Climate Change Adaptation in the Perspectives of Food and Energy Crisis and

Environmental Degradation for Food Sovereignty in Indonesia

1
By Rahim Darma
2
, Rahmadanih
3
, and Nixia A. Tenriawaru
4
Abstract
Popuation !rowth, economic !rowth, and socia "actors ha#e been identi"ied as the main in"uentia "actors o"
the "ood crisis ener!y
and cimate chan!es.
$oca "ood de#eopment
and "ood
industriai%ation mo#ement is the approaches to o#ercome "ood and ener!y crisis as we as to reduce
the &'& emissions. Promotin! "ood industriai%ation "or "ood so#erei!nty is a strate!ic e""orts "or the
#unerabiity in a!ricutura sector. The consumption o" "ossi "ue continues to rise due to the increased use
o" #ehices and eectrica ener!y dri#en by "ue and eectricity price subsidies which !enerate !reenhouse e""ect
and cimate chan!e as we. (ossi "ue subsidy amountin! to )* percent o" tota !o#ernment spendin! was
mosty or about +4 percent o" tota subsidies en,oyed by 4- percent o" hi!h e#e income o" "ossi "ue
consumers. Approximatey )- percent o" richest "ue consumers consumed neary 4- percent o" the tota
subsidi%ed "ue. .n contrast, ess than ) percent o" the tota subsidi%ed "ue used by the poor. There was
about 3- percent o" the "ue consumed is not e""icient because o" con!estion on roads due to the increasin!
number o" #ehices, dama!ed roads, and urbani%ation. .t has been caimed that the use o" use o" ener!y
subsidy has inter"ered pro!rams o" aternati#e ener!y di#ersi"ication and renewabe ener!y
in#estments. There"ore, the "ossi "ues subsidies shoud be remo#ed and trans"erred to "ood subsidies to
encoura!e the increase o" oca "ood production that wi support di#ersi"ication and "ood so#erei!nty.
Keywords: food industrialization, local food development, climate change, and green house
emission
I Introd!ction
/imate chan!e or irre!uar season #ariation woud a""ect to the chan!e o" a!ricutura ecosystem and
human i"e, especiay peope in de#eopin! countries with the ac0 condition o" socio1economic and hi!hy
dependent on the a!ricutura sector.
1 Paper is presented in International Seminar on Enhancing small-holders capacity towards food security and climate change adaptation in Southeast
Asia, first conference of Regional SEARCA Fellow and Alumni, 4-5 Decemer !"#$ %ientiane, &ao PDR' ()e paper is parts of researc)es founded
* +aster Pan of ,ational Priorit* for t)e Acceleration and E-tension of Indonesian Economic De.elopment'
2
Professor in Agricultural Economics, Faculty of Agriculture, Hasanuddin University, Indonesia, email:rdarma@unas.ac.id
!
"enior #ecturer in $ommunity %utrition, Faculty of Agriculture, Hasanuddin University, Indonesia, email:ramadani.sose&@yaoo. com
'
#ecturer in Agricultural Economics, Faculty of Agriculture, Hasanuddin University, Indonesia, email:ni(ia)gany@yaoo.com
*
2ne o" the cimate chan!e causes
therma radiation "rom the sur"ace o" atmosphere dispersed bac0 into a directions due to !as e#es in the
atmosphere are increasin! and causin! !oba warmin!. The use o" "ossi "ues produces carbon dioxide 3/224,
nitro!en oxides 3N2x4, and su"ur dioxide 35224, which causes air poution and !reen house !as e#es in the
atmosphere resut in !oba warmin!. Part o" N2x, 522, and /22 emissions are emitted "rom the burnin! o"
"ossi "ues. .n addition, emissions o" methane are deri#ed "rom unburned natura !as that cause !oba warmin!.
.ndonesia has a si!ni"icant e#e o" !reenhouse !as 3&'&4 emissions resutin! "rom the combustion o" "ossi "ue
consumption 3Burniaux and /hateau 2-))4 which the ar!est contribution o" "ossi "ue consumption is comin!
"rom eectric power and transportation 36och, et a 2-)-4.
is the e""ect o" !reenhouse !ases when the
Based on these issues, oca "ood di#ersi"ication is an approach "ocused on e""orts to o#ercome "ood and
ener!y crisis as we as to reduce &'& emission. .mpementation o" the poicy is expected to be a strate!y to
contro urban en#ironmenta probems ori!inatin! "rom the transportation sector, to reduce "ossi "ue
consumption by increase ener!y resource aternati#e, con#ert "ue subsidies to oca "ood production, and
de#eop "ood industriai%ation to promote "ood so#erei!nty as a cimate chan!e adaption "or the #unerabiity in
a!ricutura sector.
Climate Changes Adaptation and Socio Economic Factors
There are three in"uentia "actors ha#e been identi"ied as the main "actor o" the cimate chan!es adaption that
are popuation !rowth, in which ha#e contributed to &'& emissions. The three "actors a""ect "ood1ener!y crisis
were anay%ed in which ha#e contributed to &'& emissions. The dominant in"uentia "actor can be identi"ied as
eements o" a system, i" one o" them is chan!ed, it wi resut in a si!ni"icant impact on other eements o" the
system that utimatey chan!e the
structure o" the o#era system 37arten,2--84.
By usin! 7arten "ramewor0 and
anay%in! the interreated "actors to reduce the &'& emissions,
/imate chan!e natura resource
adaptation on "ood di#ersi"ication
"or "ood so#erei!nty,
conser#ation, and en#ironmenta preser#ation coud be described.
Population Growth
The probem o" popuation !rowth is to ed the urbani%ation dri#en by urban
industria a!!omeration, urbani%ation and the increasin! number o" #ehices causin! tra""ic con!estion in amost
a ma,or cities and metropoitan cities in .ndonesia. 'i!h e#es o" con!estion in urban encoura!es ine""icient
"ossi "ue consumption, so "ue use increased by about 3- per cent o" norma use due to con!estion that occurs
in urban areas. As a e#era!e point, the popuation !rowth coud be measured as 9the structure o" materia stoc0s
and "ows and intersection nodes9 which is described by 7eadows as a tenth "rom twe#e based its e""iciency.
7eadows 3)***4 aso states
1
that this system may ha#e enormous e""ect on operations, but it may be di""icut to
chan!e.
The pro,ection o" the tota popuation o" .ndonesia wi aways increase in the next 28 years, "rom 2-8.)
miion in 2--- to 24-,) miion in 2-)- and 2:3.) miion in year 2-28. Despite o" popuation, the a#era!e
.ndonesian popuation !rowth wi decrease durin! 2---12-28 year period. Popuation !rows at ).4*; per year
in )**-12--- period, then decines to ).33 percent per year in 2---12--8, and -,*2
percent per year in 2-2-12-28 3/entra Bureau o" 5tatistics .ndonesia, 2-)-4.
2ne o" the characteristics o" .ndonesian popuation is an une<ua !rowth between isands and
pro#inces. 7ost o" the .ndonesian popuation concentrates in western part o" .ndonesia, especiay in =a#a
.sand, e#en thou!h the tota and area is ess than : percent "rom the tota and area o" .ndonesia. The
.ndonesian popuation percenta!e that i#e in =a#a .sand is about >- percent in year 2-)- 3/entra Bureau o"
5tatistics .ndonesia, 2-))4. The imbaance "actor o" popuation density "ocused in =a#a and other bi! cities road
con!estion which ed to the consumption o" "ossi "ue and !reenhouse !as.
Economic Growth
?conomic !rowth and en#ironmenta preser#ation e""orts is a trade off as the
use o" "ossi "ues continues to rise in tri!!erin! the economic !rowth and cimate chan!e and en#ironmenta
de!radation. The use o" bio1ener!y by industriai%ed countries can indeed reduce the consumption o" "ossi
ener!y, but due to bio1ener!y part is obtained throu!h the con#ersion o" "ood. Thus it has a""ected the suppy
and price o" "ood. Bra%i, the ar!est su!ar producer in the word, has de#eoped a su!arcane1based industries
whose products can be su!ar and ethano bio"ues with competiti#e "ossi oi prices, which is about the @.5. A
3-14-Bbarre 35chmidhuber,
2-->C 7uer et a, 2--:4.
The increase o" su!ar prices in Bra%i had !i#en in"uence o" prices in the word mar0et. As a resut, this
encoura!es "armers in other countries to increase su!ar production and reduce production o" other crops
37Der, 2-->4. This picture shows that the rise in oi prices wi push up prices o" "ood and other a!ricutura
products. .n addition, ener!y shorta!es can be a threat, but it can aso be an opportunity to increase "ood
production 3Darma, 2-)24.
"he Socio Economic Constraints
Athou!h de#eopin! countries ha#e a !reat potentia "or renewabe ener!y
accountin! "or )8; o" tota word utii%ation o" renewabe ener!y, the use o" modern renewabe ener!y
technoo!ies currenty more widey is used in industriai%ed countries with a percenta!e o" +8 3;4. $aumanns
and Reiche 32--44 mention some o" the main obstaces in the utii%ation o" renewabe ener!y sources are
technoo!y, "inance, cuture, and 0nowed!e. The poor <uaity o" the technoo!y to produce renewabe ener!y by
some countries ed to "rustration amon! users. .ndonesia has experience o" pro,ect "aiure o" renewabe ener!y
sources The ow <uaity o" the
2
technoo!y to produce renewabe ener!y by some countries ed to "rustration amon! users. .ndonesia has
experience o" pro,ect "aiure o" renewabe ener!y sources utii%ation pro#ide a ne!ati#e portrait in the
community, industry and other users, so the enthusiasm to ta0e ad#anta!e o" renewabe ener!y technoo!ies so
"ar ha#e not
seen si!ni"icanty.
(inancia constraints are important "actors in the spread o" renewabe ener!y in de#eopin! countries.
Renewabe ener!y technoo!y prices are not competiti#e compared to the price o" non1renewabe ener!y
technoo!ies ed to the de#eopment o" renewabe ener!y technoo!ies tend to be sow and static. .n addition,
the import duty renewabe ener!y technoo!y and components cause sein! prices o" spare parts to be
expensi#e. 7oreo#er, renewabe ener!y technoo!y utii%ation scheme widey practiced in rura areas
predominanty ow income, so the purchase price
component o" renewabe ener!y technoo!y is not a community priority
.n .ndonesia, cuture aso has became a dominant "actor that a""ects the "ue consumption where motor
#ehice is a symbo o" socia status and we"are indicator, so most peope try to ha#e a motor #ehice, or pre"er
to use a pri#ate car. There"ore,
the proportion o" pri#ate cars and motorcyces are #ery ar!e.
The number o" pri#ate #ehices was *.8 miion units or )2.+> percent, >+.+ miion motorbi0e or +-.4>
percent, and pubic transportation in the "orm o" bus and truc0 respecti#ey 2.>3 percent and 8.:* percent o" the
tota #ehices in 2-)) 3/entra Bureau o" 5tatistics .ndonesia, 2-)24. The use o" persona #ehices has resuted
"rom the bene"it o" "ue price subsidies causin! the increase o" the &'& emissions.
?n#ironmenta aspects ha#e not been reco!ni%ed by the ma,ority o" the popuation in .ndonesia, so
that the ow price and <uaity o" "ues are more pre"erred to the peope e#en with hi!h carbon emissions.
Residents do not 0now the carbon emissions resutin! "rom the use o" "ue in any acti#ity done e#ery day, such
as the use o" some eectronic products and transportation.
Energy Cons!mption and #reen #as Emission
Trend o" ener!y consumption !rowin! phenomenon raises #arious socia,
economic and en#ironmenta probems. The "ue consumption o" .ndonesia rose o#er 3:4.>*) miion barres
"rom 2--3 to 2--> 3@5A.D report 2--:4. ?conomic !rowth and en#ironmenta preser#ation e""orts is a trade off
because the use o" "ossi "ues continues to rise not ony to tri!!er the economic !rowth o" a nation, but aso
ead to cimate chan!e and en#ironmenta de!radation. ?ner!y crisis in .ndonesia wi be more se#ere than that
"aced by the !oba word, because the nationa "ossi oi reser#es ,ust enou!h to )+ years into the "uture, whie
domestic consumption continued to increase with prediction o" approximatey >-; 1:-; o" domestic "ue needs.
This "act wi ma0e .ndonesia as the ar!est oi importer in Asia 3/hemiawan, 2-)-4.
(ossi ener!y use can increase !reen house !as emissions and cimate chan!e. The proportion o" air
poution caused by "ossi ener!y use about >-; o" the transportation sector, about 28; o" the
manu"acturin! industry sector, and the
!
remainin! )8; o" eectricity !eneration 3@5A.D, 2--:4. This condition wi be worse, because the consumption o"
"ossi "ues "or the transport sector is increasin! due to the !rowin! number o" #ehices and "ue prices which are
cheap and the owest in Asia because it is subsidi%ed by the !o#ernment. Accordin! to the /entra Bureau o"
5tatistics .ndonesia, o#er the ast )- years 32--212-))4, the number o" #ehices 3pubic transport, buses, truc0s,
and motorcyces4 increased dramaticay, "rom 2-.* miion units in 2--2 increased to +8.> miion units in 2-)),
an increase o" approximatey 3) percent. The most si!ni"icanty increase occurred on pri#ate #ehices in the
"orm o" passen!er cars and motorcyces. The number o" automobie went up "rom 3.4 miion units in 2--2 up to
*.8 miion units in 2-)). The motorcyces aso acceerated sharpy "rom )8.2 miion units in 2--) to >+ miion
units in 2-)) 3/entra Bureau o" 5tatistics .ndonesia, 2-)24. The pubic transport #ehices has aso increased
#ery hi!h, but sti ower than the pri#ate #ehices. A ar!e number o" #ehices are directy proportiona to the
amount o" the "ue consumption in .ndonesia and waste"u o" "ue consumption. .n 2-->, "ue consumption in
.ndonesia reached ).+4 miion barres per day 3bpd4, when compared with other countries that consume "ue
under ) miion bpd 3/ountry
Anaysis Brie"sE .ndonesia 2-->4.
The "ue demand has continued to increase due to the !rowth rate o" #ehices and "ue subsidies. The
!o#ernment has issued substantia "ue subsidies about )* percent to .ndonesiaFs tota expenditure in 2-)3
3/entra Bureau o" 5tatistics .ndonesia, 2-)34. ?ner!y subsidies encoura!e excessi#e consumption and reduce
incenti#es "or ener!y e""iciency. The "ossi "ue consumption wi certainy produce
excessi#e &'& emissions, air poution, and the depetion o" natura resources.
The increase o" "ue consumption tends to push to "ue subsidy. Based on data reeased by the
.ndonesian Transportation 5ociety, "ue consumption in 2-)- amounted to Rp)>8, 2 triion was aocated "or
pubic transportation ony about Rp 4,+ triion and !oods car accounted "or Rp > triion, meanwhie motorcyces
spent o#er Rp >4,3 triion and Rp +8 triion "or pri#ate cars. .n addition, "ue subsidies in 2-)2 was Rp234, 2
triion. (rom these "i!ures, pubic transport consumed ony Rp >,+ triion, Rp *,) triion "or "rei!ht cars, whie
pri#ate #ehices up to Rp 2)2 triion subsidy drain consistin! o" motorcyces ,ust o#er Rp *).2 triion and pri#ate
cars Rp
)2-, + triion 37inistry ?ner!y and Natura Resource o" .ndonesia4.
The #oume o" subsidi%ed "ue was set at 4- miion 0io iters in 2-)2, in "act, consumption reached 48.2
miion 0io iters due to ess success"u contro o" poices. The 2-)3 Nationa Bud!et has been set by the
!o#ernment ener!y subsidies expenditure amounted to Rp2:4.: biion with detais o" "ue subsidy Rp)*3.+
triion and eectricity subsidies Rp+-.* triion, with a #oume o" 4> miion 0io iters 37inistry ?ner!y and Natura
Resource o" .ndonesia4. &o#ernment issued a substantia bud!et "or "ue subsidies, amountin! to )* percent o"
the tota bud!et in 2-)3. 'owe#er, the subsidy mosty en,oyed by hi!h1income peope. Approximatey 4-
percent o" hi!h1income peope consume +4 percent o" subsidi%ed "ue, and the richest )- percent o" consumers
"ue consumed neary 4- percent o" the tota
'
subsidi%ed "ue. .n contrast, ess than ) percent o" the tota subsidi%ed "ue used by the poor 3Gord Ban0,
2-))4. Thus, the bene"its o" "ue subsidies are mosty en,oyed by hi!h1income !roups, whie the cost o"
subsidies to be borne by a tax1payers. As a resut, the "ue subsidies are re!ressi#e poicy, which ma0es the
poor pay more and recei#e smaer bene"its than hi!h1income peope. That is to say, reduction or eimination o"
"ue subsidies wi increase the prices o" "ue and !oods and in"ation, so it wi a""ect the purchasin! power o"
peope, especiay those i#in! beow the re!iona minimum wa!e. .n order to a#oid the ne!ati#e impact o"
subsidy remo#a and hi!h oi prices, the !o#ernment expenditure shoud be increased "or socia
sectors 3/ements et a., 2--:4.
Another "actor causes increase o" "ue consumption is the condition o" pubic road in"rastructure. Road
in"rastructure, pubic transport, and transportation system ma0e excessi#e "ue consumption about 3-;
3/entra Bureau o" 5tatistics .ndonesia, 2-)24. Nationay, tota inand #ehices are the predominant mode o"
transport in .ndonesia, accountin! "or :- percent o" tota "rei!ht ton and +2 percent o" passen!er. Today, the
tota cassi"ied road networ0 is reported to be o#er 4::,---. .t attracts 4- percent o" tota in"rastructure
spendin! and represents an asset #aue e<ui#aent to more than )8 percent o" .ndonesiaHs &DP. The !ood
<uaity o" road is about 28.** percent, and the rest is bad condition, this is condition due to +- percent o" the
tota road is authori%ed district e#e which has imited bud!et "or road
maintenance 3/ountry Anaysis Brie"sE .ndonesia 2-->4.
Iehice road in"rastructure and transport system are #ery bad, causin! peope tend to use a persona
#ehice. There are no a!e restrictions on the technica use o" #ehices in .ndonesia, the number o" #ehices
continues to increase with the proportion o" #ehices that produce hi!h carbon emissions continue to rise as
the number o" #ehices that more od a!e. This condition ma0es the "ue consumption continues to rise and
simutaneous y !enerate poutants that dama!e the en#ironment, especiay in urban areas. The situation
has became worse due to no re!uar emissions inspection and maintenance.
"he Development of Fossil F!el S!$stit!tion
(urthermore% eectricity demand has increased si!ni"icanty in .ndonesia in
recent years. The tota ener!y consumption o" .ndonesia increased approximatey 3--,)4: &Gh in )*+-,
>28,8-- &Gh in )**-, ),)23,*2+ &Gh in 2--- and ),4*-,+*2 &Gh in 2--* with an a#era!e increase o"
2.*; 35iiton!a et a, 2-))4. The eectricity !eneration accounts "or neary two1thirds o" the 2,-)- tota coa
saes. The demand "or coa wi increase two1"od as a resut o" the additiona capacity o" coa1"ired
!eneration by 2-)4 3?.A, 2-->a4. The capacity production and the a#aiabiity o" domestic coa is reati#ey
abundant. The amount o" coa is estimated 3>.3 biion tons o" reser#es, but 8-1+8; o" them are ow1<uaity
3?.A, 2-->b4. To !et a !ood coa, needs to be mixed with hi!h1<uaity coa import "rom se#era countries.
+
7oreo#er, the .ndonesian !o#ernment has encoura!ed to increase the use o" coa in the eectricity sector
as domestic suppy because it is reati#ey abundant and as a way to reduce the use o" expensi#e diese
and "ue oi. Athou!h coa consumption has !rown si!ni"icanty in the ast decade, most o" the coa
production has been exported. 2#er the ast decade, eectricity !enerator "rom coa !enerated approximatey
+>.>*; and approximatey )3.3); is !enerated by renewabe ener!y
such as hydropower and !eotherma by 2--* 3'asan, et a, 2-))4.
The .ndonesian !o#ernment has controed the price o" domestic oi products. 5o that the "ue prices are
ower than the word price with pro#idin! a subsidy. Beside that, the !o#ernment aso contros eectricty price
which is ower than the cost o" production by subsidisin! the nationa eectricity company. Throu!h ower "ue
and eectricity prices than the mar0et price has resuted in a hea#y reiance on the use o" "ue. The share o"
"ue in the ener!y mix is #ery dominant. This poicy aso has
hampered conser#ation pro!rams and ener!y di#ersi"ication.
The use o" "ue subsidies aso reduce the incenti#e to underta0e in#estments in ener!y sources and
ceaner technoo!ies by manipuatin! consumer prices o" "ossi "ues, so, that products are cheaper.
(urthermore, athou!h .ndonesia has abundant o" natura resources, the "ue subsidies hinder new disco#eries
in the production and suppy o" other eco1"riendy ener!ies, such as soar ener!y, bio"ue, natura, !eotherma,
so on. Accordin! to .nternationa ?ner!y A!ency, i" the .ndonesian !o#ernment eiminate the subsidies "or "ossi
"ue consumption between 2-)2 and 2-2-, it wi reduce !oba /22 emissions by as much as 8.+ percent,
compared to i" consumption continued as usua 3.?A 2-)-4. 7eanwhie, the 2?/D estimates that emission
reductions coud reach )- percent by 2-8- i" the same subsidies "or "ossi "ue consumption can be stopped by
2-2- 3.?A 2-)-4. The remo#a o" subsidies on "ossi "ues wi contribute to reduce &'& emissions without
ha#in! to impement a carbon tax or emissions tradin! system. Jusu", et. a 32-)-4 "ound that cuttin! "ue
subsidies wi reduce nationa /22 emissions e#e o"
spendin! as much as >.:) percent in 2-2-.
De#eopment o" bio "ues "rom "ood commodities is an aternati#e ener!y source, but the oca "ood
de#eopment su!!ested to be de#eoped based on a wide ran!e o" commodities and "ood products, instead o"
chan!in! the ener!y source. As "or the de#eopment o" bio "ue ener!y are ad#ised to use aternati#e sources o"
renewabe ener!y "rom non1"ood commodities a#aiabe in .ndonesia. Anticipation o" the ener!y crisis can be
done throu!h the de#eopment o" aternati#e ener!y sources such as bio!as, 5oar Power Pant , the use o"
micro1hydro technoo!y, and utii%ation o" aternati#e ener!y sources other. 'owe#er, the con#ersion o" "ood to
ener!y commodities bio "ues shoud be done care"uy, systematicay and !raduay so as not to disturb the
stabiity o" the nationa "ood.
Food Crisis
(ood and ener!y crisis are presenty serious threat bein! "aced by domestic
and word, due to increasin! demand, beyond "ood suppies and increase ener!y
,
resutin! in an increase in price o" these two commodities. The e""orts o" increase production presenty coud
potentiay ead to en#ironmenta de!radation, and the decine in biodi#ersity, because the principe o" F!reen
economyF has not been appied. (ood is a !oba probem since the *-s and a topic o" discussion in #arious
internationa "orums 3such as the .nternationa /on"erence o" Nutrition, the Gord (ood 5ummit in )**>4. 2ne
o" the important decisions is to produce "ood as a basic ri!ht, which each resident has the ri!ht to ade<uate "ood
and "reedom "rom hun!er 3(A2, )**>4, howe#er it emphasi%es on the a#aiabiity without re!ard to how to
meet, so the "ood suppy can be carried out throu!h ibera tradin! acti#ities. This condition ma0es the
internationa trade o" "ood as a #ery pro"itabe commodities. $ac0 o" contro by the state ed to #ery monopoy
"ood trade structure, so that *- per cent o" trade in "ood 3cereas4 are controed by ony "i#e muti1nationa
companies 37N/4. 5imiary, *- percent o" the seeds and a!ricutura inputs 3pesticides and herbicides4
mar0ets, and **.* percent o" &7 seeds controed by ony six 7N/s. Ghen the "ood crisis hit the word in
2--+, word trade !ained 881)+* percent o" "ood, 2)184 percent o" seed and herbicide, and )+>1)2--
percent o" "ertii%er compared to the pre#ious year 35antosa, 2--+4. This condition is the impact o" the #arious
a!reements o" internationa or!ani%ations 3GT2, (A2, G(P, etc.4 and re!iona cooperation 3A(TA, NA(TA,
??/, A?/, etc.4 that "ormuate the rues o" word trade in ad#erse de#eopin! countries to reduce state
supports in the a!ricutura sector as an increase mar0et access "or a!ricutura imports as we as
decrease a!ricutura export subsidies.
Phenomena occurred in .ndonesia is the <uite hi!h number o" poor peope and the increase o" #arious
types o" imported "oods. There"ore, i" the purpose o" de#eopment is sti oriented to the a#aiabiity o" "ood
production and consumption, then .ndonesia wi "ar behind other countries. Ghie "ood commodities ha#e
become a Kbee commoditiesL and e#en de#eoped 9"ood traps9 35aman, 2-)24 with the
#ictims o" state1"ood1importin! are dominated by de#eopin! countries.
.ndonesia, an a!ricutura and the most popuous countries, which #ision is "ood "u"iment se"1
su""iciency o" oca "ood 35aman, 2-)24, can be de#eoped as a hi!hy competiti#e with the !reat potentia in the
"orm o" oca "ood, cuture, technoo!y de#eopment, and iberai%ation o" "ood trade, a o" which encoura!e the
de#eopment o" .ndonesian "ood in the !oba era.
Based on this reaity, the concept o" "ood security is more pro"itabe "or de#eoped countries throu!h
trade iberai%ation, which the state is obi!ed to "u"i the ri!hts o" "ood "or its peope to ma0e "ood easiy traded.
Iarious pro!rams or mo#ements per"ormed in order to achie#e "ood security in .ndonesia, such as
househod "ood security, di#ersi"ication, de#eopment o" oca "ood, etc.. 'owe#er, a o" these concepts are #ery
sow impementation and become meanin!ess which was crushed by the stream o" trade iberai%ation.
/onse<uenty, the industriai%ation o" "ood in the country is not de#eopin! the competiti#eness o" the
a!ricutura and "ood is #ery wea0. .n "act, many "ood pro!rams tend reductionism that ed "armers dependent
externa input 3input commercia4, whie their "arm system is patterned
-
subsistence 3subsistence4, so the (armers Term o" Trade o" "ood is sti ow. .ndonesiaFs "ood security
index was ran0ed >4th out o" )-8 countries with a score beow 8- on a -1)-- score postscript which worse
compared with nei!hborin! countries such as 7aaysia, Iietnam, and the Phiippines. .ndonesia aso incudes
the !roup o" countries with serious "ood crisis with 7on!oia with indices ran!in!
"rom )-.- to )*.* 3'udori, 2-)34.
.ndonesia can be a "ood so#erei!n state throu!h the de#eopment o" a!ricuture, because
a!ricuture is a way o" i"e as we as cuture "or most "armers with a ot o" a#aiabe and that has not been
mana!ed optimay to its potentia. Based on BPN 3Nationa $and Board4 data, .ndonesia sti has about :.3
miion hectare a#aiabe #acant and that potentia "or a!ricutura acti#ities 36hudori, 2-)34. @tii%ation o" ide
and in addition to meet domestic "ood needs can aso reduce the number o" sma "armers, e#en with the
industriai%ation o" "ood can ma0e .ndonesia as an exporter o" "ood.
Food Ind!striali&ation as an Economic 'ovement
(ood shoud be de#eoped beyond the mere production and consumption or
mo#in! beyond the "ood and ser#e as a socia mo#ement as a topic discussed not ony by poiticians and
academicians, but aso a eements o" society. (ood .ndustriai%ation is an indicator o" the de#eopment
per"ormance, such as "ood product di#ersi"ication, increased #aue1added, en#ironmentay "riendy products,
ad#ances in processin! technoo!y, cuti#ation, mar0etin! system, empoyment
opportunities, and so on.
.ndustriai%ation o" "ood as an economic mo#er is the train o" di""erent types o" business acti#ities with a
#ariety o" products and ser#ices that !enerate #aue added and competiti#eness. .t creates the mutipier e""ects
o" income and empoyment, as we as stron! dri#ers o" economic de#eopment. (ood enterprises as industry
component are input1based industry, cuti#ation, har#estin!, processin!, mar0etin!, and support ser#ices
acti#ities. /oconut1based industries ha#e de#eoped in .ndonesia with o#er 28 0inds o" products which is sti
sma when compared with the Phiippines that has reached o#er )28 0inds o" products and aso dominate word
exports re"ined oi products 36ompas, 2--:4.
'ousehod scae su!arcane1based industry has started to be de#eoped in 5outh 5uawesi with the
compement o" appropriate technoo!y, such as the s<uee%e machine and ener!y e""icient o" sto#es. Peope can
cuti#ate su!ar cane to produce a #ariety o" products such as brown su!ar, pam su!ar, moasses, and wastes
as the input "or catte then resutin! meat, mi0, manure, or!anic "ertii%er , and bio!as 3Darma, at all, 2-)24.
.ndustriai%ation o" su!arcane is expected to produce a #ariety o" en#ironmenta "riendy products that demand is
increasin! in the modern era as import substitution or export commodities as we. There are many "ood
commodities coud aso support the de#eopment o" sma and medium scae enterprise 357?s4 as the main
payers o" "ood industry. 57?s as the bac0bone o" the economy o" .ndonesia as abor1intensi#e industry
pro#ides hu!e o"
.
empoyment and output
and absorbin! abor o" )-).:2 miion peope by contributin! 8:.*4 percent or bi!!er than bi! company counted
42.-> percent o" &DP 3'enin! , 2-)34 . 57?s aso pro#ed resistant to the economic crisis, e#en a i"esa#er
nationa economics at the time o" the economic crisis in .ndonesia in )**+ , incudin! the !oba economic crisis
that hit the de#eoped word in recent years.
The number o" 57?s in 2-)) approximatey 82.+ miion
(ocal Food Development for Food Sovereignty
Products with the speci"ic nature o" the ocaity become more competiti#e in
the !oba era with a #ery broad arena o" competition and #ery imited or amost no produced "rom other sites.
(ood and ener!y products with simiar products
speci"icBoca endowment are "ound in many sites in .ndonesia. because they are supported by a #ariety o"
endowment. .t is beie#ed that the de#eopment o" endowment owned by state is increasin!y pro#idin! the
bar!ainin! position in the !oba mar0et. &obai%ation shoud be understood as a chan!e o" in"ormation "rom
#ery expensi#e to be cheaper, whereas speci"ic product 3uni<ue4
become
increasin!y expensi#e, because o" the #ery "ew to a ot o" peope 0now the speci"ic
product as a resut o" in"ormation ser#ices. This condition is supported by
in"ormation and communication technoo!y 3./T4 $imited production with a ot o"
demand due to !obai%ation has the competiti#e ad#anta!e.
7any areas are de#eopin! more ad#anced and modern because they are abe to mana!e the oca
potentia. (or exampe the isand o" Bai is more widey 0nown in word community than .ndonesia. The
products o" Luwak co""ee and Kalosi Arabica /o""ee popuar and traditiona "east o" death o" Tora,a community
are #ery popuar than .ndonesia as the one o" ar!est producer o" cocoa in the word.
.n )*>-, the popuation o" .ndonesia is ess prosperous, or was considered poor i" their basic needs
met instead o" rice. This condition has chan!ed since the ate )*+-s a"ter .ndonesia became the importer o" rice
and aware that the nutrition o" baance is important, not predominanty o" carbohydrates ori!inatin! "rom rice,
so that the di#ersi"ication o" "ood be!an to be promoted. Two o" these circumstances ma0e the di#ersi"ication o"
"ood as one o" the issues o" a!ricutura de#eopment. This is #ery basic, the non rice1based stape "ood is a
traditiona stape "ood "or most .ndonesian peope, such as tubers, sa!o, banana and some cerea crops 3mainy
corn4, which is supported by the a#aiabiity o" anima protein, "resh water a<uatic, and the sea. This "ood is
a#aiabe ocay and it is traditionay !row as cuture commodity and which is not a""ected by cimate chan!e
i0e the el- nino and la-nino, incudin! the chan!e o" seasons, so "ood se"1su""iciency can be reai%ed. The #ery
basic "ood coud be easiy de#eoped as oca economic resources de#eopment as we as a ar!est part o"
a!ricutura de#eopment which coud be de#eoped as an oca unit "ood industry bet in rura area. Rura
de#eopment coud be done by se"1supportin! throu!h the stren!thenin! o" oca or!ani%ation "unction with a set
o" norms and supported by a#aiabe resources.
/
Concl!sion )emar*s
2ne o" the causes o" the increasin! o" &'? in .ndonesia is the consumption
o" "ossi "ues continues to increase aon! with the popuation and economic !rowth. Both o" these
de#eopments are encoura!ed to use transportation, especiay cars and motorcyces and power consumption
ener!y which encoura!e the increased1use o" "ossi "ues #ery sharpy o#er the ast decade. .ne""iciency in the
use o" "ue due to the "ue subsidies has increased the e#e o" con!estion in the city such as
urbani%ation, road conditions, ow <uaity, and ow "ue prices. The cheap "ue prices aso inhibits Kbue s0yL
en#ironmenta mo#ement and the con#ersion "rom "ossi "ues
to bio "ues.
(ood insecurity has threatened .ndonesia where #arious imported "ood products continue to
increase. As a resut, the di#ersi"ication e""orts are needed inB"or encoura!in! peope to return to non1rice oca
"ood eatin! that has hu!e potentia and resist to the cimate chan!e. .n addition, the de#eopin! o" bio"ues by
utii%in! ide and woud create empoyment, output, and simutaneousy reduce the !reenhouse e""ect. /imate
chan!e adaptation on "ood di#ersi"ication "or "ood
so#erei!nty in .ndonesia coud be encoura!ed throu!h
promotin! the "ood
industriai%ation and oca "ood mo#ement to encoura!e the preser#ation o" the en#ironment and
conser#ation o" natura resources.
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