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Add Maths Formulae List: Form 4 (Update !"#"$!%
$ Fu&'tio&s
A(solute )alue Fu&'tio& *&+erse Fu&'tio&
y fx = () f yx() =
1
If , then
fx fx (), if () 0
f x()
Remember:
< Object = the value of x
fx fx (), if () 0
Image = the value of yor f(x)
f(x) ma onto it!elf mean! f(x) = x
$, -uadrati' E.uatio&s
/e&eral Form -uadrati' Formula
" " = 0 ax bx c
#
b $ b % ac
#
= x &here a, b, an' care con!tant! an' a( 0)
#a
*+ote that the highe!t o&er of an un,no&n of a
-ua'ratic e-uation i! ,)
.hen the e-uation can not be factori/e')
Formi&0 -uadrati' E.uatio& From its 1oots: Nature o2 1oots
If 01 an' 02 are the root! of a -ua'ratic e-uation
b c
"= =
% b ac 0 t&o real an' 'ifferent root!
#
3
a a
% b ac = 0 t&o real an' e-ual root!
#
% b ac 0 no real root!
#
< 4he 5ua'ratic 6-uation
" " = b %ac 0 the root! are real xx () 0
# #
or
"= x SoR x PoR ()( )0
#
7oR = 7um of Root!
8oR = 8ro'uct of Root!
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$3 -uadrati' Fu&'tio&s
/e&eral Form Completi&0 the s.uare:
f xaxbxc () ="" f xaxp q () ( )= ""
# #
x p= (i) the value of x, &here a, b, an' care con!tant! an' a( 0)
(ii) min)9ma;) value = q
*+ote that the highe!t o&er of an un,no&n of a
(iii) min)9ma;) oint = (,) p q
-ua'ratic function i! ,)
= (iv) e-uation of a;i! of !<mmetr<, x p
=lternative metho':
minimum > (!miling face) a 3 0
= "" f xaxbxc ()
#
ma;imum ? (!a' face) < a 0
b
= (i) the value of x, #x a
b
(ii) min)9ma;) value = () f a
#
b
= (iii) e-uation of a;i! of !<mmetr<, # x a
-uadrati' *&e.ualities Nature o2 1oots
an' ( ) 0 fx 3 an' ( ) 0 fx < a 3 0 a 3 0
inter!ect! t&o 'ifferent oint! 3 bac
#
% 0
at :a;i! x
touch one oint at :a;i! x
bac= % 0
#
a a b b
'oe! not meet :a;i! x
bac< % 0
#
or x axb <3 axb <<
$4 Simulta&eous E.uatio&s
4o fin' the inter!ection oint !olve! !imultaneou! e-uation)
Remember: !ub!titute linear e-uation into non: linear e-uation)
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$4 *&di'es a&d Lo0arithm
Fu&dame&tal i2 *&di'es La5s o2 *&di'es
a 1=
=
aa
a 1 @ero In'e;,
mn mn " 0
1
a a
2= aa = +egative In'e;,
mn mn 1
a
()aa =
mn mn 1
ab
= ()
1
ba
= ()ab a b
nnn
1
a = Aractional In'e; a
n n
aa
n
() =
m
n
a =
a
n n m
bb
n
Fu&dame&tal o2 Lo0arithm La5 o2 Lo0arithm
= = log log log mn m n = " log yx a y
x
aaa
a
m mn = log 1a
log log log = a
n
aaa
= log ax
x
a
n
log m = n log m
a a
log 1 0=
a
Cha&0i&0 the 6ase
log b
log log b a= c
a
c
1
= log log b a
a
b
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$7 Coordi&ate /eometr8
9ista&'e a&d /radie&t
Ci!tance Det&een 8oint = an' E =
()()
x x " x x
# #
1 # 1 #
y y
m x x = Fra'ient of line =E,
#1
# 1
Or
y ercept
= Fra'ient of a line, int m x ercept
int
:arallel Li&es :erpe&di'ular Li&es
.hen # line! are arallel, .hen # line! are eren'icular to each other,
= m m 1 = ) mm 1
1 # 1 #
m = gra'ient of line 1
1
m = gra'ient of line #
2
A poi&t di+idi&0 a se0me&t o2 a li&e Midpoi&t
"" x xy y
= oint 'ivi'ing a !egment of a line
= M , Gi'oint,
1 #1 #
nx mx ny my ""
##
= P mn mn ,
1 #1 #
""
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Area o2 tria&0le:
=rea of 4riangle

=
,
()
1
() A xy xy xy xy xy xy ="" ""
#
1## B1 #1B#1B B
Form o2 E.uatio& o2 Strai0ht Li&e
General form Gradient form Intercept form
ymxc = "
xy ""= ax by c 0
"= 1
ab
m= gra'ient
b
c= y:intercet
a= x:intercet m a =
b= y:intercet
E.uatio& o2 Strai0ht Li&e
Fra'ient (m) an' 1 oint ( x , y ) # oint!, ( x , y ) an' (x , y ) given ;:intercet an' <:intercet given
1 1 1 1 2 2
given
yy mxx = () y yyy xy
= "= 1 11 1 #1
x xxx ab
1 #1
6-uation of eren'icular bi!ector get! mi'oint an' gra'ient of eren'icular line)
*&2ormatio& i& a rhom(us:
A B
(i) !ame length ABBCCDAD = ==
(ii) arallel line! mm = or mm =
ABCD ADBC
(iii) 'iagonal! (eren'icular) 1 mm 1=
AC BD
(iv) !hare !ame mi'oint mi'oint AC= mi'oint
BD
D
C
(v) an< oint !olve the !imultaneou! e-uation!
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1emem(er:
y:intercet x = 0
cut y:a;i! x = 0
x:intercet 0 y =
cut x:a;i! 0 y =
**oint lie! on the line !ati!f< the e-uation !ub!titute the value of xan' of yof the oint into the
e-uation)
E.uatio& o2 Lo'us
( use the 2ormula o2 4he e-uation of the locu! of a 4he e-uation of the locu! of a moving
P( x, y) P( x, y)
dista&'e% moving oint &hich i! oint &hich i! al&a<!
4he e-uation of the locu! of a
al&a<! at a con!tant 'i!tance e-ui'i!tant from t&o fi;e' oint! Aan' B
P( x, y) moving oint &hich
from t&o fi;e' oint! i! the perpendicular bisector of the
( x , y ) (x , y ) i! al&a<! at a con!tant !traight line AB)
A an' B &ith
1 1 # #
'i!tance ( r) from a fi;e' oint
m: n
a ratio i!
( x , y ) PA PB =
A i!
1 1
()()()() x xyyxx yy " = "
## # #
PA m
=
11# #
PA r=
PB n
( x x ) " ( y y ) = r
# # #
( x x ) " ( y y ) m
# # #
1 1
=
1 1
" ( x x ) ( y y ) n
# #
# #
More Formulae a&d E.uatio& List:
78G Aorm % 8h<!ic! : Aormulae Ii!t
78G Aorm H 8h<!ic! : Aormulae Ii!t
78G Aorm % Ehemi!tr< : Ii!t of Ehemical Reaction!
78G Aorm H Ehemi!tr< : Ii!t of Ehemical Reaction!
0OA%CI88GOAJ
=ll at
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$; Statisti's
Measure o2 Ce&tral Te&de&'8
/rouped 9ata
U&0rouped 9ata <ithout Class *&ter+al <ith Class *&ter+al
Mea&
0L x 0L fx 0L fx
x = = = x x
0L 0L N f f
x = mean
x = mean x = mean
0L=x x !um of
0L=x x !um of f = fre-uenc<
x= value of the 'ata
f = fre-uenc< x = cla!! mar,
N= total number of the
x = value of the 'ata
(lo&er limit"uer limit)
'ata
= #
Media&
= = m m
N ! 1
m = "" C
N " 1 N " 1
#
f
# #
.hen Ni! an o'' number) .hen Ni! an o'' number) m
m= me'ian
"= Io&er boun'ar< of me'ian cla!! " "
NN NN
N= +umber of 'ata
" 1 " 1
= = m m
## # #
!= 4otal fre-uenc< before me'ian cla!! # #
f = 4otal fre-uenc< in me'ian cla!! .hen Ni! an even .hen Ni! an even number)
m
number)
c= 7i/e cla!!
= (Jer boun'ar< ME lo&er boun'ar<)
Measure o2 9ispersio&
/rouped 9ata
U&0rouped 9ata <ithout Class *&ter+al <ith Class *&ter+al
N N N fx fx x
# # #
+aria&'e
# # #
# = # = # = x x
# #
x
#
N N f f N
# # = variance = variance
#= variance
()
()
0L x x Sta&dard
#
() 0L x x
#
0L # f xx
#
=
#=
# 9e+iatio& = 0L
N
N
f
0L x x
#
0L x x
#
#=
# 0L
#
= fx x
# #
# N =
#
N
0L f
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4hevariance i! a mea!ure of the meanfor the !-uare of the deviations from the mean)
4hestandard deviation refer! to the square root for the variance)
E22e'ts o2 data 'ha&0es o& Measures o2 Ce&tral Te&de&'8 a&d Measures o2 dispersio&
9ata are 'ha&0ed u&i2orml8 5ith
k = k 1 2 k k
$ Gea!ure! of Gean, me'ian, mo'e " $ 1 $2 $
Eentral 4en'enc<
Range , Inter-uartile Range +o change! 1 $2 $
Gea!ure! of
7tan'ar' Ceviation +o change! 1 $2 $
'i!er!ion Pariance +o change! 1
2 $ $
2 2
$! Cir'ular Measures
Termi&olo08
Co&+ert de0ree to radia&:
Co&+ert radia& to de0ree:
xx% =1 ()ra'ian!
o
1Q0 1Q0
1
1Q0
%
=1 xx% ra'ian! ( ) 'egree!
radia&s de0rees
%
1
1Q0
1emem(er:
1)# ra'
1Q0 ra' =%
&
RRR
RRR 0)O ra'
BK0 # ra' = %
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Le&0th a&d Area
r = ra'iu!
= = area
! = arc length
0> = angle
l = length of chor'
Ar' Le&0th: Le&0th o2 'hord : Area o2 Se'tor: Area o2 Tria&0le: Area o2 Se0me&t:
' = 1 1 !in 1 (!in) (r
Ar' = Ar' = Ar' ' = )r' = #!in#
# # #
# # #
$# 9i22ere&tiatio&
9i22ere&tiatio& o2 a Fu&'tio& *
Fra'ient of a tangent of a line (curve or
!traight)
yx=
n
*y nx
+ *y y =
n 1
= lim ( )
*x
+ *x x +x S 0
6;amle
= yx
B
9i22ere&tiatio& o2 Al0e(rai' Fu&'tio&
*y x
= 9i22ere&tiatio& o2 a Co&sta&t B
#
*x
= ya a i! a con!tant
*y
= 0 9i22ere&tiatio& o2 a Fu&'tio& **
*x
yax =
6;amle
*y ax ax a
= ==
= y #
1 1 0
*x
*y
= 0
6;amle *x
= y x B
*y
= B
*x
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9i22ere&tiatio& o2 a Fu&'tio& *** Chai& 1ule
yax = y, , - x = an' are function! in
n n
*y anx *y *y *,
= =1
n 1
*x *x *, *x
6;amle 6;amle
yx= # ="
B
yx (# B)
# H
*y x x *,
==#(B) K ,x x =" = # B, therefore %
## #
*x *x
*y
y, , == , therefore H
H %
*,
9i22ere&tiatio& o2 a Fra'tio&al Fu&'tio&
*y *y *,
=1
*x *, *x 1
y x=
H %=1,x
% n
Re&rite
= "1= " H( # B) % #0 (# B) xxxx
# % # %
yx=
n
Or di22ere&tiate dire'tl8
*y n
= =nx
n 1
yaxb ="( )
n
*x x
n" 1
*y na ax b
=" ))( )
n 1
6;amle
*x
1
y x =
=" yx (# B)
#H
yx=
1
*y xxxx
= "1= " H( # B) % #0 ( # B)
#% #%
*y x 1
*x
= =1
#
*x x
#
La5 o2 9i22ere&tiatio&
Sum a&d 9i22ere&'e 1ule
=$ y ,- , - xan' are function! in
*y *, *-
=$
*x *x *x
6;amle
=" yx x#H
B#
*y x xx x
="=" #(B) H( #) K 10
##
*x
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:rodu't 1ule -uotie&t 1ule
= y ,- , - x an' are function! in ,
= y,- x an' are function! in
*y *, *- -
="-,
*, *- *x *x *x
-,
*y *x *x
=
6;amle *x -
#
yx xxx ="( # B)(B # )
B#
6;amle
=" = ,x -x xx # B B #
B#
x
#
= " y x
*, *- xx
==# T % 1 #1
#
*x *x
==" ,x - x # 1
#
*y *, *-
="-,
*, *-
*x *x *x ==# # x
*x *x
=(B # )(#) (# B)(T % 1) xxx x xx ""
B# #
*, *-
-,
*y *x *x
=
*x -
#
Or di22ere&tiate dire'tl8
" *y x x x (# 1)(# ) (#)
yx xxx ="( # B)(B # )
#
B#
= "
*x x (# 1)
#
*y x xx x x x
= "" (B # )(#) (# B)(T % 1)
B# #
%## ## x xx x x " " *x
# ##
= = (# 1) (# 1)
"" xx
# #
Or 'ifferentiate 'irectl<
x
#
= " y x
#1
*y x x x (# 1)(# ) (#) "
#
= "
*x x (# 1)
#
%## ## x xx x x " "
###
= = (# 1) (# 1)
xx""
##
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/radie&ts o2 ta&0e&ts> E.uatio& o2 ta&0e&t a&d Normal
/radie&t o2 ta&0e&t at A( x > y %:
1 1
*y
= gra'ient of tangent
*x
= 6-uation of tangent: yy mxx ()
11
/radie&t o2 &ormal at A( x > y %:
1 1
1
= m m
nor mal
t ang ent
If =( x , y ) i! a oint on a line y = f.x/ , the gra'ient
1 gra'ient of normal
1 1
=
of the line (for a !traight line) or the gra'ient of the
*y
*y *x
tangent of the line (for a curve) i! the value of
= 6-uation of normal : y ymxx ()
*x
11
&hen ; = ; )
1
Ma?imum a&d Mi&imum :oi&t
*y
= 4urning oint 0
*x
=t ma;imum oint, =t minimum oint ,
*y *y *y *y
# #
= < 0 = 3 0 0 0
*x *x *x *x
# #
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1ates o2 Cha&0e Small Cha&0es a&d Appro?imatio&
Small Cha&0e:
*A *A *r
= 1 Ehain rule
+ + + y*y *y
*t *r *t
U U1 y x
+x*x *x
*x
If xchange! at the rate of H cm! H =
:1
Appro?imatio&:
*t
=" + yy y
Cecrea!e!9lea,!9re'uce! +6F=4IP67 value!VVV
n e0or 1 2 1n a)
*y
= "1 y x +
*x
or 1 21 n a)
+ = x x !mall change! in
+ = y y !mall change! in
+ If xbecome! !maller = x N34A563
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$ Solutio& o2 Tria&0le
Si&e 1ule: Cosi&e 1ule: Area o2 tria&0le:
a
a = b 7 c 8C 2bcco!A a b c
2 2 2
=
b = a 7 c 8C 2acco!B
2 2 2
!in =A !in B !in C C
c = a 7 b 8C 2abco!C
2 2 2
b
J!e, &hen given
b " c a
# !i'e! an' 1 non inclu'e'
# # #
co! A =
angle #bc
1 !in
= A ab C
# angle! an' 1 !i'e
#
J!e, &hen given
# !i'e! an' 1 inclu'e' angle
Ci! the inclu'e' angle of !i'e! a
B !i'e! B
an' b9 a a
A
A a
c a
b
1:; 8C( A7B)
A
b b
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Case o2 AM6*/U*T@ If C,the length ACan' length ABremain unchange', W
X &here the oint Bcan al!o be at oint B ABC= acute W
A
an' A BXC= obtu!e) W
' X ' If ABC= , thu! AB C= 1Q0 ME ) W W
1:; < '
Remember = (1n' = (1n .1:;>? 8C '/ '
C B
B>@
Case : .hen Case ,: .hen ab A < !in ab A = !in
ED i! too !hort to reach the !i'e oo!ite to E) ED ju!t touch the !i'e oo!ite to E
Out'ome:
Out'ome:
+o !olution
1 !olution
Case 3: <he& but a A b) Case 4: <he& an' a B b) ab A 3 !in ab A 3 !in
ED cut! the !i'e oo!ite to E at # oint! ED cut! the !i'e oo!ite to E at 1 oint!
Out'ome:
Out'ome:
# !olution
1 !olution
Use2ul i&2ormatio&:
In a right angle' triangle, <ou ma< u!e the follo&ing to !olve the
roblem!)
b c
=" (i) 8h<thagora! 4heorem = cab
##
'
a
(ii) 4rigonometr< ratio:
!in , co! , tan ''' = == bab
cca
(iii) Area = .ba(e/.Ce12Ct/
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*&de? Num(er
:ri'e *&de? Composite i&de?
0L P D 5
5 P=1 100 5 =
1 1 1
0L D
0 1
5 = 9 In'e; number 8rice in'e;
5 = Eomo!ite In'e;
P = 8rice at the ba!e time
D = .eightage 0
P = 8rice at a !ecific time
1
5 = 8rice in'e;
1 =1 55 5 100
AB BC AC ,, ,
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