JOURNAL OF INFORMATION, KNOWLEDGE AND RESEARCH IN ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

DIGITAL SIMULATION OF NUMERICAL RELAY USING MATLAB

1

PROF. A. P. CHAUDHARI
1 ,2,3

PROF. G. K. MAHAJAN

PROF. S. R. PARASKAR

Department of Electrical Engg. S!S!G!B!C!O!E!"T! B#$%a&al

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ABSTRACT: - In this project an attempt has been made to simulation of protective relays. The trip logics of various protective relays have been mathematically implemented. The results obtained were up to the expectations. The platform used for this purpose was SIMU I!" environment of M#T #$ software. # number of functional bloc%s available in power system bloc%-set and other toolboxes available in SIMU I!" have been used for this purpose. The concept of protection is very intuitive and hardly needs any justification. &uman body also inherently has a protection system 'human immune system( to protect it from foreign bodies. )very system has to be provided with a protection system to protect it from the damages caused by abnormal operating conditions. Similar to other systems power systems are also re*uired to have a protection system. I! INTRODUCTION Electric power ! te" #re $eco"i%& i%cre# i%&l! co"ple' i% %#t(re )(e to i%te&r#tio% o* electric#l power &ri) . T+i i # re*lectio% o* t+e i%cre# i%&l! )epe%)e%ce o* t+e "o)er% ociet! o% electric#l e%er&! o t+#t # +ort i%terr(ptio% i% electric (ppl! c#% le#) to # c#t# trop+e. Co%ti%(o( proce i%)( trie , co"p(ter %etwor, , co""(%ic#tio% %etwor, , li*e (pport e-(ip"e%t #ll )e"#%) (%i%terr(pte) power (ppl!. He%ce #% (%i%terr(pte) (ppl! o* +i&+ -(#lit! electric power to t+e co% ("er i% # ec(re #%) eco%o"ic e%.iro%"e%t i # &o#l o* t+e electric (tilitie . I% #% electric power ! te" co"pri i%& o* )i**ere%t co"ple' i%ter#cti%& ele"e%t , t+ere #lw#! e'i t # po i$ilit! o* )i t(r$#%ce #%) *#(lt. T+e #).e%t o* l#r&e &e%er#ti%& t#tio% #%) +i&+l! i%terco%%ecte) power ! te" "#,e e#rl! *#(lt )etectio% #%) r#pi) e-(ip"e%t i ol#tio% i"per#ti.e to "#i%t#i% ! te" t#$ilit!. A% o.er+e#) tr#% "i io% li%e i o%e o* t+e "#i% co"po%e%t i% e.er! electric power ! te". Tr#% "i io% li%e e.#c(#te power *ro" &e%er#ti%& t#tio% #%) #l o *or" # li%, i% i%terco%%ecte) ! te" oper#tio% *or $i/ )irectio%#l *low o* power. T+e tr#% "i io% li%e i e'po e) to t+e e%.iro%"e%t #%) t+e po i$ilit! o* e'perie%ci%& *#(lt o% t+e tr#% "i io% li%e 0123 o* tot#l4 567 i &e%er#ll! +i&+er t+#% t+#t o% ot+er "#i% co"po%e%t . Li%e *#(lt #re t+e "o t co""o% *#(lt , t+e! "#! $e tri&&ere) $! li&+t%i%& tro,e , tree "#! *#ll #cro li%e , *o& #%) #lt pr#! o% )irt! i% (l#tor "#! c#( e t+e i% (l#tor tri%& to *l# + o.er, #%) ice #%) %ow lo#)i%& "#! c#( e i% (l#tor tri%& to *#il "ec+#%ic#ll! Fort(%#tel! "#8orit! o* t+e *#(lt #re tr#% ie%t i% %#t(re. T+ere #re 62 t!pe o* +(%t *#(lt .i9. : i%&le li%e to &ro(%) *#(lt, : )o($le li%e to &ro(%), : li%e to li%e, #%) t+ree p+# e to &ro(%) *#(lt. ;ro,e% co%)(ctor co% tit(te # erie *#(lt . F#(lt "#! $e # i%&le or co"$i%#tio% o* t+e #$o.e. F#(lt o% power ! te" tr#% "i io% li%e %ee) to $e )etecte) #%) loc#te) r#pi)l!, cl# i*ie) correctl! #%) cle#re) # *# t # po i$le. F#(lt )etector "o)(le o* # tr#% "i io% li%e protecti.e c+e"e c#% $e ( e) to t#rt ot+er rel#!i%& "o)(le . F#(lt )etector pro.i)e #% #))itio%#l le.el o* ec(rit! i% # rel#!i%& #pplic#tio% # well. II! NUMERICAL RELAYS SIMULATION IN MATLAB'SIMULIN( Fir tl! pre e%t t+e !%t+e i o* %("eric#l )i t#%ce rel#! , w+ic+ *or" #% i"port#%t p#rt o* t+e tool #.#il#$le i% t+e tool$o' o* # protectio% e%&i%eer. A*ter t+i , e'+#( ti.e i"(l#tio% #re c#rrie) o(t o% t+e e rel#! to .#li)#te t+eir oper#tio%. T+e c+e"e +#.e $ee% ($8ecte) to .#rio( *#(lt to o$ er.e w+et+er t+e! oper#te # per t+e e'pect#tio% o* t+e %("eric#l rel#!i%& e%&i%eer. #. !UM)+I,# +) # Introduction A %("eric#l rel#! i # %("eric#l rel#!, w+ic+ oper#te w+e% t+e circ(it #)"itt#%ce, i"pe)#%ce or re#ct#%ce 0i.e. t+e co"ple' i"pe)#%ce4 ee% $! it *#ll $elow # et .#l(e. N("eric#l rel#! #re ( e) *or pri"#r! protectio% o* EH< tr#% "i io% li%e . To i"ple"e%t # i"ple i"pe)#%ce %("eric#l rel#!, t+e i"pe)#%ce 0"#&%it()e o%l!4 ee% $! t+e %("eric#l rel#! i to $e e.#l(#te). T+i c#% $e )o%e ( i%& t+e RMS .#l(e o* t+e c(rre%t #%) t+e .olt#&e i&%#l o* t+e ! te". T+e RMS .#l(e o* t+e .olt#&e i )i.i)e) $! t+e RMS .#l(e o* t+e c(rre%t i% t+e circ(it to o$t#i% t+e "#&%it()e i"pe)#%ce ee% $! t+e %("eric#l rel#!. W+e% t+i i"pe)#%ce *#ll $elow

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t+e et .#l(e t+e %("eric#l rel#! +o(l) &i.e # trip i&%#l. T+ere #re )i**ere%t t!pe o* %("eric#l )i t#%ce rel#! )epe%)i%& +ow t+e co"ple' i"pe)#%ce i "e# (re) #%) co"p#re) wit+ # co"ple' et .#l(e to &e%er#te t+e trip i&%#l. <#rio( t!pe o* %("eric#l )i t#%ce rel#! #re &i.e% i% %e't ectio%. Types of numerical relays T+e )i**ere%t t!pe o* %("eric#l )i t#%ce rel#! t+#t +#.e $ee% i"(l#te) #re= 64 M+o %("eric#l rel#! D4 O.erc(rre%t Rel#! :4 Ne&#ti.e Se-(e%ce Rel#! E4 Si"ple i"pe)#%ce %("eric#l rel#! 14 Re#ct#%ce %("eric#l rel#! O(t o* t+e e *i.e we i"(l#te *ir t t+ree. Mho numerical relay A "+o %("eric#l rel#! i # %("eric#l )i t#%ce %("eric#l rel#! t+#t oper#te w+e% t+e "#&%it()e o* i"pe)#%ce ee% $! it *#ll $elow # co"ple' et .#l(e. T+e "#i% # pect o* "+o %("eric#l rel#! i t+#t t+e et .#l(e o* t+e %("eric#l rel#! #)#pt it el* )epe%)i%& (po% t+e p+# e #%&le $etwee% t+e .olt#&e #%) c(rre%t, i.e. Fr G F%Hco 0/4 *or trip. I Re tr#i% Trip Fr F% System used for simulation of mho numerical relay T+e ! te" ( e) *or c#rr!i%& o(t i"(l#tio% to .#li)#te t+e oper#tio% o* "+o %("eric#l rel#! i +ow% i% Fi&.D. T+ere i # CT #%) # CT #t t+e %("eric#l rel#! loc#tio% #%) t+e %("eric#l rel#! i &i.e% it c(rre%t i&%#l i%p(t t+ro(&+ CT #%) .olt#&e i&%#l i%p(t t+ro(&+ CT. T+e %("eric#l rel#! i%ter%#ll! i"ple"e%t t+e trip lo&ic $! e.#l(#ti%& t+e i"pe)#%ce ee% *ro" t+e RMS .#l(e o* t+e c(rre%t *ro" t+e CT, .olt#&e *ro" t+e CT. A *#(lt i cre#te) #t 2.1 eco%) #%) t+e re po% e o* t+e "+o %("eric#l rel#! i o$ er.e).

Mo)el 6. M+o N("eric#l Rel#!

Fi&.D S! te" ( e) *or i"(l#tio% o* "+o %("eric#l rel#! Fi&. 6 C+#r#cteri tic o* "+o %("eric#l rel#!

T+e c+#r#cteri tic o* # "+o %("eric#l rel#! o% R/I pl#%e #re +ow% i% Fi&.6. It c#% $e ee% t+#t t+e "+o %("eric#l rel#! oper#te 0i.e. i (e # trip i&%#l4, w+e% t+e i"pe)#%ce ee% $! it *#ll $elow t+e et .#l(e. T+e "+o %("eric#l rel#! t#,e i%to #cco(%t $ot+ t+e "#&%it()e o* t+e i"pe)#%ce #%) t+e p+# e #%&le. T+e c+#r#cteri tic o* t+e "+o %("eric#l rel#! #re # circle o% R/I pl#%e, p# i%& t+ro(&+ t+e ori&i% wit+ F% # it )i#"eter. T+e +#)e) re&io% i% t+e Fi&.6 +ow t+e trip re&io% o* t+e "+o %("eric#l rel#!. T+e "+o %("eric#l rel#! &i.e # trip i&%#l w+e% Fr i le t+#% F%Hco 0/4. I)e#ll! JK i e-(#l to t+e c+#r#cteri tic #%&le o* t+e tr#% "i io% li%e $(t, i% &e%er#l it i t#,e% li&+tl! le t+#% it i% or)er to #cco""o)#te t+e *#(lt re i t#%ce.

T+e i%p(t to t+e %("eric#l rel#! #re t+e c(rre%t i&%#l *ro" t+e CT #%) t+e .olt#&e i&%#l *ro" t+e CT. T+e o(tp(t o* t+e %("eric#l rel#! #re trip i&%#l &e%er#te), c(rre%t o* t+e ! te" #%) t+e i"pe)#%ce "e# (re) $! t+e %("eric#l rel#! "(ltiple'e) to&et+er wit+ t+e et .#l(e. T+e p#r#"eter o* t+e "+o %("eric#l rel#! #re t+e i"pe)#%ce etti%& i% o+" , "#'i"(" tor-(e #%&le 0MTA4 i% )e&ree . I"pe)#%ce etti%& i% o+" i t+e re*ere%ce .#l(e *or t+e %("eric#l rel#!L "#'i"(" tor-(e #%&le 0MTA4 i t+e #%&le w+ere "#'i"(" po iti.e tor-(e i pro)(ce). T+e RMS .#l(e o* t+e c(rre%t #%) .olt#&e i&%#l *ro" t+e CT #%) CT #re c#lc(l#te) ( i%& # DFT $loc, t(%e) to e'tr#ct t+e *(%)#"e%t#l *re-(e%c! co"po%e%t et $! t+e ( er. T+e "#&%it()e o* #pp#re%t i"pe)#%ce ee% $! t+e %("eric#l rel#! i

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e.#l(#te) #

.rms . T+e RMS .#l(e o* t+e .olt#&e Irms

i )i.i)e) $! t+e RMS .#l(e o* t+e c(rre%t ( i%& # pro)(ct $loc,. T+i i t+e "#&%it()e o* t+e #pp#re%t i"pe)#%ce o* t+e ! te" # ee% $! t+e %("eric#l rel#!. T+i .#l(e o* i"pe)#%ce i "(ltiplie) to&et+er wit+ t+e r#tio o* CT #%) CT r#tio . T+i &i.e t+e correct .#l(e o* t+e i"pe)#%ce ee% $! t+e %("eric#l rel#! *ro" t+e CTMCT eco%)#r! i)e. T+e 0#)#pti.e4 et .#l(e o* t+e %("eric#l rel#! i o$t#i%e) $! "(ltipl!i%& t+e i"pe)#%ce etti%& wit+ t+e co i%e o* t+e #%&le 0 /4,w+ere JK i t+e p+# e #%&le $etwee% t+e .olt#&e #%) t+e c(rre%t i&%#l 0p+# or 4 #%) JK i t+e "#'i"(" tor-(e #%&le. T+e p+# e #%&le 0/4 i i% )e&ree #%) i co%.erte) i%to r#)i#% ( i%& # &#i% $loc, o t+#t co 0/4 i e.#l(#te) )irectl!. T+e #pp#re%t i"pe)#%ce ee%, t+( e.#l(#te), i co"p#re) #&#i% t t+e et .#l(e o* t+e %("eric#l rel#! #%) w+e%e.er t+i .#l(e *#ll $elow t+e 0#)#pti.e4 et .#l(e t+e co"p#r#tor o(tp(t &oe +i&+ re (lti%& i% t+e i (e o* trip i&%#l *ro" t+e %("eric#l rel#!. /utput of the Mho numerical relay T+e o(tp(t o* t+e "+o %("eric#l rel#! *or # *#(lt o% t+e ! te" +ow% i% Fi&.62 i &i.e% i% &r#p+ 6. A *#(lt i cre#te) #t 2.6 eco%) ( i%& # *#(lt cre#tor. T+e re po% e o* t+e "+o %("eric#l rel#! *or t+i *#(lt i +ow% i% t+e &r#p+ E. It c#% $e ee% t+#t t+e %("eric#l rel#! i (e # trip i&%#l # oo% # t+e *#(lt occ(r . T+e c(rre%t i% ! te" #%) t+e i"pe)#%ce ee% to&et+er wit+ t+e %("eric#l rel#! etti%& c#% #l o $e ee% i% &r#p+ 6.

D4 :4 E4

De*i%ite ti"e o.er/c(rre%t rel#! I%.er e ti"e o.er/c(rre%t rel#! Directio%#l o.er/c(rre%t rel#!

Instantaneous over-current relay I% t#%t#%eo( o.er/c(rre%t rel#! i #% o.er/c(rre%t rel#!, w+ic+ oper#te wit+o(t #%! i%te%tio%#l ti"e )el#!. T+e c+#r#cteri tic o* t+e i% t#%t#%eo( o.er/c(rre%t rel#! #re +ow% i% Fi&.:. Fro" t+e c+#r#cteri tic , it c#% $e ee% t+#t t+e i% t#%t#%eo( o.er/c(rre%t rel#! oper#te 0i.e. i (e # trip i&%#l4, wit+o(t #%! i%te%tio%#l ti"e )el#!, #*ter t+e c(rre%t i% t+e circ(it e'cee) t+e pic,(p .#l(e. T+e o%l! ti"e t#,e% $! t+e i% t#%t#%eo( o.er/ c(rre%t rel#! to &e%er#te t+e trip i&%#l i t+e ti"e to )etect t+e *#(lt i.e. t+e ti"e re-(ire) to c#lc(l#te t+e RMS .#l(e o* c(rre%t #%) co"p#re it #&#i% t t+e et .#l(e #%) t+i i .er! le .

Fi& :. C+#r#cteri tic o* i% t#%t#%eo( o.er/c(rre%t rel#!

System used for simulation of the relay T+e ! te" *or i"(l#tio% o* i% t#%t#%eo( o.er/ c(rre%t rel#! i +ow% i% t+e Fi&.E. T+ere i # CT #t t+e rel#! loc#tio% #%) t+e rel#! i &i.e% it c(rre%t i%p(t t+ro(&+ t+i CT. T+e rel#! $loc, i%ter%#ll! i"ple"e%t t+e trip lo&ic $! c#lc(l#ti%& t+e RMS .#l(e o* t+e c(rre%t *ro" t+e CT. A *#(lt i cre#te) #t 2.1 eco%) #%) t+e re po% e o* t+e i% t#%t#%eo( o.er/c(rre%t rel#! i o$ er.e).

Gr#p+ 6. O(tp(t o* t+e "+o %("eric#l rel#!

/ver-current numerical relay Types of over-current relays T+e )i**ere%t t!pe o* o.er/c(rre%t rel#! t+#t +#.e $ee% i"(l#te) #re= 64 I% t#%t#%eo( o.er/c(rre%t rel#!

Mo)el D O.erc(rre%t N("eric#l Rel#!

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low (%$#l#%ce)/ lo#), # w#r%i%& i &i.e% #*ter #% #)8( t#$le ti"e/)el#!. I% c# e o* i%#)"i i$le +i&+ (%$#l#%ce) lo#), t+e rel#! trip i% #ccor)#%ce wit+ t+e et c+#r#cteri tic. W+e% co"p#re) to t+e co%.e%tio%#l protectio% e-(ip"e%t #ll rel#! o* t+e pro*e io%#l li%e re*lect t+e (periorit! o* )i&it#l protectio% tec+%i-(e wit+ t+e *ollowi%& *e#t(re = Hi&+ "e# (ri%& #cc(r#c! $! )i&it#l )#t# proce i%&. E'tre"el! wi)e oper#ti%& r#%&e o* t+e (ppl! .olt#&e $! (%i.er #l wi)e/r#%&e power (ppl!. <er! *i%e &r#)e) wi)e etti%& r#%&e . E'tre"el! +ort re po% e ti"e. Special 1eatures A)8( t#$le protecti.e *(%ctio% c#% $e electe) i.e. )e*i%ite ti"e o.erc(rre%t protectio% i%.er e ti"e o.erc(rre%t protectio%. Co% i)er#tio% o* t+e t+er"#l &e%er#tor ti"e co% t#%t. Two tep e#c+ *or w#r%i%& #%) trippi%&, i%)epe%)e%tl! #)8( t#$le. T+e eco%)#r! c(rre%t o* t+e "#i% c(rre%t tr#% *or"er o* t+e protecte) o$8ect #re co%.erte) to .olt#&e i&%#l i% proportio% to t+e c(rre%t .i# t+e $(r)e%e) i%p(t tr#% *or"er . T+e %oi e i&%#l c#( e) $! i%)(cti.e #%) c#p#citi.e co(pli%& #re (ppre e) $! #% #%#lo& R/C *ilter circ(it. T+e c#lc(l#te) #ct(#l %e&#ti.e e-(e%ce c(rre%t .#l(e #re co"p#re) wit+ t+e rel#! etti%& . I* # %e&#ti.e e-(e%ce c(rre%t e'cee) t+e pic,(p .#l(e, #% #l#r" i &i.e% #%) #*ter t+e et trip )el#! +# el#p e), t+e corre po%)i%& trip rel#! i #cti.#te). System used for simulation of the relay

Fi& E S! te" ( e) *or i"(l#tio% o* i% t#%t#%eo( o.er/c(rre%t rel#!

/utput of /vercurrent !umerical relay0 T+e o(tp(t o* t+e i% t#%t#%eo( o.er/c(rre%t rel#! *or t+e *#(lt o% t+e ! te" +ow% Gr#p+ D.

T+e ! te" *or i"(l#tio% o* i% t#%t#%eo( o.er/ c(rre%t rel#! i +ow% i% t+e Fi&.1.
Gr#p+ D. O(tp(t o* t+e i% t#%t#%eo( o.er/c(rre%t N("eric#l rel#!

T+e *#(lt i cre#te) #t 2.6 eco%) ( i%& # *#(lt cre#tor. T+e re po% e o* t+e i% t#%t#%eo( o.er/ c(rre%t rel#! *or t+i *#(lt i +ow% i% t+e Fi&.:. It c#% $e ee% t+#t t+e rel#! i (e # trip i&%#l #l"o t wit+o(t #%! ti"e )el#! # oo% # t+e *#(lt t#,e pl#ce. !egative Se*uence !umerical +elay T+e rel#! i # %e&#ti.e e-(e%ce protectio% rel#! wit+ (%i.er #l #pplic#tio%. It er.e *or %e&#ti.e e-(e%ce protectio% o* t+ree/p+# e &e%er#tor . Wit+ # l#r&e %("$er o* )i**ere%t trippi%& c+#r#cteri tic #%) #)8( t"e%t po i$ilitie , t+e trippi%& c+#r#cteri tic c#% $e "#)e (it#$le *or #l"o t e.er! t!pe o* &e%er#tor wit+ re&#r) to it peci#l t+er"#l ti"e/ co% t#%t. T+ere i # c+oice $etwee% #% i%)epe%)e%t or #% i%.er e ti"e trippi%& c+#r#cteri tic. I% c# e o*

Fi& 1. S! te" ( e) *or i"(l#tio% o* Ne&#ti.e Se-(e%ce rel#!.

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relay

/utput of !egative Se*uence !umerical

I)! RESULTS

Gr#p+ :. O(tp(t o* t+e Ne&#ti.e Se-(e%ce N("eric#l rel#!

III! APP0ICATION Selectio% o* #% #ppropri#te %("eric#l rel#! *or # p#rtic(l#r #pplic#tio% re-(ire e.#l(#tio% o* "#%! )i**ere%t *#ctor = N("$er #%) t!pe o* co%t#ct / %or"#ll! ope%, %or"#ll! clo e), 0)o($le/t+row4 T+ere #re two t!pe . T+i t!le o* %("eric#l rel#! c#% $e "#%(*#ct(re) two )i**ere%t w#! . OM#,e $e*ore ;re#,O #%) O;re#, $e*ore M#,eO. T+e ol) t!le telep+o%e witc+ re-(ire) M#,e/$e*ore/$re#, o t+#t t+e co%%ectio% )i)%Pt &et )roppe) w+ile )i#li%& t+e %("$er. T+e r#ilro#) till ( e t+e" to co%trol r#ilro#) cro i%& . R#ti%& o* co%t#ct / "#ll rel#! witc+ # *ew #"pere , l#r&e co%t#ctor #re r#te) *or (p to :222 #"pere , #lter%#ti%& or )irect c(rre%t <olt#&e r#ti%& o* co%t#ct / t!pic#l co%trol rel#! r#te) :22 <AC or A22 <AC, #(to"oti.e t!pe to 12 <DC, peci#l +i&+/.olt#&e rel#! to #$o(t 61,222 < Coil .olt#&e / "#c+i%e/tool rel#! ( (#ll! DE <AC or 6D2 <AC, rel#! *or witc+&e#r "#! +#.e 6D1 < or D12 <DC coil , O e% iti.eO rel#! oper#te o% # *ew "illi#"pere C#c,#&eMe%clo (re / ope%, to(c+/ #*e, )o($le/.olt#&e *or i ol#tio% $etwee% circ(it , e'plo io% proo*, o(t)oor, oil/ pl# + re i t#%t.

Gr#p+ E! Re (lt o* t+e "+o %("eric#l rel#!

Gr#p+ 1.Re (lt o* t+e o.er/c(rre%t N("eric#l rel#!

ISSN= 2>?1 @ A?:AB NO< 2> TO OCT 62 B <ol("e 6, I (e 6

C#&e 6>

JOURNAL OF INFORMATION, KNOWLEDGE AND RESEARCH IN ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

Gr#p+ A.Re (lt o* t+e Ne&#ti.e Se-(e%ce N("eric#l rel#!

)! CONCLUSION I% t+i pro8ect .#rio( %("eric#l )i t#%ce rel#! (c+ # , i"ple i"pe)#%ce %("eric#l rel#!, re#ct#%ce %("eric#l rel#! #%) "+o %("eric#l rel#! +#.e $ee% i"(l#te) ( i%& t+e MATLA; o*tw#re i% it SIMULINK e%.iro%"e%t. T+e trip lo&ic o* .#rio( %("eric#l )i t#%ce rel#! +# $ee% i"ple"e%te) ( i%& .#rio( *(%ctio%#l $loc, #.#il#$le i% t+e o*tw#re. T+e trip i&%#l o* t+e e %("eric#l )i t#%ce rel#! +#.e $ee% o$ er.e) $! i%corpor#ti%& t+e" i% # power ! te" "o)ele) ( i%& t+e o*tw#re. T+e wor,i%& o* t+e i"(l#te) %("eric#l )i t#%ce rel#! +# $ee% t+oro(&+l! te te) (%)er *#(lt co%)itio% . T+e c+e"e +#.e $ee% o$ er.e) to oper#te # per e'pect#tio%. )I! REFERENCES 567Cower S! te" Rel#!i%& 0RSC4 $! St#%le! H. Horowit9 #%) Ar(% G. C+#),e 5D7Cower S! te" Crotectio% 0IEEE Cre Serie o% Cower E%&i%eeri%&4 $! C#(l M. A%)er o% 5:7Crotecti.e Rel#!i%&= T+eor! #%) Applic#tio% , Seco%) E)itio% 0No Serie 4 $! W#lter A. El"ore Tr#% "i io% #%) Di tri$(tio% Electric#l E%&i%eeri%&, T+ir) E)itio% $! Coli% ;#!li #%) ;ri#% H#r)! I%tro)(ctio% to MATLA; ? *or E%&i%eer $! Willi#" J C#l" III #%) Willi#" C#l" 5E7Cr#ctic#l Cower S! te" Crotectio% $! Le lie Hewit o%, M#r, ;row%, #%) R#"e + ;#l#,ri +%#% 0C#per$#c, / M#r 6E, D2214

ISSN= 2>?1 @ A?:AB NO< 2> TO OCT 62 B <ol("e 6, I (e 6

C#&e D2