quetelet has used the word
Anthropometric in his book entitled Anthropometrie. The word Anthropometric is also derived from the
Greek word anthropos, which means human, and metros, which means measure [6].
By the end of the 19th century, anthropometry was a widely applied scientific principle. Today,
engineers have become highly interested in the application of anthropometric and biomechanics information,
especially to the design of equipment and the arrangement of workstations [7].
Anthropometry consists of the measurement of body characteristics such as reach, body segment length
and circumferences, widths, and heights, among others. This information can be used to inform the design of
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tools, equipment, workstations and clothes. Appropriate use of anthropometry in design may improve well-
being, health, comfort, and safety [8].
Figure 1 is the drawing figure of anthropometric body measurement from Panero & Zelnik [9].
Anthropometric data measurement collection is done while in sitting or standing position according to the
measurement variables required.

Figure 1: Anthropometric body measurement
Source: Panero & Zelnik (1979)

A wide variety of factors influence human body dimension. Ethnic diversity is always a significant factor that
may affect the anthropometric data and the scopes of its application [10]. Industries need data on racial
differences to meet the needs of their customers [11].
It was suggested that the variations of body dimensions of different groups can be observed in terms of
overall body size and bodily proportions [12]. The mean anthropometric dimensions, for example stature and
sitting height, are the most typical distinctions among ethnic groups. Another significant ethnic difference lies in
the ratios of body dimensions, i.e. bodily proportions. The bodily proportion is a scaling relation calculated with
a ratio of one body dimension to a specific reference dimension.
There are several studies done by past researchers in constructing anthropometric database. According
to Barroso et al. [13], the data collected will serve as a basis for the design of industrial tools, equipment and
clothing. In addition, the data constitutes an essential element for the ergonomic design of workplaces.
Wang et al. [3] has constructed a static and dynamic anthropometric database for local workers, for use
by designers and engineers. The database consists of data for 266 static-body dimensions and 42 dynamic ranges
of motion. It is expected that the data can be used by designers and engineers to create ergonomically designed
equipment, devices, and work environment for local workers, thereby ensuring a safe work environment.
A Chinese anthropometric database was developed as a Chinese national standard of human
dimensions for adults. The database involves 47 anthropometric dimensions measured from 11,164 males with
ages ranging from 18 to 60 years old and from 11,150 females with age ranging from 18 to 55 years old [14].
A study conducted by [15] had come out with the Japanese anthropometric database which includes
178 anthropometric items from more than 34,000 people with age ranging from 7 to 90 years old. For the adult
population, this database includes 12,100 males and 8600 females with age ranging from 18-59 years old [10].
Concurrently, Lee [16] has also put up a Korean anthropometric database that includes 120 dimensions
from 2090 males and 2014 females with age ranging from 18 to 59 years old. Barroso et al. [13] had conducted
a study of the development of a procedure for data acquisition of an anthropometric database for Portuguese
adult workers. Eight hundred and ninety-one individuals were measured which includes of 399 female and 492
males with ages ranging from 17 to 65 years old. This database includes of 24 static anthropometric
measurements.
To create an ergonomics product, anthropometry is playing a main role in the design development.
Appropriate use of anthropometry in product design may improve well-being, health, comfort, and safety of
human as the user [17].
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In Korea, the development of a prototype of an adjustable table and an adjustable chair for educational
institutions was conducted by Jung [18].
Gouvali & Boudolos [19] did the study to examine whether school furniture dimensions match
childrens anthropometry.
A study by Kabir & Ahmed [20] had applied anthropometry conscious in the design of work surface.
Work surface height is simply the height of upper surface of table, bench, desk, and counter measured from the
floor. If the work surface is too low, the back may be bending too far. And if it is too high, the shoulder must
rise above their relaxed posture, which caused shoulder and neck discomfort.
For the computer product, innovation of keyboard is attempted to make more ergonomic computer
product. Newest adjustable keyboard design enables users to set it to their desire position. This will help to
reduce the muscle activities in the hand, arms, and wrist area, therefore decreasing the stresses placed on the
tendon and joints [21].

MATERIALS AND METHODS
The study involved 1,007 Malaysian citizens who include 516 males and 491 females participants. As quoted
by Bridger [22], the World Health Organization (1995) recommends that if anthropometric data are to be used
as reference standards, a minimum sample size of 200 individuals is needed. The participants ages varied
between 15 - 80 years old. The range of participants for collecting the anthropometric data comes from all ages
to fit the 95th percentile of Malaysian citizens. The participants involved are gathered from all 14 states of
Malaysia. The percentage values of the participants collected in this study are 71.7% Malays, 14.9% Chinese,
13.1% Indians and others 0.3%. According to the Department of Statistics [23], Malaysian population
comprised of Malays 65.1%, Chinese 26% and Indians 7.7%. Pheasant [24] suggested that percentile values are
unlikely to be affected if the minority is less than 30% of the total.
A total of 40 anthropometric dimensions were measured in this study. The list of the anthropometric
dimensions is shown in Table 1. All anthropometric data collected were based on MS ISO 7250 (2003) standard
[25]. The equipment used in this study comprised of the anthropometric measuring tools such as the Human
Body Measuring Kit and Anthropometer. It is a well known fact that the use of computerized mechanism may
produce more accurate results [26], however it lacks in terms of flexibility, mobility and very costly.
The dimensions measured were recorded in a form. The form includes some personal information such
as age, sex, race, state of origin, date of birth, religion and occupation. Participants are required to fill in their
personal information before the measurement process started. This form also provides spaces for the entire 40
dimensions measured data to be recorded. An exact measurement location of human figure is also shown in the
form. This is important in ensuring the measurement process for all participants are done correctly and
accurately to minimize error in data collection. Later, the data that had been collected was analyzed using
Microsoft Excel to calculate the mean and standard deviation values. In addition to the mean and standard
deviation, the 5th and 95th percentile values of the data were also calculated.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The results obtained from the anthropometric database collection of 1,007 Malaysian citizens in this study are
shown in Table 1 below. The anthropometric data has been summarized to the mean value, standard deviation
value, and the 5
th
and 95
th
percentile value.

Table 1: Anthropometric data for the overall Malaysian citizen, all units are in mm
No Anthropometric Dimensions Mean SD 5th Percentile 95th Percentile
1 Stature 1565.00 59.58 1466.69 1663.31
2 Eyes Height 1451.15 100.52 1285.29 1617.01
3 Shoulder Height 1288.09 105.54 1113.96 1462.23
4 Elbow Height 984.44 95.69 826.55 1142.34
5 Olectron Height 995.95 72.60 876.16 1115.73
6 Waist Height 959.27 371.37 346.52 1572.03
7 Knee Height 436.81 59.36 338.87 534.76
8 Shoulder Breadth 438.97 55.88 346.77 531.17
9 Chest Breadth 317.82 50.80 234.00 401.64
10 Chest Depth 215.06 48.28 135.40 294.72
11 Hip Breadth 378.34 70.98 261.22 495.45
12 Chest Circumference 843.74 132.42 625.24 1062.24
13 Wrist Circumference 160.86 84.17 21.98 299.75
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14 Waist Circumference 751.30 127.98 540.14 962.47
15 Thigh Circumference 504.72 74.16 382.36 627.09
16 Calf Circumference 345.93 48.41 266.05 425.81
17 Sitting Height 792.86 76.20 667.12 918.59
18 Sitting Eyes Height 679.08 72.69 559.14 799.01
19 Sitting Shoulder Height 515.84 62.66 412.45 619.23
20 Popliteal Height 424.80 42.68 354.38 495.21
21 Cervicale Height 597.42 76.39 471.38 723.46
22 Buttock Popliteal Length 448.60 48.93 367.87 529.33
23 Buttock-Foot Length 940.35 96.04 781.89 1098.81
24 Sitting Knee Height 470.36 65.94 361.56 579.15
25 Forearm Hand Length 421.53 33.05 366.99 476.06
26 Shoulder-Elbow Length 340.51 50.62 256.99 424.03
27 Sitting Elbow Height 224.66 56.82 130.91 318.41
28 Thigh Clearance 196.62 49.82 114.41 278.83
29 Hand Length 173.37 15.24 148.22 198.52
30 Hand Metacarpal Breadth 79.40 32.49 25.79 133.00
31 Palm Length 97.52 40.40 30.87 164.17
32 Grip Diameter 48.56 15.79 22.52 74.61
33 Foot Length 225.68 26.76 181.52 269.83
34 Foot Breadth 101.90 65.10 -5.52 209.31
35 Shoulder Grip Length 651.03 56.17 558.36 743.71
36 Weight 60.40 52.41 -26.07 146.88
37 Head Length 194.94 33.67 139.38 250.49
38 Biacromial Breadth 365.46 53.27 277.55 453.36
39 Crotch Height 789.30 105.02 616.02 962.59
40 Upper Arm Length 325.55 50.86 241.63 409.47

From Table 1, it is shown that the average stature of Malaysian citizen is 1565.00mm with 90 percent of stature
lies between 1466.69mm and 1663.31mm. The anthropometric database from Table 1 can be used for all various
design purposes. For example, the value of 5th percentile and 95th percentile of standing elbow height for
Malaysian population is 826.55mm and 1142.34mm. This means that if the designers need to construct an
ergonomic standing workstation, the height of the workstation table between 826.55mm and 1142.34mm should
be able to fulfil the height of 90 percent Malaysian population. For further understanding, a basic normal
distribution graph is shows in Figure 2 with clear description on the 90% of distribution.

Figure 2: The Normal distribution graph

For example, the standard deviation value for hip breadth is 70.98. Figure 3 shows that variation in term of hip
breadth for Malaysian citizen is high. It can be seen in Figure 3 that the distribution is quite normal. Therefore, it
can be summarized that 90 percent of the Malaysian citizen hip breadth lies between 261.22mm and 495.45mm.

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Figure 3: Normal distribution graphs for hip breadth of Malaysian citizen

The value of the sitting eye height is also important and can be used to determine the proper height of a
computer screen at workplace that is suitable for Malaysian citizens. Figure 4 shows the normal distribution
histogram for sitting eye height.

Figure 4: Normal distribution graphs for sitting eye height of Malaysian citizen

The average value of sitting eye height for Malaysian citizen is 679.08mm with a slightly higher variation of
72.69. The graph distribution is normal with 90 percent of Malaysian citizen sitting eye height value is between
559.14mm and 799.01mm.

Comparison between Male and Female Anthropometric Data for Malaysian Citizen
Besides the overall data analysis of all the participants, the authors had also categorized the anthropometric data
into male and female categories for easy reference as shown in Table 2 and Table 3.

Table 2: Anthropometric Data for Male Malaysian citizen, all units are in mm
No Anthropometric data Mean SD 5th Percentile 95th Percentile
1 Stature 1686.18 67.73 1574.43 1797.930723
2 Eyes Height 1569.23 68.34 1456.47 1681.981778
3 Shoulder Height 1388.39 66.53 1278.61 1498.157995
4 Elbow Height 1056.66 87.00 913.12 1200.20769
5 Olectron Height 1053.23 87.51 908.84 1197.63083
6 Waist Height 984.49 92.99 831.05 1137.927488
7 Knee Height 485.59 50.65 402.02 569.1504867
9 Chest Breadth 354.64 50.84 270.75 438.5285778
10 Chest Depth 217.58 43.59 145.66 289.5055847
11 Hip Breadth 375.39 68.67 262.09 488.6996462
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17 Sitting Height 846.68 66.27 737.34 956.0271875
28 Thigh Clearance 183.19 45.25 108.53 257.8432424
29 Hand Length 192.03 54.74 101.72 282.3425713
31 Palm Length 109.02 38.71 45.15 172.892045
32 Grip Diameter 54.89 32.24 1.70 108.0816501
33 Foot Length 252.72 21.83 216.70 288.7428147
34 Foot Breadth 105.34 11.20 86.87 123.8135077
36 Weight 66.64 36.26 6.81 126.4685173
37 Head Length 203.89 27.61 158.34 249.4433909
39 Crotch Height 841.92 127.18 632.07 1051.771895
40 Upper Arm Length 345.22 45.37 270.36 420.0915956

Table 3: Anthropometric Data for Female Malaysian citizen, all units are in mm
No Anthropometric data Mean SD 5th Percentile 95th Percentile
1 Stature 1565.00 59.58 1466.69 1663.306361
2 Eyes Height 1451.15 100.52 1285.29 1617.005061
3 Shoulder Height 1288.09 105.54 1113.96 1462.232143
4 Elbow Height 984.44 95.69 826.55 1142.337836
5 Olectron Height 995.95 72.60 876.16 1115.732915
6 Waist Height 959.27 371.37 346.52 1572.028264
7 Knee Height 436.81 59.36 338.87 534.7604704
9 Chest Breadth 317.82 50.80 234.00 401.6392303
10 Chest Depth 215.06 48.28 135.40 294.7246655
11 Hip Breadth 378.34 70.98 261.22 495.452831
17 Sitting Height 792.86 76.20 667.12 918.5902558
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28 Thigh Clearance 196.62 49.82 114.41 278.833819
29 Hand Length 173.37 15.24 148.22 198.5203453
31 Palm Length 97.52 40.40 30.87 164.1738256
32 Grip Diameter 48.56 15.79 22.52 74.60982179
33 Foot Length 225.68 26.76 181.52 269.8291851
34 Foot Breadth 101.90 65.10 -5.52 209.3125445
36 Weight 60.40 52.41 -26.07 146.8760085
37 Head Length 194.94 33.67 139.38 250.4939629
39 Crotch Height 789.30 105.02 616.02 962.5868845
40 Upper Arm Length 325.55 50.86 241.63 409.4722805

From Table 2 and Table 3, they are several major differences in terms of the 40 dimension values. The value for
stature, sitting height and sitting eye height are higher for males compared to females Malaysian citizen. These
values are acceptable because normally men are taller than women.
Meanwhile, the value for thigh clearance of females is larger compared to males. Figure 5 and Figure 6
shows clearly the differences in values of thigh clearance between males and females. This data shows that
female have larger thigh than men which can be explained by the fact that a female pelvis bone is slightly wider
than men for reproduction purpose. Dlugos [27] explained that the female pelvis is more widely separated
causing a widening of the hips with respect to the male.

Figure 5: Normal distribution graphs for thigh clearance of Male Malaysian citizens

Figure 6: Normal distribution graphs for thigh clearance of Female Malaysian citizens

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Comparison of Anthropometric Data between Other Regions

The average data for male and females of different region in the world are listed in Table 4. Three commonly
used anthropometric dimensions were selected for the purpose of comparison. All anthropometric data presented
exclude Malaysian are collected from several past studies by Juergens et al. [28], Lin et al. [10] and Barroso et
al. [13]. The empty data cells are due to data being unavailable for certain region.

Table 4: Average Anthropometric Data for Several Regions in the World, units are in mm
Male Female

Stature Sitting Height Sitting Knee
Height
Stature Sitting Height Sitting Knee
Height
Malaysian 1686 847 514 1565 793 470
North American 1790 930 550 1650 880 500
Portuguese 1690 920 NA 1565 865 NA
North African 1690 870 535 1610 840 505
South Indian 1620 820 510 1500 800 470
Australian 1770 930 570 1670 880 525
Japanese 1690 909 NA 1569 850 NA
Taiwanese 1699 907 523 1573 848 472
Chinese 1678 908 493 1570 855 458
Korean 1707 921 508 1588 866 470
Source: Juergens et al. (1990), Lin et al. (2004), Barroso et al. (2005)

From Table 4, it can be seen that the average value of all anthropometric dimension listed for North American
and Australian are the highest. This is maybe due to both region are Caucasian population.
As for the Asian regions that are Malaysian, Japanese, Taiwanese, Chinese and Korean shows that the
Korean population stature and sitting height value for both male and female data are the highest among all.
While for the sitting knee height dimension, the Taiwanese population obtain the highest value. These shown
that there are differences in the anthropometric data eventhough all five regions are from Asian population.

CONCLUSIONS
Anthropometry is the measurement of human body dimensions. As shown in this paper, anthropometric data are
widely used to eliminate or minimize mismatch between workers and their working environments. The proper
matching of machine requirements with the human capabilities is basically necessary for optimum performance
of any human-machine systems. As shown in the literature, it is important that each different ethnic should have
their anthropometric database in order to ensure compatibility. A proper and detailed anthropometric database of
Malaysian population is successfully constructed in this study. The anthropometric data collected in this study
shows that 90 percent stature values for Malaysian citizen lies between 1466.69mm and 1663.31mm. This
anthropometric database is practical to be use by all designer and engineers in developing an ergonomic product,
workstation or facilities. As a result, all designers need to incorporate the anthropometry awareness into their
design to avoid long term health problem to the user and also to ensure their comfort and safety.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The authors would like to thank the Ministry of Science Technology and Innovation (MOSTI) Malaysia and
Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia for their support in providing the research grant for the project entitled
Establishment of Malaysian anthropometric data for the design and development of safe and comfortable
driver seat for road vehicles (Science Fund 03-01-02-SF0073).

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