1

ANALYSIS OF THE POWER FLOW WITH GAUSS-SEIDEL METHOD

1. OBJECTIVE:

To analyze the power flow on the power system by means of Gauss-Seidel method
with MiPower software


2. EQUIPMENT:

MiPower software

3. INTRODUCTION:

Power Balance Equations in a system is
( )
( )( )
ij ij ij ij j
n
j
i
ij ij
j
j
n
j
i j
n
j
ij i i i i
jB G j V V
jB G e V V V Y V jQ P S
ik
+ =
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
= + =

=
= =
u u
u
sin cos
1
1
*
1
1

Power Flow requires iterative solution
At first we assume S
i
and Y
bus
is known, then we would like to solve for Vs.
Starting with initial value , the procedure continues until convergence is obtained or
until the number of iterations exceeds a specified maximum.
The complexity of obtaining a formal solution for power flow in a power system arises
because of the differences in the type of data specified for the different kinds of
buses. Although the formulation of sufficient equations to match the number of
unknown state variables is not difficult, as we have seen, the closed form of solution
is not practical. Digital solutions of the power-flow problems follow an iterative
process by assigning estimated values to the unknown bus voltages and by
calculating a new value for each bus voltage from the estimated values at the other
buses and the real and reactive power specified. A new set of values for the voltage
at each bus is thus obtained and used to calculate still another set of bus voltages.
Each calculation of a new set of voltages is called an iteration. By Gauss-Seidel
method the voltage at bus i can we calculate as:


2
And, for each iteration, the transmission line as t equivalent, the voltages at each
bus are:
( )
( ) ( )
(

= + =

1
1 1
1
* 1
, ,
1
i
j
n
i j
k
j ij
k
j ij
k
i
sch i sch i
ii
k
i
V Y V Y
V
Q P
Y
V 2
And if the correction in voltage at each bus is multiplied by some constant that
increases the amount of correction to bring the voltage closer to the value it is
approaching. The multiplier that accomplishes this improved convergence is called
an acceleration factor=o.where in power-flow studies the value is generally set at
about 1.6 and cannot exceed 2 if convergence is to occur.
The voltage at bus i during iteration k the acceleration value is given by

( )
( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( )
1
,
1
,
1
, ,
1

+ = + =
k
acc i
k
i
k
acc i
k
i
k
acc i
k
acc i
V V V V V V o o o 3
So, for voltage-controlled buses the value of reactive power are:

( ) ( ) ( ) ( )

+ =

= =

1
1 1
1 * 1
Im
i
j
n
j
k
j ij
k
j ij
k
i
k
i
V Y V Y V Q 4
And voltage bus correction is
( )
( )
( ) k
i
k
i
i
k
corr i
V
V
V V =
,
5














3
4. PROCEDURE

PART A (PRE LAB QUESTIONS)

In the three-bus system shown in Fig.1 with generation at buses1. The voltage at bus
1 is adjusted to
0
1
0 05 . 1 Z = V per-unit. The scheduled loads at buses 2 and 3 are
marked n the diagram. Line impedances are marked in per unit on a 100MVA base
and the line charging susceptances are neglected.


1. Calculate the voltage at every bus and bus angles at the end of the first
iterations.
2. What is the power output at slack bus. Find the line current.

3. From procedure 3, determine the line flows and line losses for the power
system.
4. Fill in Table 2.1 in your answer sheet.

(For this section, show your calculation on separate sheet)



G

135MW
45MVAR
1 2
z
12
=0.02+j40
pu
Slack bus V
1
= 1.05Z0
0
z
13
= 0.01+j0.03pu
z
23
= 0.0125+j0.025
pu
Q
2
=110MVAR
,V
2
, = 1.05

3
P
2
=250MW

4
PART B (LAB PROCEDURES)

5. Refer to manual given, draw and design the power system elements as
shown in Figure 2.1 in the GUI screen together with database input.

6. Click SolveLoad Flow Analysis on top of Network Editor Gui screen to
solve load flow analysis.
7. Click Study Info button. Select Gauss-Siedel Method. Enter acceleration
factor as 1.000001, P-Tolerance and Q-Tolerance as 0.1 perunit and
number of iteration of 1.
8. Execute load flow analysis.
9. Click Report button to view the results. Print the results. Fill in Table 2.1 in
your answer sheet.
10. Plot the single line diagram. Click Plot and then Load Flow Analysis.
11. Select Pu angle at Voltage Unit dialog box and MW Mvar at Flow Unit
dialog Box. Then click OK button.
12. Now conduct the experiment with P and Q tolerances of 0.01 and 0.0001.
Answer Q2 in questions section. (Set max iterations number to 15)

13. Repeat the experiment at accuracy 0.0001 with an acceleration factor of 1.2,
1.4 and 1.6. Answer Q4 in Question section.

QUESTION

1. Are the values obtained from calculation and simulations are exactly the
same (Refer to Table 2.1in your answer sheet). Please state the reason if
there are any differences.
2. Calculate the percentage error compare to results obtained from the
simulation.
3. How many iterations required by Gauss Seidel Method for solutions to
converge at accuracy of 0.01 and 0.0001.

4. How many iterations required by Gauss-Seidel Method to converge at the
specified accuracies? Comment on the results obtained.

5

5. If susceptances are included in the transmission line parameters,
Determine the output generation at the slack bus and power flows of
transmission line. Compare the results with the base case. What can be
concluded from the results obtained? (Run again the simulation with
susceptance value at Line 1-2=0.03, Line 1-3=line 2-3= 0.015). Fill in Table 2 in
your answer sheet.




























6
ANSWER
TABLE 1.0
RESULTS
MANUAL
CALCULATION
SIMULATION

Voltage
Magnitude
Bus 2
Bus 3
Line Flows


S12
S13
S23
Line Losses


SL12
SL13
SL23
Gen Output Gen1

Table 2.0
RESULTS
Base Case With susceptance
Line Flows


S12
S13
S23
Gen Output Gen1