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19

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20

csifwmuawmh NyD;cJhwmawGvnf; NyD;cJhNyD? rSm;cJhwmawGvnf; rSm;cJhNyD;


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pma&;q&mAkdvfxGef;Munf(rkH&Gm)a&;jyygrS 1988 rkH&Gm? rEav;?


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rxifbl;/
tck uGsefawmfodcsifwmu 'Dvdkyg/ (15) um;ayghaemf/
kyfSifoufwrf;uvnf; ESpfwpf&mjynfhawmhr,f/ odkYaomf (10)
um;? (15) um;uukd rwufawmhbl;ayghaemf/ t&ifwkef;u

Sdw,fqdk&if tJ'Dwpfaomif;u vote awGay;&rSm/ tJ'D vote


awGuvnf; ckeuvdk tem;uyfro
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ukdjrwfcdkifygr,f? uGsefawmfwkdYu nomination (5) um;yJay;vdkY
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uGsefawmf odEdkifrvm;/ rodEdkifbl;/ rodEdkifawmh nomination
'DvdkpmGufzGifhvkdufawmhrSyJ b,folqdkwmukd od&wm/ tck 'DrSm
usawmh tJ'v
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ayghaemf/ ukdZif0dkif;usef;rma&;twGuf tem;,loGm;wJh tcsdefrSm
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tu,f'rDyHkpH[m ajymif;vJoGm;Edkifvm;/

av;yg/ 'gav;u enf;aumif;yJ/ wpfcg wpfcgusawmh ckeuvdk


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uGsefawmfwYkd em,uqdw
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k y f S i f u m;wpf & mawG bmawG uG s ef a wmf w d k Y i ,f i ,f w k e f ; u


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rsdK;us&if 'Dum;ukd tu,f'rDbkwftzGJUu bmrSray;bl;qdk&if
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wm/ bmjzpfvdkYvJqdkawmh nDnDGwfGwfeJY wu,fwufwuf
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0ifpm;rIawGu enf;aewmukd;/ tJ'DvdktcsdefrsdK;jzpfaeawmh [dkrSm
vkyfwmu nomination owfrSwfvdkufw,f/ (5) um;/ tJ'Dvdk
(5) um;owfrSwfvdkufNyD;awmhrS tJ'D (5) um;xJu (1) um;ukd
aG;r,fq&kd if trsm;uaeaG;&rSm/ 'DtzGUJ tpnf;rSm vlwpfaomif;

tJ'gawmh uGsefawmfvnf; ajymvdrYk &bl;/ uGsefawmfo


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kyfSiftpnf;tHk;Ou|a[mif; OD;Zif0dkif;ajymwJhpum;xJrSm
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pD;XmejzpfomG ;NyD/ kyf iS jf riw
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olUukad wmh rScD akd e&OD;rSmyJ/ odaYk omfvnf; t&ifuxufawmh vGwf
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trSt
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ukdif;uGsef;rSD? uGsef;ukdif;rSD tJ'grsdK;ukd uGsefawmf qdkvdkwmyg/

26

qufvufazmfjyygrnf/

ausmzHk;rS tquf

tJ'Dawmh 'DESpftu,f'rDbkwftzGJUukd b,fvdkzGJUrvJ/ q&mwdkY


k y f S i f e m,uawG t aeeJ Y b,f v d k j yif q if x m;ovJ a ygh a emf /
uGsefawmfwdkYodoavmuf ukdvlrif;uwpfqifhwnf;xm;csifw,f/
wcsdKUu ESpfqifhxm;csifw,f/ wpfqifhrSm (16) a,muf? ESpfqifh
qdk&if (32) a,mufqdk&if (32) a,mufvHk; 'Dum;awGukd tjynfh
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toHawGvnf; uGsefawmfMum;ae&w,f/ aemufwpfcg owif;
pmrSmyJ ukdvlrif; U U U kyfSifokyfaqmifvnf; [kwfw,f?
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ukd vTrf;rdk;rISdovm;/
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oabmwlNyD;om;pum;ukdyJ ajymw,faygh/ 'gav;u enf;aumif;

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ay;owf j zwf v d k u f j cif ; jzpf o nf /
qvdkif;wifarmifOD;udk vuf&zrf;qD;cJh
pOfu twlzrf;qD;&rdcJholrSm tDudkrS
udkjrifhOD;jzpfonf/
MK /
/ ukdwifarmif OD;eJYukdjrifh OD;eJY b,fvdkpawGcJhw,f/
b,fvdk tzrf;cHcJh&w,f/ bmjzpfvdkYvJqdkawmh ukdwifarmifOD; tzrf;cH&
wmav;u wcsdKUu a0a00g;0g;ajym aeMuw,fav/ ukdjrifhOD;uawmh
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odcsifw,f/
MO /
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tcef;ukda&mufvmw,f/ a&mufvmNyD;awmh bmvkyfzdkYSdvJ bmnmaygh/
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bdZk ifaumh taqmifomG ;awmh bdZk ifaumhudk SmrawGUbl;/ SmrawGUawmh
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'Daumifu axmufvSrf;a&;ac:NyD;awmh axmufvSrf;a&;eJYjyef0ifvmwm/
tJ'DrSmwif tJ'Dtcef;rSm tzrf;cHvdkuf&wm/
MK /
/ wifjrifhu ac:vmwmvm;/
MO /
/ wifjrifhu axmufvSrf;a&;udk oGm;ac: vmwm/
igwkdYu cdkif;vdkufwm wifjrifhukd/ tJ'DaeYu wifjrifhu wdkYtzrf;
cH&wJhtxJ rygawmhbl;/
MK /
/ wifjrifhu ausmif;om;vm;/
MO /
/ ausmif;om;r[kwfbl;/ tvkyform;av/ tvkyf
orm;qdkayr,fh 'Daumifu tvkyfvnf;rSdbl;/ t&ifuawmh csnfpuf
tvkyform;vdkYajymw,f/
MK /
/ ukdjrifhOD;eJY tJ'DwifjrifheJY b,fvdkywfoufvJ/
MO /
/ 'D ZGef (6) wkef;u axmifxJrSm twlae&w,f/
ukd,feJYoleJYu tjyifrSmvnf; zJxkyf0,fcdkif;? aq;vdyf0,fcdkif;aygh/
zJkdufwJhtcgvnf; awmfMum aq;vdyf0,fay;OD;/ awmfMum b,fol
bmpm;csifvdkY? acgufqGJaMumf0,fOD; U U U tJ'Dvdkcdkif;aewJhaumif/
cdkif;aeawmh olvnf; tJ'DtcsdefrSm tvkyfvufrJh/ cdkif;aeusqdkawmh
olu oGm;NyD;0,fvmwm/ ukd,fucdkif;aeusqdkawmh tJ'Dvdk0,fay;w,f/
axmifxJrSm twlusawmhvnf; &if;ESD;NyDaygh/ axmif0ifpmuvnf;
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tcsd e f r S m ol u igwd k Y e J Y t wl v G w f w m/ wpf & uf w nf ; / ig&,f b d k Z if
aumh&,f/

MK / / olu bmtwGufeJYuswmvJ/ axmifxJ b,fvdkyg


vmwmvJ/
MO /
/ olu tvkyform;ta&;tcif;eJYygvmwmav/
(1975) Labor Strike rSmygvmwm/
ab;rS0ifajym/ / bk&m;ay:qGJwmvm;/ tdrfuqGJwmvm;/
MO /
/ tdrfuqGJwm/ bk&m;ay:qGJwmvm;? tdrfuqGJ
wmvm;qdkawmh axmufvSrf;a&;u axmifxJ (6) avmufaecdkif;awmh
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ab;rS0ifajym/ / uGsefawmfwdkYukd bk&m;ay:rSmqGJwkef;u wifjrifh
ryg bl;As/
MO /
/ rif;wdkY vl (200) ausmfxJ
rS m rygbl ; / ol u td r f u qG J w ,f a jym
wmaygh/ igyJ

Oyrmxm;ygawmhuGm ausmf0if;armif? ausmfrif;armifwdkYqdk&if ighukdrod


bl;/ tpnf;ta0;u ightcef;rSmvkyfwm/
MK /
/ tifMuif;vm;/
MO /
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MK /
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av/
MO /
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apmifav;u tifMuif;pmapmifav; [kwfw,f/ jrifhOD; rod&aumif;
vm;qdkNyD; tkdufcH&ao;w,f/ bmjzpfvdkY vJqdkawmh ightcef;rSmvkyf
wmav/ tJ'Dtcef;ykdifu jrifhOD;uGwJh U U U aemufqHk;ydwf/ [m U U U
uG s ef a wmf w d k Y rod b l ; vd k Y ajymvd k u f w ,f w J h / uG s ef a wmf w d k Y u
ukdcifarmifjrifh eJY aomhzGifhNyD;awmh vkyfvmcJhMuwm/ ukdcifarmifjrifh
tcef;u vlajcmufa,mufavmufaew,f/ ightcef;u
oHk;a,mufaew,f/ oHk;a,mufpvHk;u tjyif
xGufxGufaewm/ ukdatmif ausmfjrifh qdk&if
IC (Industrial Chemistry) eJYaew,f/ [dk
aumifwpfaumifu &efuek rf mS ajzwm &efuek f
rSmratmifvdkY Zoo bmvm;rodyg bl;/ uaeY
aA'ifvdkvdk bmvdkvdk bmvJ r*Zif; U U U /
ab;rS0ifajym/
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MO /
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bmvdk vdkrSmvkyfaewm/
MK / / tJ'a
D wmh ukjd rifOh ;D ukd trIwJG
taeeJYwifw,fr[kwfvm;/
MO / /wif w murwif b l ; / ol e J Y
ukd,feJYwGJrwifbl;/ olu wpf&uf ouf
ouf/ tapmBuD;/ olUukd axmifcswJhOpm
rwf v (22) &uf a eY z rf ; w,f u G m /
{NyDvqef;rSmwifaxmifcsypfwm/oBuFef
rwdkif cifav;wif/
MK /
/ ao'Pfay;
vdkufwm/
MO /
/ ao'Pfay;NyD;
awmh wu,f o wf w mu ZG e f x J r S m
owfwmeJYwlw,faemf/
MK /
/ [kwfw,f/ ZGef
(26) avmufrSm/ igwkdYukd ppfaMuma&;
0ifwJhtcsdefrSm wdkuf(1) rSm? tcef; (1)
rSm ukdwifarmifOD;Sdw,fajymw,f/ zsm
BuD;umxm; NyD;awmh tJ'Duae olu
vufo;D vufarmif;wef;NyD;jyaewJt
h csde/f
MO / / owfcgeD;jzpfrSmaygh/
MK /
/
bmjzpf v d k Y v J q d k a wmh igwpf & uf a wG U
vdkufw,f/

wu,fwrf;usawmh tJ'Dwkef;u a&eHacsmif;rSm tqGJcH&wmukd;/


a&eH a csmif ; rS m tqG J c H & NyD ; awmh rif ; uk d igajymzl ; ygw,f /
av,mOfeJYvmwJh [dk[mAsvdkY/
MK /
/ ukdwifarmifOD;u tJ'DrSmwif rdwmaygh/ wifjrifh
azmfvdkufvdkY rdwmaygh/
MO /
/ rIdif;&mjynfhrSm wifjrifhwpfcgwnf;ac:vmvdkY
tcef;xJrSm wpfcgwnf;wef;rdwm/

ab;rS0ifajym/ / ukdjrwfcdkifu ukdwifarmifOD; owfwJhtcsdefu


wdkufxJrSmSdvm;/
MK /
/ wdkuf (4) uae ac:vmwm/
MK /
/ tJ ' D w k e f ; u wd k u f (4) rS m vS a T S d w ,f /
wifpdk;Sdw,f/ wdkuf (4) rSm/
MO/
/ jr'ifu tSnfrSm igeJYwpfcef;ausmfyJ/
jr'ifu wdkuf (4) tSnfrSm/
MK /
/ igwk d Y t cef ; xJ r S m wif p d k ; S d w ,f / igh a b;u
tcef;xJrSm aTbkef;0if;eJYvSaTSdw,f/ tJ'Dawmh ppfaMuma&;xkwfawmh
tJ'DrSm wiffSdefeJYawGUwm/ apmifav;vSrf;NcHKNyD; Munfhvdkufawmh ab;u
wifSdef/ oGm;wJhtcsdefrSm wdkuf (1) uae zsm umxm;wJhae&m uae
qHyiftSnfBuD;eJY vufoD; vufarmif;wef;jyae wm tJ'Dwkef;u
ukdwifarmifOD;/ oabFmyifwuf&wJh acwfav/ oabFmyifwufNyD;
w&m;awGbmawG a[mcdkif;wJhtcsdef/ pdefvufpGyfav/

MK /
/ tJ'Dawmh ukdwifarmifOD;u rdIif;&mjynfhrSm
bmrSrvkyfvkduf&bl;aygh/
MO /
/ rvkyfvkduf&bl;/ olvkyfwm BudKwifjyifqifrI/
'Dvu
kd mG / ZGew
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Yd ukev
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ukdcifarmifjrifh(azuHaumif;)&,f? ukdwif0if;&,f? pdk;0if;&,f? ukdjrifh
xGef;qdkwm&,f/ olwdkYu jyifqifNyD;om;Sdw,f/ ukdjrifhxGef;uawmh
tDukdu r[kwfbl;/ &mZl;u/ jyifqifNyD;om;SdwJhtcgrSm vmvmNyD;awmh
BudKNyD; oHk;? av;&ufavmufuwnf;u ighqDa&mufaew,f/ usefwJh
olawGuawmh Oyrmqdkygawmh bdkZifaumhu jyemrSdbl;/ cifarmif
jrif h q d k & if tJ ' D v d k vd k i f ; taeeJ Y y gvmwmuk d od y f r Bud K uf c sif b l ; /
ausmif;om;oefYoefYav;jzpfcsifwm/ ighoabmxm;uawmh bmjzpfjzpf
'D[mukd oydwfarSmufzdkYpOf;pm;w,f/ jzpfoGm;&ifNyD;NyD/ b,folayguf
uGJonfjzpfap? b,folOD;aqmifonfjzpfap/ OD;aqmifoltcef;u@u
Sif;Sif;ajym&&if tJ'Dwkef;u taetxm;u Ou|qdk&if ykdemzdkYyJSdw,f
av/ ig uaeY EdkifiHa&;jzwfoef;rItaetxm;t& Ou|? twGif;a&;
rSL; b,ftzGJUtpnf;bmrS U U U aemufqHk;ydwf OD;oefYuae rdIif;&m
jynfhtxdaygh/ oydwfaumfrwDrSm ae&mvnf;r,lbl;? ygvnf; rygbl;/
'Dtwdkif; tvGwfyJaSmifaewm/
MK /
/ tJ'Dwkef;u tpdk;&owif;pmawGrSm ukdwif
armifOD; onf rdIif;&mjynfhtwGuf vkyfw,f/ tJ'DtwGuf olUukdqGJ
w,fqdkNyD;awmh U U U /
MO /
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jyefNyD;azmufcGJzdkYyJav/ igwdkYwu,fvkyfaewJhtzGJUeJY vmNyD;csdwfw,f/

ab;rS0ifajym/ / armifarmifodkufvm;/
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/ igwdkYukd ppfwm pdefvufpGyfav/
MO /
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kd ef u
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MK /
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odkufu ighqdkifrSm pmtkyfiSm;aeus/ oluyJ ightdrfukd oGm;ajymay;wm/
ig 'DrSmSdw,fqdkNyD; oGm;ajymay;wm/ wmarGav;u tdrfukdoGm;ajymay;
wm/ olwdkYvifr,m;ESpfa,muf ighqDrSm tJ'Dwkef;u pmtkyfiSm;aeus/
igodcsifwmu Hk;xkwfwJhtcgusawmh bmeJYxkwfovJ/
MO /

/ Sif;Sif;ajym&if 'DaumifawGeJY wpf&ufwnf;

xkwfwm/
MK /
MO /

/ rif;ukd [dk[meJYrwGJbl;aygh/
/ wifarmifOD;eJYrwGJbl;/ usefwJhausmif;om;awG
wpf&ufwnf;xkwfwm/ csawmh yk'fru 0rf;wl; wl;0rf;? 0rf;wl;zdk;at/
tJ'DoHk;ckeJY (15) cswm/
qufvufazmfjyygrnf/

27

vufeJYra&;
toufeJY a&;owJh
aq;eJY rjc,f
aoG;eJY jc,fowJh
b,fawmhjzpfjzpf
xm0&opfvGif
tcspfjrifvm;
yef;csDum;
ESvkH;om;&JU eH&HrSm ..../
t&dEr mpmayrS xkwaf 0jcif;jzpfonf/ t*Fvyd ?f jrefrmESpb
f momjzifh
ykHESdyfxm;jcif;jzpfonf/ t*FvdyfbmomodkY oHvsifarmif0if;0grS jyefqkd
xm;onf/ rsufESmzkH; yef;csDrSm rarT;jzpfonf/ wwd,tBudrfxkwfjzpf
onf/ q&mwuokdvfbkef;Edkif\ 1997-2-11 &ufpGJjzifh a&;
xm;aom trSmyg&Sdonf/
wu o k d v f b k e f ; Ek d i f \ trS m pm
uAsmtygt0if tEk y nmrS e f o rQ ]]ig}}ES i f h ]]ol } }[l
tydkif;ESpf ykdif;yg0ifonf/ igqkdonfu tEkynm ..uAsmzefwD;ol/
olqkdonfu y&dowf .../ y&dowfr&Sdaom tEkynmukd tEkynm
[k rac:Ekdif/ bm[lyif trnfwyf&rSef;rod/
y&d o wf q k d o nf r S m vnf ; ]]tk y f p k } }av;wpf p k u k d rac:/
tkyfpkav;awGzGJUNyD; ukd,fhtkyfpkrSm ukd,fuAsmq&mvkyfaeolawG
urm &Sdonf/ ukd,fhtkyfpku vufckyfwD;ay;vQif uAsmudpNyD;
ajrmufNyD[k xifaeol awGvnf; trsm;&Sdonf/ olwkdY\ uAsmrsKd;udk
t*Fvdyfbmomjzifh poerty of the coterie [kac:onf/ ]]wdkYrsm;tkyfpk
uAsm}}[k t"dym,f&onf/ wkdYrsm;tkyfpkonf us,f0ef;jyefYajym
aom y&dowfBuD;ukd yrmrcefYjyKvkyfwwfonf/ rdrdwdkYukd,fukdvnf;
trsm;jynfol\txuftjrifhrSm&Sdaom tDvl;rae;wD (illuminati)
awG[k xifMuonf/
onfjyifopf pum;u mPf&nfx;l ESihf tvif;aygufaeolrsm;[k
t"dym,f&onf/ aumhanm&SefwD (cognosenti) awGtjzpfvnf;
rmef 0 if h jywwf o nf / onf p um;u tEk y nm0d Z m "k d & f r sm;[k
t"dym,f&onf/ olwkdYu vltrsm; em;rvnfaom uAsmrsKd;udk
wrifpyfwwfonf/ y&dowftrsm;pkBuD;u vufrcHav ... olwdkY
pdwZauseyfrIa&m*g BuD;vmavavjzpfonf/ olwkdYonf (individuality) ac:ukd,fykdifyk*vdu xl;jcm;rIukd (singularity) ac: xl;aigrIESifh rcGJjcm;wwfbJ olrsm;xuf
xl;atmif ezl;csKdaygufjywwfMuonf/
uAsmq&mtppf tkypf x
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aom y&dowf&Sdonf/ y&dowf&Sd&rvm;? y&dowfBuD;&rvm;[k
pdwfaZmufxkd;ESifh wdkufckdufvmjcif;awGudkrl &efrvkd/ rdrdzefwD;rIukd
olwpfyg;xHodkY rdrda&G; cs,ftyfaomykHpHjzifh xkvkyfNyD; qufoG,fykdY
aqmifvkdrIonf uAsmq&mwkdif; tEkynm&Sifwkdif;\ tajccHpdwfwGef;
tm; (impulse) vnf;jzpfonf/ wm0efvnf; jzpfonf/ yef;wkdifvnf;
jzpfonf/
y&dowf&&dS ef BudK;pm;&onfu rvG,yf g/ pma&;q&mBuD; uGe;f &uf'f
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a&;cJhonf/
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ta&mif;xkid ;f uket
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tBudrfBudrftcgcg xyfkduf&onf/ bmaMumifh olUrSm y&dowfBuD;&o
enf; cGJjcrf;pdwfjzmjyvQif tvGef&Snfrnf/ twkdqkH;ESifh trSefqkH;tajz
um; ... olUuAsmrsm;u vSonf/
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ta&;vS&onfqo
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rIvnf; vS&onf/ tawG;tvSESifh ta&;tvSonf cGJr&atmif aygif;
pnf;oGm;aom orl[vnf; jzpfoGm;&onf/ rQESifhu rNyD;ao; ../
teuft"dym,fay;&cufaom ]][ef}}qkdonfu &Sdao;onf/ [ef\
tjrifhqHk;t"dym,fum; .. wpfckoabmukd ajymoa,mifESifh a,bk,s
"r(general) ukd ajymjyEdkifpGrf;jzpfavonf/ armifpdef0if; xl;jcm;aom
udk,fydkif[ef&Sdaeonf/
xl;jcm;&ef .. armifpdef0if;u xl;aigrI rvkyf/ xl;aigrI rvkyfawmh
olUuAsmav;awGu acsmrGwfaeonf/ olu *E0if[ef[k trnfwyf
ay;aeMuaom tpOftvm tEG,ftjrpfukdvnf; rpGefY? tajctjrpfckdif
ckdifay: xyfqifhrGrf;rHaom qef;opfwDxGifrIukdvnf;jyKonf/ onfawmh
olUuAsm[efwGif twdwf-ypKyef-tem*wf tzktxpfr&SdbJ acsmrGwf
ajyjypf a eonf /
,ck ]]ESvkH;om;eH&Hay:u yef;csDum;}}[laom uAsmukd zwf
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xm;onf/
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rsKd;ukd Lyric [kac:onf/ pmqkdu rdrd\ A[dErS jzpfysufrIawGukd
tom;ay;pyfaom uAsmrsKd;ukd Epic [kac:onf/
]]ESvkH;om;eH&Hay:u yef;csDum;}}uAsmukd p, zwfpOfuvkdif;&pfu
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uAsmrsKd;rS tvSawG? &oawGuv
dk nf; cHpm;&onf/ Lyrical epic onfvdk
rsm;ac:Ekdifrvm;/ onfvkdac:csifrI ay:vmonfuyif armifpdef0if;
[ef\ atmifjrifrI ..../

28

b0okyfazmfpmay[lonfrSm ted|mkHawGukd twkH;vkduf


twpfvkduf &uf&ufpufpuf wifjyjcif;r[kwf/ onfvkd wifjyrIukd
b0okyfazmf[k rac:/ (Inverted Romanticism) aZmufxkd;ajymif;
jyefkd;rif;wpf0g'[k ac:onf/
b0ESihf avmuqko
d nf |mkaH wGvnf; &So
d nf/ ted|mkaH wG
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arwm? ukPmESifh Munfha&;onf/ arwm?
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onf ,ckacwfpum;ESifhqkdawmh ...vSonf/ t"dym,fwdwd


ususqkd&vQif pGJrwfESpfNcdKufaponf/
armifpdef0if;\ ESvkH;om;eH&Hay:u yef;csDum; uAsm&Snfonf
olU udk,fykdif[efjzifh zefwD;vdkufonfh wpfckoabmukd ajymoa,mif
ESifh a,bk,s"rukd vSvSyyajymjyavaom pGJrufESpfNcdKufzG,f
uAsmjzpfygownf; ..../
wuokdvfbkef;Ekdif
11-2-97
uAsmq&mudk,fwkdifuvnf; uAsma&;ol\ a&S;OD;pum;[k
qkdum azmfjyxm;onf/
uAsma&;ol \ a&S ; OD ; pum;
(1)
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tcspf E G , f } }}onf uRefawmf\wwd,ajrmuf uAsmvkH;csif;pmtkyf
jzpf y gonf / ]]aomuajc&m &wem}}ES i f h ]]ork ' ,0wf & nf } }
uAsmvkH;csif;pmtkyf 2 tkyfxkwfNyD;onfh aemufwGif wwd,ajrmuf
xkwfa0jzpfonfh uAsmpmtkyftopf jzpfygonf/
]]aomuajc&m&wem}}ESifh ]]ork',EG,f}} uAsmpmtkyfESpftkyf
wGif yg0ifaom tcspfuAsmrsm;ukdcsnf; pkaygif;um ]]ork',ajc&m
uAsmrsm;}}[kvnf; pmtkyfwpftkyfxkwfa0cJhzl;ygonf/ ,if;uAsm
pmtkyf ESpftkyfwGifygaom uAsmrsm;rS vufa&G;pifuAsmrsm;ukd
uRefawmfhpdwfBudKufa&G;cs,fum ukdMunf(jyifOD;vGif)u t*Fvdyfbm
omjyefay;vnf; t*Fvdyf? jrefrmESpfbmomjzifh uAsmpmtkyfav;
xkwfa0jzpfcJhygonf/
,ck uAsmpmtkyrf mS rl rnfonfh pmapmif? rnfonfrh *Zif;wGirf S
razmfjy&ao;aom uRefawmhf\ uAsm&Snftopfjzpfygonf/
(2)
1994 ckESpfavmufwGif rlq,f? Mu,facgif? a&TvDponfht&yf
rsm;okdY uRefawmfa&mufoGm;cJhygonf/
xkrd S tjyefwiG f uRefawmf&h if cHpm;rI zefp? rSepf uav;rsm;onf
pl;0ifepfjrKyf usefcJhygonf/ uRefawmfhrSm a&;csifp&m? ajymcsifp&m
awG rsm;pGm&Sdaeygawmhonf/
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aomfjim; uRefawmfh&if a0'emaiGUum; rjy,f/ uRefawmfajymcsifwmawG?


a&; csifwmawG ra&;vkdufEkdif[k cHpm;ae&qJyif/ Mu,facgifnrS &&SdcJhaom
tawG;ponf uRefawmhfESvkH;om; wifusefaeqJyif/
(3)
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uRefawmfyxrBudK;pm;Munfhygao;onf/ uRefawmfhZmwfvrf; ay:vGif
atmif y&dowfxHta&muf uRefawmfa&;om;ay;ykdYEkdifyghrvm;[k oHo
,0ifonf/
uRefawmf\ tm;enf;csufrsm; uRefawmf\ tcuftcJrsm;ukd uRef
awmfodaeonf/ ]]pdrf;aom opfwpfyif}}vkH;csif;0wKwkef;uvnf; uRef
awmfajymcsifonfh Zmwfvrf;\ t"dutcsufav;ukd ay:vGifatmif
uRefawmfra&;EkdifcJhojzifh y&dowfrsm;u uRefawmfhtm; vSrf;ar;Mujref;
MuESifh BuKHcJhzl;NyD/
(4)
wwd,ajrmuf uAsmvkH;csif;pmtkyfxkwf&ef pmaywkdufwpfckESifh
uRefawmfpum;ajympDpOfjzpfygonf/
r*Zif;awGrSm ygcJhNyD; vkH;csif;uAsmpmtkyf rxkwfa0&ao;aom
uAsmav;awG uRefawmfhrSm okH;q,fausmfav;q,f&Sdygonf/ xkduAsm
av;awGukd pkNyD; uAsmvkH;csif; wwd,tkyf xkwfa0&ef pDpOfcJhjcif;jzpfyg
onf/ okdYaomf uAsmenf;aeao;onf[k uRefawmfhpdwfrSm xifNyD;
uAsm&Snfwpfyk'fukd xyfxnhf&ef uRefawmfqkH;jzwfvkdufygonf/ uAsm
&Snfukd uRefawmfu wpfcgrQ ra&;om;cJhbl;yg/
bmtaMumif;a&;&rvJ[k rdr&d ifxrJ mS wifusefaeaom t&mrsm;
ukd jyefvnfwl;qG Munhfrdaomtcg ]]ESvkH;om;eH&Hay:u yef;csDum;}}
ukd oGm;awGUygonf/
(5)
okdY&mwGif ]]ESvkH;om;eH&Hay:u yef;csDum;}}onf 0wKwpfyk'f
a&;Ekdif&ef Zmwfvrf;&SdNyD;om;/ Zmwfvrf;xJrSm uRefawmfajymcsif
wmawG awG;NyD;om;/ tkyfaemufu aemufcH ta&mifawG
aq;oGif;NyD;om;/ pum;ajyESifh uRefawmfykHazmfzdkYomvkdonf/
uRefawmfhtcuftcJawGaMumifhom uRefawmfvufavQmhxm;
cJh&onfh tEkynmypnf;jzpfonf/
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&S n f t jzpf uRef a wmf z ef w D ; Munf h v Qif rjzpf E k d i f b l ; vm;/
xkdpdwful;jzifh Zmwfvrf;yg aom ]]ESvkH;om;
eH&Hay:u yef;csDum;}}udk uAsmjzifh okyf
azmfMunhfrdygawmhonf/
uAsm0wK[kvnf; uRefawmfrajym
&Jyg/ uAsmonf uAsmjzpf 0wkonf 0wK
omjzpfEkdifrnf[k xifygonf/ xkdYaMumifh uAsmjzifh
zGJUoDaom 0wK(okdYr[kwf)Zmwfvrf;wpfckygaom uAsm&Snf[k
uRefawmfua&;rdygonf/
a&; NyD;oGm;aomtcg rlvu uAsmtyk'fa& okH;av;q,fESifh
wGJ xkwfa0&ef tpDtpOfukd zsufum olUcsnf;oufoufxkwfa0&ef
tpDtpOfjzpfoGm;cJhygonf/
(6)
yxrtBudrf BudK;pm; a&;om;jzpfcJhjcif; jzpfojzifhvnf;aumif;?
uRefawmfh\ tm;enf;rIrsm;aMumifh vnf;aumif; ]]ESvkH;om;eH&Hay:u yef;csD
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uRefawmfh ]]ESvkH;om;ESH&Hay:u yef;csDum;}}onf jyyGJwifEkdif&ef
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29

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34

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Myanmar Water Colour 14

jrefrmEkid if H yef;csD?yef;yktpnf;tk;H (A[k)d u BuD;rSL;NyD; Myanmar


Yd rnfay;xm;wJh a&aq;yef;csDjyyGu
J dk 25-7-2014
Water Colour 14 vkt
uae 30 . 7 . 2014 &uftxd cif;usif;jyoMurSmjzpfygw,f/
'DjyyGJukdyg 0ifjyoukdwJh yef;csDq&mrsm;taeeJY 2014 ckESpftoif;0if
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35

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36

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ygw,f/ aemufNyD; tJ'Dwkef;u EdkifiHjcm;a&;0efBuD;u OD;av;armifjzpfNyD/
OD;av;armifygw,f/ tckt'J v
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uGsefawmfyJSdw,f/
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tJ'rD mS wif uGseaf wmfwu
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k cf sKyfBuD;
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uRefawmfu yGifhyGifhvif;vif;yJ uGsefawmfu ajymvdkufwmyJ/ yGifhyGifh
vif;vif;k;d k;d om;om;yJ/ uGsefawmfeo
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rIqdkwmaygh/ olwdkYvnf; kd;om;w,f/ uGsefawmfvnf; kd;om;w,f/
confidence Sdwmaygh/
olwdkYu taumif;jrifu a&;xm;w,f/ AdkvfcsKyfBuD;eJYawGUwJh
yH k a wG trsm;BuD ; xnf h x m;w,f /
tJ'Dpmtkyf uGsefawmf rawGUao;bl;As/
uGsefawmf ,lvmcJhr,f/ oli,fcsif;wpfa,mufu ,lvmay;wm/
tJ'DrSm ESpfcef;ygw,f/ wpfcef;uawmh t"duuawmh 0 pmay?
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taMumif ; awG a&;w,f /
uRef a wmf u Nid r f ; csrf ; a&;,l N yD ; wJ h a emuf r S m rMumcif a v;yJ
olwXYkd mecsKyfudk uGsefawmf oGm;w,fAs/ yefqef;ukd oGm;w,f/ tJ'aD wmh
Auyacgif;aqmifawG aewJhae&mawG uGsefawmfhukd vdkufjyw,f/
tJ'Dwkef;uawmh THUwJav;awGyJAs/
tck tJ'gawGukd olwdkY rxdef;odrf;xm;awmhbl;/ uGsefawmf
[dkwpfacgufu "mwfyHkoGm;kdufcdkif;awmh rSdawmhbl;/ awmfawmf
ysufpD;aeNyD/
trdk;uawmh uw&mjym;BuD;awG rdk;wmayghAsm/
e,fpyfpnfyifu oli,fcsif;oGm;awmh ol kdufvmwm/
ae&mawGawmhSdao;w,f/ awmfawmfysufpD;aeNyD/
olwdkYukd;om;ygw,f/ 0 eJY ukd;uefYeJYrSm yxrawmh uGsefawmf
ukd;uefYeJY Nidrf;csrf;a&;,lwmayghAsm/ aemufNyD;awmh 'kwd,u 0 / 0 u
k;d om;rIydk w
dS ,f/ uk;d uefu
Y awmh *dP
k ;f *PBuD;w,fAs/ olwYkd tcsi;f csi;f
*dkPf;awGu uGJaewmukd;As/ [kef*dkPf;wdkY? &ef*dkPf;wdkY? avmf*dkPf;wdkY
U U U tJ'D[mrsdK;awGSdwmukd;As/ ukd;uefYu tkyfpkav;awGSdw,f/
uGsefawmfwdkYacwfumvrSm tkyfpkoHk;ckavmuf uGJNyD;awmhrS ajzSif;
ay;&w,fAs/ uGseaf wmfwYkd Mum;0ifNy;D ajzSi;f ay;&w,f/ uGseaf wmfawmh
,HkMunfw,fav/ Mum;0ifNyD; ajzSif;ay;&w,f/ rvkyfMueJY rif;wdkY
tcsi;f csi;f wdu
k w
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f m rvkyMf ueJ/Y tJ'gawGtxd olwt
Ykd csi;f csi;f udk
0ifjzefajzay;&w,f/
0 u tJ'DvdkrsdK;rSdbl;/ 'gayr,fh 0 u fighter As/
olwkdYtcsif;csif; jyefwdkufwJhtaMumif;a&;w,f/ 'gaMumifh
Auyuk d ol w d k Y j yef w d k u f w J h t aMumif ; a&;w,f / ol w d k Y & J a bmf
tcsif ; csif ; jyef w k d u f a ew,f a ygh a emf /
at; U U U tJ'Dpmtkyfawmh zwfcsifw,f/
Ad k v f c sKyf B uD ; eJ Y y H k a wG xnf h w mawG U w,f a v/ wcsd K UyH k a wG u
awmh quality odyfraumif;bl;/ AD'D,dkuae u;lxm;wmrsm;vm;/
tJ'DvdkjzpfrSmaygh/
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yxracgif;aqmifu ausmufnDvdIifAs/ ausmufnDvdIif usef;rm
a&; raumif;awmh ayguf,lcsrf/ yxrawmh ayguf,lcsrfu 'kwd,
acgif;aqmifav/ ausmufnDvdIifu yxracgif;aqmif/ ausmufnD
vdIifu usef;rma&;csdKU,Gif;oGm;awmh ayguf,lcsrfwufvmw,f/
ayguf,cl srfuawmh vli,fayghAsm/ ayguf,cl srfu ykNd yD;yGiv
hf if;w,fAs/
olu kd;om;w,f/ wu,f kd;om;wm/
uGsefawmfwdkY Nidrf;csrf;a&;oGm;wkef;u ayguf,lcsrfawGUao;
w,f /
aemufykdif; olu usef;rma&;enf;enf;csdKU,Gif;oGm;w,f/
od y f a wmif rajymEd k i f a wmh b l ; /
tckjyefaumif;oGm;NyaD jymw,f/ jyefaumif;oGm;Nyw
D /hJ [dw
k avmu
olwdkYvmMuw,fAs/ olwdkYtzGJUawG vmMuw,f/ OD;atmifjrifheJY
ayguf,lcsrfeJYtpfukdxifw,f wpfa,mufygw,f/ ayguf,l,Gwf
eJYOD;atmifjrifheJY/ OD;atmifjrifhuawmh UU U /
pD;yGm;a&;aMumifhxifw,f/
olu 'DvdkAs/ OD;atmifjrifhu AuyxJu/ uGsefawmfwdkY (1967)
ckESpf wkwfta&;tcif;wkef;u ol awmcdkoGm;wm/ AuyxJa&muf
oGm;wm/ wkwfjynfayghAsm/ wkwfjynfoGm;awmh wkwfjynfuae
olUukd AuyxJxnfhvdkufwm/
olu pD;yGm;a&;wm0efcHqdkNyD;awmh/
'gayr,fh olu 'kw,
d acgif;aqmif/ 'kO;D pD;csKyf/ 'gayr,fh vnfvnf
ywfywfuawmh olwpfa,mufygyJ/
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wkwfwef;aeoGm;wmukd;As/ wkwfwef;u wkwfav;yJ[m
(&,fvsuf)/
ol a wmh awG U w,f /
tif;/ uGsefawmfwdkYeJY &if;ESD;ygw,f/ olu &if;&if;ESD;ESD;eJY yGifhyGifhvif;
vif;Sdw,f/

AdkvfcsKyfBuD;wdkYoufwrf;rSm kd[if*smudpSif;cJhw,fqdkwm rSdbl;


aygh a emf /
uGsefawmfwdkYSif;ay;cJhwmrSdbl;/ uGsefawmfu tJ'Dtcsdefwkef;u
ukvm;eJYoifhjrwfw,fAs/ &cdkifeJYvnf; uGsefawmf oifhjrwfw,f/ bmjzpf
vdkYvJqdkawmh ukvm;tdrfawGvnf; uGsefawmfoGm;pm;wmyJ/ uGsefawmfh
wyfukdzdwfvnf; oGm;pm;w,f/ tJ'DrSm ukvm;tBuD;tuJawGeJYvnf;
uGsefawmf&if;ESD;wmyJ/ tJ'Daus;GmrSmtBuD;tuJ?kdaoav;pm;rISdwJh
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ukvm;awGawGU&if cifAsm;wdkYrdef;rav;a,muf,lw,f? uav;qdk&if
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rSb
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[m U U U [kww
f ,f Adv
k rf LS ;BuD;aygh/ tJ'w
D ek ;f u uGseaf wmfu wyf&if;rSL;uk;d /
Adv
k rf LS ;BuD;ajymwm rSeyf gw,fw/hJ uGsefawmfwv
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yJwJh/ pOf;pm;raeeJYvdkY/ tJ'g avQmhvdkY/ pdwfukd avQmhvdkufvdkY/ tJ'Dukvm;
awGeJY uGsefawmf &if;ESD;w,fAs/ tJ'Dvdk yGifhyGifhvif;vif; uGsefawmfajymcJh
wmAs/
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uvnf; uGsefawmfhtouf(40)rjynfhao;bl;/ uGsefawmf wyf&if;rSL;jzpf
awmh (35)ESpfavmufyJ Sdao;wm/
tJ'v
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Adv
k cf sKyfBuD;ae0if;eJaY r;wmrSm tJ'gcsucf si;f jyef
ajzw,f/ tJ'DrSmoJoJuGJuGJjzpfw,f/ aemufwpfcku wdefYaSmifzdefBuD;
ajymwm uGsefawmfu odyfoabmusw,f/ 'Duae OD;ae0if;uae U U /
olwdkYu pNyD;zGifhcgpukd;As/ wkwfjynfBuD; open vkyfvkdufawmh olwdkY
NrdKUawGmG awG pwnfaeNyDav/ tJ'w
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k cf sKyfBuD;ae0if;u pwdik u
f
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cyfwnfwnf level yJav/ orwqdk&if orw level yJ/ wdkif;jynf
f ,f? pum;ajymwwfw,f/
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cifAsm;wdAYk smwJh tck wkwjf ynfBuD;uawmh open vkyv
f u
dk w
f ,f/ open
vkyfvdkufawmh jcifawG? ,ifawG ygvmrSmayghwJh/ wHcg;awGzGifhvkdufawmh
jcifawG? ,ifawGygwm b,fvdkSif;rvJwJh/ ar;w,f/ vG,fygw,fwJh/
uGsefawmfwdkYu wGufxm;NyD;wJh/ jcifawG? ,ifawGygr,fqdkwmvnf;
odygw,fwJh/ tJ'D jcifawG? ,ifawGygae&if uGsefawmfhtxJa&muf&if
uGseaf wmf Si;f ypfvu
kd rf mS ayghw/hJ tJ'v
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'guawmh vG,fygw,fwJh/
aemufwJh U U U ol qufajymw,f/ uGsefawmf west ukd ynmawmf
oiftrsm;BuD;vTwfxm;w,fwJh/ bmjzpfvdkYvJqdkawmh acwfrDynmawG
taemufEikd if u
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k yfw,fw/hJ uGseaf wmfwYkd wdik ;f jynf
xlaxmifzdkYu trsm;BuD;vdktyfw,fwJh/ 'gaMumifh ynmawmfoifawG
trsm;BuD;vdt
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f u
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twGuf xlaxmifz?Ykd wnfaqmufzYkd &w,fw/hJ wpf0ufrvm&if aeygapwJ/h
olU[molwJh/ tJ'DvdkwGufwmAs/
tckawmh jyefoGm;MuNyD U U U tukefvHk;/
[m U U U tckawmh wkwfqD tukefjyefwmayghAsm/ oluvnf;
tJ'v
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kd u
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wmuk;d As/ ae&mvnf;ay;Edik af wmh jyef&wmaygh/ rjyefwmu (50) &mcdik Ef eI ;f /
rjyefvnf; udpr Sb
d ;l wJ/h uGseaf wmfu vlwpfoed ;f ydv
Yk Ykd ig;aomif;jyefa&muf
vm&if ig;aomif;eJYwnfaqmufrSmyJ/
olUwGufudef;rSefoGm;w,faygh/
olUwGuu
f ed ;f rSew
f ,fAsm/ wdik ;f jynfw;kd wuf&ifawmh jyefvmMuwmyJ/
apmapmykdif;u OD;aESmuf,dkpD;rIqdkNyD; jyemawGSdcJhMuw,f/
,cifwek ;f uvnf; uGejf rLepf0g'u odyw
f if;usyw
f muk;d As/ wif;usyf
wJh0g'awG uGsefawmfwdkYqDukd armfpDwHk;BuD;vufxufrSm AuyxJ
a&mufvmwmayghAs/ tJ'DrSm (1966) ckESpf? wyfr(77) uGsefawmf0ifwJh
tcsderf mS tmPmeDwnfaqmufa&;qdNk yD; Auy&JUtmPmeDwnfaqmufa&;
vkyw
f muk;d As/ yJc;l k;d rrSm/ b,frmS pvkyv
f q
J &kd if aygufacgif;rSmAs/ ayguf
acgif;bufu aumif;pnfqw
kd hJ mG / tJ'rD mS jzKwfxw
k o
f wfvyk w
f mAs/ 0g;&if;
wkwef YJ u
dk o
f wfwm/ tJ'rD mS uGseaf wmfww
Ykd yfr (77) pNy;D ppfqifa&;0ifwm/
tJ'w
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awmufavQmuf uGsefawmf0ifw,f/ tJ'w
D ek ;f u wyfrrSL;eJ/Y aemufawmh
tvif;0ifwmwdkY bmwdkY U U U &JabmfjrBuD; tvif;0ifvmwm uGsefawmf
Sdw,f/ ocifoef;xGef; towfcH&wm tJ'DtcsdefrSm uGsefawmfwdkYvkduf
SmMuwmygw,f/ ukb
d cufet
YJ wlwal ygh/ tJ'w
D ek ;f u ukb
d cufu tvif;
0ifvmNyDav/
tif ; U U U ol S d a eNyD /
ol tvif;0ifvmawmh oleu
YJ sG eaf wmf ukwif [db
k uf'D buftyd w
f m/
ocifoef;xGe;f &JUtk;d jymBuD; rD;dUI Ny;D awmhrS o&D;tdk o&D;usnq
f efy;kH xJxnf?h
aomhcwfNyD; uGsefawmfhab;eJYolUab;Mum;xJrSm rif;wdkYapmifhxm;qdkNyD;
wyfrrIL;uaygh/
aMomf U U U tJ'DrSmyJ rD;dIUcJhwmvm;/
tJ'DrSmrD;dIUcJhwm U U U tavmif;ukd/ oljrSyfwJhae&mrSmyJ rD;dIUcJhw,f/
tk d ; jym od r f ; rvmcJ h b l ; vm;/
tkd;jym,lvmw,f/
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aemufrSajymr,f U U U [J [J (&,fvsuf)/
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