4

Ivan Illich

Paul Avrich,

. 3, 2310226190

4, 2310228682


37, 2103802644

1-3, 2103600235

Kirkpatrick Sale

Ivan Illich
Miguel Valencia
Charles Siegel
Gustavo Esteva
Ivan Illich
Serge Latouche -

2011

Andrew Flood Zapatistas;

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My heart anarchist
My eyes pacifist
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24

PAUL AVRICH,
____________________________________________________________

Avrich Queens College 1962 . Guggenheim Columbia 1967-68 1972-73. 1982.
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26

PAUL AVRICH,
____________________________________________________________

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. The Russian Anarchists 1967 . , ,
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Kronstadt 1921 1970
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Russian Rebels, 1600-1800 1972
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The Anarchists in the Russian Revolution 1973
.
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An American Anarchist: The Life of Voltairine
de Cleyre 1978, Max Nettlau, Avrich
: , ,

27


____________________________________________________________

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Modern School Movement: Anarchism and Education in the United
States 1980, Agnes Inglis.
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(1984), Joseph Labadie, 19 ,
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Anarchist Portraits 1988
.
,
Bakunin, Kropotkin, Makhno, Proudhon, Ricardo Flores Magon,
Berkman, Mollie Steimer , , Sacco-Vanzetti .
Sacco and Vanzetti: The Anarchist Background 1991
,
. Avrich
,
. 

28

PAUL AVRICH,
____________________________________________________________

  , ,
  , ,
Sacco Vanzetti
.
, Anarchist Voices: An Oral History of Anarchism In
America (1996) , 30
. ,
. Anarchist Voices
Sam Dolgoff Abe Bluestein
Kropotkin, B. Tucker Gustav Landauer
Most, Joseph Labadie R. Rocker
Goldman

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, Manuel Komroff, Charles Plunkett, Jo Ann Burbank
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29


____________________________________________________________

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.

PAUL AVRICH

The Russian Anarchists, Princeton University Press, 1967, . 303.

Kronstadt 1921, Princeton University Press, 1970, . 271.
Russian Rebels, 1600-1800, New York, Schocken Books, 1972, . 309
( History Book Club).
The Anarchists in the Russian Revolution, London, Thames & Hudson,
1973, . 179.
An American Anarchist: The Life of Voltairine de Cleyre, Princeton University Press, 1978, . 266 ( Pulitzer
1979).
The Modern School Movement: Anarchism and Education in the United States,
Princeton University Press, 1980, . 447 ( Pulitzer 1981).
The Haymarket Tragedy, Princeton University Press, 1984, . 535
( Philip Taft Labor History Award 1984
Pulitzer 1985).
Anarchist Portraits, Princeton University Press, 1988, . 316.
Sacco and Vanzetti: The Anarchist Background, Princeton University Press,
1991, . 265 ( National Book Award Pulitzer 1991 History Book Club).
Anarchist Voices: An Oral History of Anarchism in America, Princeton University Press, 1995, . 574.

30

PAUL AVRICH,
____________________________________________________________

(, , )
Michael Bakunin, God and the State, New York, Dover Publications,
1970.
Voltairine de Cleyre, The First Mayday: The Haymarket Speeches, 1895-1910,
Sanday, Cienfuegos Press, 1980.
Peter Kropotkin, In Russian and French Prisons, , New York,
Schocken Books, 1971.
Peter Kropotkin, Mutual Aid, , London and New York, Allen
Lane and New York University Press, 1972.
Peter Kropotkin, The Conquest of Bread, London and New York, Allen
Lane and New York University Press, 1972.
Alexander Berkman, What is Communist Anarchism?, New York, Dover
Publications, 1972.
The Totalitarian Nightmare, Culver City, CA, Western World Press, 1975.
Domenico Tarizzo, LAnarchia: storia dei movimenti libertari nel mondo,
, Milan, Mondadori, 1976.
Proudhon and His Bank of the People, Chicago, Charles H. Kerr, 1984.

The Short Course and Soviet Historiography, Political Science Quarterly 75,
1960, . 539.
The Sons of Freedom and the Promised Land, Russian Review (Stanford,
Calif.) 21:3, 1962, . 264.
The Bolshevik Revolution and Workers Control in Russian Industry, Slavic Review 22, 1963, 1:47.
Russian Factory Committees in 1917, Jahrbucher fr Geschichte Osteuropas n.s.:11, 1963, . 161-182.
What is Makhaevism?, Soviet Studies 17, 1965, 1:66.
Anarchism and Anti-Intellectualism in Russia, Journal of the History of
Ideas, XXVII, - 1966.
The Anarchists in the Russian Revolution, Russian Review, XXVI,
1967, . 341-50.
New Books on 1917, Russian Review (Stanford, Calif.) 27:2,
1968, . 225.
Russian Anarchists and the Civil War, Russian Review, XXVII,
1968, . 296-306.
The Legacy of Bakunin, Russian Review, XXIX, 1970, 12942.
31


____________________________________________________________
Bakunins God and the State, Anarchy 115, 1970, . 276.
On the New Class: A Libertarian Critique, Libertarian Analysis I,
1970, . 8-12.
Kropotkins Fuftsikster Yortsayt, Freie Arbeiter Stimme, 1/2/1971.
Kronstadt. An Introduction, Anarchy n.s.:2, 1971, . 3.
Bakunin, University Review, 1971, . 21-24.
The Last Maximalist: An Interview with Klara Klebanova, Russian Review
(Stanford, Calif.) 32:4, 1973, . 413.
Anarchists: Anatoli Zhelezniakov, The Match, 1974.
Peter Kropotkin, Encyclopedia Britannica, 15 .
The Paris Commune and Its Legacy, The Match, 1975.
Makhno and His Biographers, Freedom, 12/4/1975.
Memoirs of an Anarchist: An Interview with Lena Shlakman (1872-1975),
Freedom 6, 1975.
Anarchism in Russia, The Modern Encyclopedia of Russian and Soviet
History I, 1976, . 206-12.
Kropotkins etisch anarchisme, in De volle vrijheid: Ideologie en
geschiedenis van het anarchisme, . Frans Boenders (Brussels) and The
Hague, Manteau, 1976, . 41-75.
British Anarchists in America, Freedom, 9 & 23/10/1976.
Bakunin and His Writings, Canadian-American Slavic Studies, X,
1976, . 591-96.
Conrads Anarchist Professor: An Undiscovered Source, Labor History, XVIII,
1977, . 397-402.
The Modern Encyclopedia of Russian and Soviet History, IV, 1977, . 42-45.
Prison Letters of Ricardo Flores Magn to Lilly Sarnoff, International Review
of Social History, XXII, 1977, Part 3, . 379-422.
The Anarchists on the Socialization of Agriculture, Freedom, 30/9/1978.
Bakunin and Nechaev (pamphlet), London, Freedom Press, 1974, . 32.
Bakoenin en Kropotkin, Spiegel Historiael (Haarlem), 1979,
. 585-94.
Bakunin and the United States, International Review of Social History,
XXIV, 1979, Part 3, . 320-40.
Kropotkin in America, International Review of Social History, XXV, 1980,
Part 1, . 1-34.
La vida de Mollie Steimer: una anarquista, in Mollie Steimer: toda una vida
de lucha, Mexico City, Ediciones Antorcha, 1980, . 36-53.

32

PAUL AVRICH,
____________________________________________________________
Nestor Ivanovich Makhno, The Modern Encyclopedia of Russian and Soviet History, XXI, 1981, . 15-20.
Italian Anarchism in America: An Historical Background to the Sacco-Vanzetti
Case, in Sacco-Vanzetti: Developments and Reconsiderations, Boston,
Boston Public Library, 1982, . 61-67.
Bolshevik Opposition to Lenin: G. T. Miasnikov and the Workers Group, Russian Review, Vol. 43, 1984, . 1-29.
Bakunin och Netjajev, Fenix 2:2, 1984, . 18.
Anarkhizm in der geshikhte fun Amerike, Problemen, &
1985.
Francis Naumann, Adolf Wolff: Poet, Sculptor and Revolutionist, but Mostly
Revolutionist, The Art Bulletin, 1985, . 486-500.
The Bomb-Thrower: A New Candidate, in Haymarket Scrapbook, .
Dave Roediger and Franklin Rosement, Chicago, Charles H. Kerr, 1986,
. 71-73.
An Interview with Oriole Tucker, in Benjamin R. Tucker and the Champions of Liberty, . Michael E. Coughlin, Charles H. Hamilton Mark
A. Sullivan, St. Paul and New York, Michael E. Coughlin and Mark A.
Sullivan Publishers, 1987, . 20-27.
Zmanim (Times), Tel Aviv, No. 27-28, 1988, . 68-78.
V.M. Eikhenbaum (Volin): Portrait of a Russian Anarchist, in Imperial Russia, 1700-1917: State, Society, Opposition, . Ezra Mendelsohn and
Marshall S. Shatz, Dekalb, Northern Illinois University Press, 1988, .
278-288.
The Anarchist Critique of Government, in Voor Arthur Lehning, . Toke
Van Helmond J.
Sacco and Vanzetti-Innocent or Guilty?, in Italian Americans: The Search
for a Usable Past, . Richard N. Juliani Philip V. Cannistraro, New
York, American Italian Historical Association, 1989, . 210-15.
CIRA Bulletin (Lausanne), No. 47, 1991, . 4-6.
Sacco and Vanzetti, The Italian American Review V.2 No.1, 17/4/1993,
. 73-80.
Rivista anarchica (Milan), 1995, . 10-19.
Attilio Bortolotti (1903-1995), The Fifth Estate, Detroit, 1995, . 6.
Bollettino Archivio G. Pinelli, Milan, 1996, . 30-36.

David Footman, Red Prelude: A Life of A. I. Zhelyabov, Soviet Studies 20:3

33


____________________________________________________________
1969, . 397.
Allan K. Wildman, The End of the Russian Imperial Army: The Old Army and
the Soldiers Revolt (March-April 1917), Soviet Studies 33:1, 1981,
. 150.
Israel Getzler, Kronstadt 1917-1921: The Fate of a Soviet Democracy, Soviet
Studies 36:1, 1984, . 139.
Max Nomad, Dreamers, Dynamiters, and Demagogues: Reminiscences, Slavic
Review 24:3, 1965, . 539.
Marxism in the Modern World, . Milorad M. Drachkovitch, Slavic Review 25:3, 1966, . 546.
Michel Bakounine et lItalie, 1871-1872, . Arthur Lehning, Slavic Review
27, 1968, . 650.
Michel Bakounine et les conflits dans lInternationale, 1872: La question germanoslave, Slavic Review 27:4, 1968, . 650.
Le communisme dtat, . Arthur Lehning, Slavic Review 27:4,
1968, . 650.
Michel Bakounine, Gosudarstvennost i Anarkhiia (Etatisme et Anarchie),
trans. Marcel Body, Slavic Review 27:4, 1968, . 650.
Olga A. Narkiewicz, The Making of the Soviet State Apparatus, Slavic Review 31:1, 1972, . 168.
Anthony Masters, Bakunin: The Father of Anarchism, Slavic Review 35:2,
1976, . 330.
Emile Capouya and Keitha Tompkins (.), The Essential Kropotkin,
Slavic Review 35:3, 1976, . 534.
Michel Bakounine et ses relations slaves, 1870-1875, . Arthur Lehning,
Slavic Review 35:4, 1976, . 735.
The Confession of Mikhail Bakunin, . Robert C., Slavic Review 37:1,
1978, . 125.
Nora Levin, While Messiah Tarried: Jewish Socialist Movements, 1871-1917,
Slavic Review 38:4, 1979, . 671.
Richard B. Saltman, The Social and Political Thought of Michael Bakunin,
Slavic Review 42:3, 1983, . 479.
Robert M. Cutler, . ., Mikhail Bakunin-From Out of the Dustbin:
Bakunins Basic Writings, 1869-1871, Slavic Review 45:2, 1986, . 334.
Caroline Cahm, Kropotkin and the Rise of Revolutionary Anarchism, Slavic
Review 50:3, 1991, . 705.
P.A. Kropotkin, Dnevniki raznych let, . A. P. Lebedeva, Besprechungen. Jahrbucher fr Geschichte Osteuropas n.s.:43:3, 1995, . 436.

34

PAUL AVRICH,
____________________________________________________________
Allan Wildman, The Making of a Workers Revolution: Russian Social Democracy 1891-1903, Russian Review (Stanford, Calif.) 27:3, 7/1968, . 354.
John T. Alexander, Autocratic Politics in a National Crisis: The Imperial Russian Government and Pugachevs Revolt, 1773-1775, Russian Review (Stanford,
Calif.) : 29:3, 1970, . 337.
Alfred Erich Senn, The Russian Revolution in Switzerland, 1914-1917, Russian Review (Stanford, Calif.) 31:1, 1972, . 83.
George F. Kennan, The Marquis de Custine and His Russia in 1839, Russian Review (Stanford, Calif.) 31:1, 1972, . 96.
Pierre Pascal, La rvolte de Pougatchv, Russian Review (Stanford, Calif.)
31:2, 1972, . 202.
Philip Pomper, Peter Lavrov and the Russian Revolutionary Movement, Russian Review (Stanford, Calif.) 32:3, 1973, . 313.
Oliver H. Radkey, The Unknown Civil War in Soviet Russia: A Study of the
Green Movement in the Tambov Region 1920-1921, Russian Review (Stanford,
Calif.) 36:2, 1977, . 225.
Alexander Rabinowitch, The Bolsheviks Come to Power: The Revolution of
1917 in Petrograd, Russian Review (Stanford, Calif.) 36:3, 1977, .
361.
Norman E. Saul, Sailors in Revolt: The Russian Baltic Fleet in 1917, Russian
Review (Stanford, Calif.) 37:4, 1978, . 463.
Anthony DAgostino, Marxism and the Russian Anarchists, Russian Review
(Stanford, Calif.) 38:3, 1979, . 368.
M. S. Bernshtam, Nezavisimoe rabochee dvizhenie v 1918 godu: dokumenty i
materialy, Russian Review (Stanford, Calif.) 41:2, 1982, . 208.
Michael Malet, Nestor Makhno in the Russian Civil War, Russian Review
(Stanford, Calif.) 42:1, 1983, . 113.
S. N. Kanev, Revoliutsiia i anarkhizm: Iz istorii borby revoliutsionnykh demokratov i bolshevikov protiv anarkhizma (1840-1917gg.), Russian Review (Stanford, Calif.) 48:1, 1989, . 91.
Lane, The roots of russian communism, American Historical Review 75:3,
1970, . 891.
E. N. Burdzhalov, Vtoraia Russkaia Revoliutsiia: Vosstanie v Petrograde,
American Historical Review 76:1, 1971, . 171.
Arthur Lehning, Michel Bakounine et ses relations avec Sergej Necaev, 18701872: crits et matriaux;
Michael Confino, Violence dans la violence: Le dbat Bakounine-Necaev,
American Historical Review 79:2, 1974, . 536.

35


____________________________________________________________
M. Sh. Shigabudinov, Rabochee dvizhenie na Severnom Kavkaze v gody novogo
revoliutsionnogo podema i pervoi mirovoi voiny (1910-fevral 1917gg.) [The Workers
Movement in the Northern Caucasus during the New Revolutionary Enthusiasm and
the First World War (1910-February 1917)], American Historical Review 79:5,
1974, . 1601.
David Childs, Marx and the Marxists: An Outline of Practice and Theory,
American Historical Review 81:1, 1976, . 124.
V. F. Pustarnakov, Kapital K. Marksa i filosofskaia myslv Rossii (Konets
XIX-nachalo XX v.) [K. Marxs "Capital" and Philosophical Thought in Russia
(End of the 19th-Beginning of the 20th Century)], American Historical Review:
81:1, 1976, . 124.
Richard N. Hunt, The Political Ideas of Marx and Engels". Vol. 1, "Marxism
and Totalitarian Democracy, 1818-1850, American Historical Review 81:1,
1976, . 124.
Martin A. Miller, Kropotkin, American Historical Review 81:5,
1976, . 1176.
John L. H. Keep, The Russian Revolution: A Study in Mass Mobilization,
American Historical Review 83:1, 1978, . 235.
David Deleon, The American as Anarchist: Reflections on Indigenous Radicalism, American Historical Review 84, 1979, . 1467.
A. S. Orlov, Volveniia na Urale v seredine XVIII veka: K voprosu o formirovanii proletariata v Rossii [Disturbances in the Urals in the Middle of the Eighteenth
Century: On the Question of the Formation of a Proletariat in Russia], American
Historical Review 85:5, 1980, . 1237.
Frederic Trautmann, The Voice of Terror: A Biography of Johann Most,
American Historical Review 86:3, 1981, . 659.
Luigi Galleani, The End of Anarchism?, Black Rose 10, 1983.
Aileen Kelly, Mikhail Bakunin: A Study in the Psychology and Politics of Utopianism, American Historical Review 88:5, 1983, . 1243.
Andrew Ezergailis, The Latvian Impact on the Bolshevik Revolution: The First
Phase; September 1917 to April 1918, American Historical Review 89:4,
1984, . 1121.
Robert H. McNeal, Tsar and Cossack, 1855-1914, American Historical
Review 93:3, 1988, . 738.
Michael Melancon, The Socialist Revolutionaries and the Russian Anti-War
Movement, 1914-1917, American Historical Review 97:2, 1992, .
585 & Canadian-American Slavic Studies/Revue canadienne-amricaine
dtudes slaves 13:3, 1979, . 365.

36

PAUL AVRICH,
____________________________________________________________
Bakounine et les autres: Equisses et portraits contemporaines dun rvolutionnaire,
edited by Arthur Lehning, Canadian-American Slavic Studies/Revue canadienne-amricaine dtudes slaves 13:3, 1979, . 365.
Linda Gordon, Cossack Rebellions: Social Turmoil in the Sixteenth-Century
Ukraine, Canadian-American Slavic Studies/Revue canadienne-amricaine
dtudes slaves 17:4, 1983.
Gerson, The Secret Police in Lenins Russia, Canadian Journal of History/Annales canadiennes dhistoire 12:2, 1977, . 274.
Michael Bakunin, Statism and Anarchy, . . Marshall S. Shatz,
Russian History/Histoire russe 18:2, 1991, . 211.
Frederick Kaplan, Bolshevik Ideology and the Ethics of Soviet Labor, Labor
History 11, 1970, . 387-389.
Walter Sablinsky, The Road to Bloody Sunday: Father Gapon and the St. Petersburg Massacre of 1905, Labor History 18, 1977, . 300-302.
John Hart, Anarchism and the Mexican Working Class, 1860-1931, Labor
History 21, 1980, . 622-624.
Howard Ehrlich, Reinventing Anarchy: What Are Anarchists Thinking These
Days?, Labor History 23, 1982, . 440-443.
Organization of American Historians, In Memoriam, OAH Newsletter
34, 2006.
Terry Perlin (), Contemporary Anarchism, Labor History 23, 1982, .
440-443.
Diane Koenker, Moscow Workers and the 1917 Revolution, Labor History
25, 1984, . 304-305.
Morton Cowden, Russian Bolshevism and British Labor, 1917-1921, Labor
History 27, 1986, . 146-147.S.A. Smith, Red Petrograd: Revolution in the
Factories, 1917-1918, Labor History 28, 1987, . 418-419.

Creagh Ronald

Creagh Ronald, Paul Avrich bibliography: Works on Anarchism.

Enckell Marianne, Paul Avrich (1931-2006) is dead, Centre International de Recherches sur l'Anarchisme (CIRA).
Vivian Gruder, From the In Memoriam column of the May 2006,
Queens College.
37


____________________________________________________________

Helms P. Robert, Paul Avrich: An Eulogy.

Stuart Christie, Obituary of Russian-American anarchist historian
Paul Avrich, The Guardian, 2006.
KSL collective, Paul Avrich 1931-2006: a historian who listened to
anarchist voices.
Phillips Susan, Love and Anarchy: A Profile and Interview with Paul
Avrich.
Wikipedia, /wiki/File:Paul_avrich_ca1980.png.
Paul Avrich, radical historian, 1931-2006, 2006.

38


Andrew Flood
Zapatistas1;
EZLN ( Zapatistas)
,
Chiapas2, 1994.
,
, .
, Zapatistas . ,
.
Zapatistas,
. , . , Zapatistas
. EZLN:
Zapatista, .
, Zapatistas
- ,
. . La Realidad, Chiapas, 1996,
1999, 2000.

1 Chiapas Revealed 1997.

: http://anarchism.pageabode.com/andrewnflood/what-differentabout-zapatistas. .
2 Estado Libre y Soberano de Chiapas ( Chiapas),
32 . 4,3 . .

39

ANDREW FLOOD
____________________________________________________________

1 1994 ,
, , . , EZLN,
(The Mexican Awakener).

. , , , ,
, , , , ,
. []
o EZLN
,   ,   ,     
.
,
EZLN.     
 , ,
,    .   
  , 
,
, ,   
    .
,
EZLN,
.

1989
,
( ) . EZLN
40

 ZAPATISTAS;
____________________________________________________________

, . , , ,
.
Zapatistas, Marcos, 1995, : ,
, Zapatistas   . 
,      
.  , ,
 . , 
 ,  .
 , . []
Marcos 1995 Zapatistas : , , ,
 .  
,  ,    
.  , , .     ( , 
).     (, , )
  .
       
 :
  
.  ,
, 
 .  
  . 
.      ; , 
, , , .

41

ANDREW FLOOD
____________________________________________________________

, 1996 EZLN
. ,
EPR ( )3,
, Zapatistas . EZLN
EPR, EPR
EZLN,  , :  ,
   
 (   )
, . ,   ,  Zapatistas. !
  .  .   ,
    .
,   
   
 ,  .
 . ,
 , . .
,  Zapatistas.
. ,
. .  , ,
.  , Zapatistas
, . []
, ,
3 Popular Revolutionary Army: , 28
1996.

42

 ZAPATISTAS;
____________________________________________________________

. Zapatistas;
, , -
, .
Zapatistas ,

. .
Zapatistas . Zapatistas
.
,
Lacandon
1994.
.
1995 Zapatistas. ()

. , 70.000 Zapatistas . ,
.
.
Zapatistas,
( , ).
Zapatistas. ,

43

ANDREW FLOOD
____________________________________________________________

, ,
.

, Zapatistas , .
100 ,
. ,
, , EZLN
.
,
. , (
) , .
, . ,

. , .
,
.
,
, . ,
. ,
Chiapas, Zapatistas
,
.

44

 ZAPATISTAS;
____________________________________________________________

Diez de Abril
Zapatistas.
, Diez de Abril, 1997 2000 (
),
200 Diez.
Diez de Abril Altamirano
Comitan Chiapas. 100
1997. 80% Tzeltal 20%
Tojolobal. Chiapas, , ,
( ). ,
, - .
Diez 10 1995.
, .
. : ,
.  Diez de
Abril,  Zapata  . companero ()  .   
  . .
  .
Diez .
, .
,
12 ( , ),
:
.
,

45

ANDREW FLOOD
____________________________________________________________

. , . , .
.
.

. ( ) ,
, .

, . Diez , , ,
, , .
.
, EZLN. 2000 Nicolas Ruiz
:
, Enrique Siles,  FIDELIC,    . ,
    .   ,
 .

Morelia 8 1998,
. Roselia, Morelia, :   ,     .

46

 ZAPATISTAS;
____________________________________________________________

.
,
, , .

,
(
).
.
Zapatistas .
. Diez
. 1997, ,
.
Zapatistas


. ,
.

, Chiapas,
(
Zapatistas).
Chiapas, ,
.
Zapatistas
, ( ).
Zapatistas
,
.
47

ANDREW FLOOD
____________________________________________________________

.
, ,

. , :




.
,
.
Zapatistas . ,
. Zapatistas , . 38
50
100 .

Zapatistas
. , ,
.

EZLN , . ,
,
, ,
.
H CCRI
(Clandestine Revolutionary Indigenous Committee)
.
, , Tacho.
48

 ZAPATISTAS;
____________________________________________________________

Zapatistas CCRI
(.. ).
, CCRI , .
Morelia
,  CCRI  ,
1994.
CCRI
.
, La Jornada
CCRI. , Isaac,
CCRI : 
CCRI ,
 ,  ,  CCRI ,
,  , . ,
  .

, CCRI,
.
1994, Marcos
,
CCRI . ,
(  
 ),  .     . 
 
, , 
.  ,
, ,  . , 
 .
,   ,   . 

49

ANDREW FLOOD
____________________________________________________________

   , 
 . , CCRI
.   EZLN    ,    80, 100, 120 .
.  
 .  ,
   
,  .
CCRI 1994 :
-   ;
-  ,  ,
 .  
; ;
;  .
 : . , 
 . , CCRI, Zapatistas , , .  , . . .
- ;
-  .  Zapatistas.
Zapatistass    Chiapas. 
 :   .
- ;
-    .
 .  ,  
,   .
, , . ;  
 .    : . ,
 . 
, . ,  . , .
, CCRI , . (consultas).

50

 ZAPATISTAS;
____________________________________________________________

Consultas
1994,  Lacandona ( )
. : EZLN,    ,   
   
  .    EZLN,
  ,
,    .
;
:
  EZLN. ,
. , . 
 .
,   (   12 ),  ,   .
consultas , ,
.
. ,
, ,
. consultas Zapatistas , ,
.
1994, Marcos :
 ,    ,  EZLN  .  
. . 
, ,  . 
 . , , .
:  , , ,

51

ANDREW FLOOD
____________________________________________________________

 . 
 .   .
Ann Maria EZL, 1994, consulta
1 .
 . ,   . 1998,
Marcos consulta
, EZLN
. , Ann Maria :
, 
. ,  .
 . .
. .

consultas ,
. ,
.
CCRI,
1995
. Zapatistas
.
. . , 100
Ricardo Flores Magon. , Tierra y Libertad, , 120 Tzotzil, Tseltal Tojolobal
Las Margaritas, Ocosingo, La Trinitaria, La
Independecia Frontera Comalap.
52

 ZAPATISTAS;
____________________________________________________________

commandante Samuel EZLN EZLN :

  1994  .  !
 .  ,    , .
SIPAZ
:    ,
.      , ,   . , 
  , 
, ,  .
SIPAZ ,
. , 1905
1917 ,
1918 1923, 1920-21,

1936-37 1974-76
. Limerick
1919, .

Chiapas,
.

,
. , CCRI EZLN,
. Zapatistas
.

53

ANDREW FLOOD
____________________________________________________________

, Mariana Mora, :
, ,
, , , 
, ,  . 17
de Noviembre,   Altamirno,  
 75 ,  .
, Ocosingo. 
  ,
  .  
   : ,
,  .  
   
  . ,   
. 
    ,  .

Enlace Civil, , , :      
Zapatistas.   
 .

   .   ,
  .   
  
 .
,   , , ,
 ,  , 
.  , , 54

 ZAPATISTAS;
____________________________________________________________

  . , .

.  , ,    .
,   
 . 
 ,
 .
   , .
. ,
 ,   
 : ,   
 . Polho, Chenalho, 
 ,
 ,   
 .

. (
), . ,
.
Cristobal de las Casas : 
 
.       PRI (Institutional Revolutionary Party)4 
 , 
.  4 :
70 , . .

55

ANDREW FLOOD
____________________________________________________________

     ,
 .

Zapatistas. , Zapatistas

.

.
, Chiapas ,
.
 
  
504 . ,
   
, ,   .

Zapatistas,
Chiapas. , o EZLN,
.
Chiapas
. []

;
apatistas
,
. ,
. 1917
1937, ,

. ,
: , .
Zapatistas . ,
, Marcos
1995 ( ): : .
56

 ZAPATISTAS;
____________________________________________________________

: .

, Zapatistas ,
.
Zapatistas

. ,
, . 1995 Marcos
  , ,  
  . 
 ,  .
, . []
Zapatistas
, . , .
Zapatistas ,
.

Lacandon  ,
  :   .
, 
.
 .
      .  ,   ,   .     .  ,   (, , , , )  
  .

57

ANDREW FLOOD
____________________________________________________________

 ,   ,
 ,
  .
  , 
, . []

Zapatistas (, , )
. ,
1994: 
 
, ,  , 
. Banco de Credito Rural, , ,
, 
,    .
 ,
 .
 ,  , ,    .
, ,

.
,    EZLN  1994,
,   San Jacinto 
,  .
Chiapas,
EZLN .
,
.
, ,
( ).
EZLN 1 1994 . , , 58

 ZAPATISTAS;
____________________________________________________________

. ,  
  
, , .
Zapatistas
, ,

. ,
,
.
,
. ,
Carranza5 Casa
Zapatistas. Fox6,
,
,
Zapatistas .

1994 1995, Fox
. []

;
.

.
. , ,
, ,
5 Venustiano Carranza de la Garza (1859-1920):
.
. .
6 Vicente Fox Quesada (1942): ,
2000 2006. .

59

ANDREW FLOOD
____________________________________________________________

. .
Zapatistas
, .
, Zapatistas , ,
,

. , ,
2 . ,
,
, .
Zapatistas . ,
, .

,

, .
Zapatistas ,
.
,
. Zapatistas
.

: .

60

Alice Beach Winter (1877-1970)

Elizabeth Olds (1896-1991), Picasso study club

1 ,
20 , Robert Henri Ashan School. .

61


____________________________________________________________

Elizabeth Olds (1896-1991), Mending nets

Cornelia Barns (1888-1941), United we stand, antisuffrage meeting

62


____________________________________________________________

Isabel Bishop (1902-1988), Woman walking

Peggy Bacon (1895-1987), Mazzinis

63


____________________________________________________________

Clara Tice (1888-1973), Woman with hat

Theresa Bernstein (1890-2002), The art party

64


____________________________________________________________

Marguerite Zorach (1887-1968), Father and daughter

Marguerite Zorach (1887-1968), Commerce and industry

65


____________________________________________________________

Clara Tice (1888-1973), High stepping dancer

Peggy Bacon (1895-1987), Dance at the league

66


____________________________________________________________

Cornelia Barns (1888-1941), We accuse society

Elizabeth Olds (1896-1991), White collarboys

67


____________________________________________________________

Isabel Bishop (1902-1988), Students outdoors

Alice Beach Winter (1877-1970), On the fire escape

68


____________________________________________________________

Isabel Bishop (1902-1988), Tidying up

Wanda Gg (1893-1946), In the year of our lord

69


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, . !
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monde!
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B

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73


____________________________________________________________
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74

Kirkpatrick Sale


,
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;
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Becker, ,
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75

KIRKPATRICK SALE
____________________________________________________________

,
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*

Cummings1

E. E.

2,
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.
1 Edward Estlin Cummings (1894-1962) , , , . 20 .
2 Cummings manunkind.

76


____________________________________________________________

6 , , , .
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, .

, ,

, 350 ( 3 ),
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; ; ;
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,


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77

KIRKPATRICK SALE
____________________________________________________________

. ,
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, , , .
*

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:
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,
; , ,
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;
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*

, , , ,
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3

affluence: , .

78


____________________________________________________________

, ,
.
, , , . Worldwatch, , ,
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Morelia Mexico ,
. ,
4,
1.600
,

5, ,
.
, . . ,
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. ,
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5

U.S. Union of Concerned Scientists.

World Scientists Warning to Humanity.

79

KIRKPATRICK SALE
____________________________________________________________
*

,

,
.
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,
.
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500.000 .

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80


____________________________________________________________

100%
,
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6 Manifest Destiny 19 ,
.

81

KIRKPATRICK SALE
____________________________________________________________

, , .
,
.
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,
.
*

Herbert Read
. , ,

,
.
, .
Kirkpatrick Sale 
(1995), 7, The Nation.      BEACON .
:

7 Luddites 19 (
Ned Ludd) . ,

/ .

82

Ivan Illich

   1990.
,     
. , , 
 .
 ,   , , , 1999.
, , . , ,

,
. ,
, Time .
,
( ): , , , , . ,
. ,
. ,

. homo
sapiens homo miserabilis. , ,
.
. , , ,
, .
,
83

IVAN ILLICH
____________________________________________________________

. .
, homo miserabilis , ,
homo economicus, .
.
homo .

homo sapiens . Lascaux
.
,
. , , . : ,
, , . , , .
. , .

.

,
Ka'aba . ,
, ,
, ,
.

, 1936. , ,
junk food . -,

84


____________________________________________________________

,

.
, .
, homo miserabilis
.
/
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, , . . ,
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. , . , .
, .

, homo economicus
. .
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.
, ,
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85

IVAN ILLICH
____________________________________________________________

homo systematicus1.
, , .

,
. ,
.
,

. . ,

.
, , , ,
. , ,
, ()
.

.
, , . ,
1 : , /, ,
.

86


____________________________________________________________

, . ,
bypass ,
,
, . , , ,

. , ,

.


.

, 1949. ,
,
. .
,
, , .

. , 2.
,

. ,
,
.
2

TRUMAN, Harry S. Inaugural Address, Jan 20, 1949.

87

IVAN ILLICH
____________________________________________________________

,
. ,
3.
, : []
[] [] ,
, . . .
1961.4
, , , .
,
. []
, []
, ,
[] , ,
5.
, . , ,
. , : , 6. TRUMAN, Harry. Message to Congress June 24th 1949 (on Point Four).
KENNEDY, John F. Inaugural Address: January 20, 1961.
5KENNEDY, John F. Special Message to Congress Requesting Appropriations
for the Inter-American Fund for Social Progress and for Reconstruction in Chile.
March 14, 1961.
6 : Richard Nixon, 1999, Victory without War. . 48.
3
4

88


____________________________________________________________

.

.
,
. 60,
, ,
. , ,
.
1962,

. .

,
. , 1972,
, ,
. , McNamara
, ,
[]
7.


.


, ,
7 McNAMARA, Robert S. Address to the Board of Governors of the World Bank
Group. Nairobi, Kenya: September 24 1973.

89

IVAN ILLICH
____________________________________________________________

. , ,
, .
, [] 8. , ()
.
, .
. , .

, .
( ). : .
. , ,
.
, , ,
20 . ,
, , . ,
, ,

. 19 ,
. , 20
. ,
9. []
8 C.B.MacPherson, "Needs and Wants: an ontological or historical problem?",
Human needs and politics. Rushcutters Bay (NSW, Australia): Pergamon Press 77.
9 Pope PAUL VI. Encyclical Letter Progressio populorum.

90


____________________________________________________________

, , ,

. ,
, . 1970, .
:
.

. , . , , .
,
, :
.
.
() , .

, .
, , ,
homo economicus. , ,
Mandeville
.
[]
, .

91

IVAN ILLICH
____________________________________________________________

.

, ,
. , , ,
,
. : , ,
, .
.
,
.
,
.
,
.
, .
. ,
, . .
.

. ,

. []
-. 10.
, . ,
[] .
10 LUTZ Mark A. ; LUX, Kenneth. Humanistic Economics: the new Challenge.
NY, NY: The Bootstrap Press, 1988.

92


____________________________________________________________

, ,


. , .11
,
.
, .

, . , . , , , ,
, , ,
.
, , ,

. ,
.
, , [] ,
(

),
, 12.
,
Marianne Groenemeyer.
,

. , , 11
12

John GALTUNG. " The Basic Needs Approach" . 55-57.

Erich FROMM. "The Psychology of Normalcy." Dissent 1 (1l54) . 43.

93

IVAN ILLICH
____________________________________________________________

,
13.

,
.

.
. ,
, , /
. , , , , , . ,
:
[] 14.
Talcott Parsons, 1951, []
[] , 15.
Michael Ignatieff,

16. [] ,
,
[] .
, ,
13 GRONEMEYER, Marianne. Die Macht der Bedurfnisse Reflexionen uber ein
Phantom. Hamburg, Rowohlt 1988.
14 .. .22 17.
15 T. Parsons, Towards a General Theory of Action, Harvard University Press,
1951, .1,18.
16 Michael IGNATIEFF. The Needs of Strangers. London: Chatto and Windhus,
The Hogarth Press, 1984.

94


____________________________________________________________

. , ,
. ,
17. []
(1)
(2)
, ,
, .
,
( ) , . , ,
.
. , ,

, .
,
,
, , . ,
. , ,
,
.

.
70,
.

,
17

Adam SMITH. The Wealth of Nations Book 5, ch II, part 2, art.IV.

95

IVAN ILLICH
____________________________________________________________

. . , ,
, , . ,
inputs.

,

, ,
.
, .
, .
, ,
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,
.
,
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.
, , 18,
, . ,
.
:

18 Ivan ILLICH, "The Ritualization of Progress" in: De-schooling Society. Harper

and Row: NY 1971.

96

Miguel Valencia

1
.
.
, , . , : , , ,
.
.
.
. ,
, , , , .
, , , , ,
.
, , .
, , , , , .
,
. , , ,
,
,
,
. . 1 Miguel Valencia -,
Klimaforum, 2009.

97

MIGUEL VALENCIA
____________________________________________________________

.
  :
.
1990,
1500 (campesinos), , , ,
,
, , , , ,
, .
:
h
.
h Ignacio del Valle, campesinos,
,
120 .
h .
h
San Xavier.
h campesinos
.
h
.
13 :
h campsinos
.
h campsinos Tlahuac
.
, .
, .
98


____________________________________________________________

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,
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, 18 , :
,
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, , -

99

MIGUEL VALENCIA
____________________________________________________________

.
. ,
: .
, Herbert Marcuse 1960, . , , , ,
, Bill Joy, . ,
, , .
, , .
, ,
,

.
:
, , , , , ,
, , , , , . , , , , . ,
,
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,
, . ,
. , , , , , ,

100


____________________________________________________________

.
,
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.

,

.

, .
Coca-Cola ,
.
Ivan Illich,
.
,
. , HIV, ,
.
,
.

. ,
Zygmut Bauman,

, ,
.

,
,

101

MIGUEL VALENCIA
____________________________________________________________

.

, , , , , .
,
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,
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, , , . ,
.
  

.
, ,
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, Serge Latouche,
, .


,

,

.
102


____________________________________________________________

Zygmut Bauman :
Latouche : , . ,
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.
-
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103

MIGUEL VALENCIA
____________________________________________________________

. ,
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.
,
, ,
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, Baruch Spinoza,
.
, ,
.
Baruch Spinoza, , .
. .
, ,

. Spinoza

. -

104


____________________________________________________________

Gandhi :
.
, , .
, , , .

105

Charles Siegel
1

.
.
,
,
.
,
. ,
.

, 1965. 1965 , 2. , , ,
60.
1960,
: The Waste Makers Vance Packard, The
Affluent Society John Kenneth Galbraith Abundance for
What? David Riesman3, .


.
1 Preservation Institute, 2006. :
http://www.preservenet.com/endgrowth/EndGrowth.Html.
2 U.S. Bureau of the Census, Statistical Abstract of the United States: 2006 (Washington, DC, 2006) . 448.
3 John Kenneth Galbraith, The Affluent Society (New York, Houghton Mifflin,
1958). Vance Packard, The Waste Makers (New York, David McKay, 1960). David
Riesman, Abundance for What? and Other Essays (New York, Doubleday, 1964).

106


____________________________________________________________

,
.
. ,
60.
[]
 

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, .
,
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107

CHARLES SIEGEL
____________________________________________________________

,

:
, .
. , .
.
,
. , ,
.

50 ,
. , , 20 . ,
,
-,
.
,
.
 

5,1% 1960 8% 1975 15,4% .

1960 .

18,7% 20144.
4 Robert Pear, "Health Costs Will Keep Rising, U.S. Says, Along With Government Share of Paying Them," New York Times, 24 2005, . A21.

108


____________________________________________________________

70,
.

60, , ,

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.
, . ,
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,
5.
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.
,
- .
,
5 Marsden Wagner, Pursuing The Birth Machine: The Search For Appropriate
Birth Technology (Camperdown, NSW, Australia, Associates in Childbirth Education, 1994).

109

CHARLES SIEGEL
____________________________________________________________

, .
, 305
,
77 78 . 305
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 2011. , .
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. : 6955493432-6974546230
e-mail: exarchiapress@yahoo.gr

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2011

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