The University of Jordan EE-483: Power System Protection Term Due Submission:

Electrical Engineering Department Second Semester 2019/2020 Project III 10/5/2020

EE483-Term Project-III
Modeling and Simulation of Digital Distance Relay Using
MATLAB/SIMULINK

LOYALTY OATH:
I signify by my signature below that all of the attached work on the Term Project for the course EE483 for the 2nd Semester
is that entirely of our own, and We did NOT seek assistance from any other classmate or other personnel, or provide any
assistance to any other classmate in the completion of this term project.

Name_____________________________ S.N. _____ Signature______________

Name_____________________________ S.N. _____ Signature______________

Design a digital distance relay scheme for protecting a 3-phase transmission

line. It is required to do the following:
1. build the system under study using Matlab/Simulink
2. conduct 3-ph fault at several locations along the line (in zone 1, zone 2
and zone 3).
Objective: 3. use a digital distance relaying algorithm to calculate the voltage and
current phasors
4. calculate the impedance seen by the relay and indicate the fault location
5. apply permissive under-reach or permissive over-reach pilot relaying
scheme
Transmission
See Table 1
line under Study
Procedure: Use Matlab/Simulink software for performance simulation.

The results are required the following different cases:

• Case 1: Normal load operation (50 MVA at 0.95 PF lagging)
Study Cases • Case 2: 3-phase fault in Zone 1,
• Case 3: 3-phase fault in Zone 2,
• Case 4: 3-phase fault in Zone 3,
Report: Prepare a detailed report of your work.
Team Work: You may work in a group of two but no more.
Report
May 10, 2020
Submission:

1
System under Study
Figure l depicts a 345 kV, 60 Hz simulated system one-line diagram. Figure 2 is the simulated system model by
SIMULINK. The other related parameters of the simulated system are shown in Table1. This example uses
MHO type to explain the relay operation performance. The phase difference between ES and ER is 15 degrees,
and the sampling frequency is 1920 Hz. The transmission line length is 100 km. Zone 1 is set at 80% of the
protected line length. Zone 2 is set at 120% of the protected line length. Zone 3 is set at 100% of the protected
line length + 100% of the adjacent line length.

Fig. 1: One-line diagram of simulation system

Fig. 2: SIMULINK/Power System Block Simulation

Table 1: The parameters of the simulation transmission system

Voltage Rating 345 kV
System frequency 60 Hz
ES =1∠15o (p.u.)
Equivalent Voltage Per Unit
ER =1∠0o (p.u.)
Zs1 = 0.238 + j5.72 Ω, ZS0 = 2.738 + j10 Ω
Equivalent Source Impedance
ZR1 = 0.238 + j6.19 Ω, ZR0 = 0.833 + j5.12 Ω
Length of Transmission Line 100 km
R0 = 0.275 Ω, L0 = 3.725 mH, C0 = 6.71 l nF
Line Constant
R1 = 0.0275 Ω, L1 = 1.345 mH, Cl = 9.483 nF

Problem Statement
Use Matlab/Simulink to conduct the DFT technique to find the impedance seen by the relay for 10
cycles 3-phase fault, by
a. Estimating the magnitude of the peak voltage over the 10 cycles of voltage monitoring
b. Estimate the magnitude of the peak current over the 10 cycles of current monitoring
c. Estimate the magnitude of the apparent impedance seen by the relay over the 10 cycles of
voltage and current monitoring
d. Estimate the phase angle of the apparent impedance seen by the relay over the 10 cycles of
voltage and current monitoring

Using a sampling frequency of 1920 Hz, shift the window, say one sample at a time over the 10
cycles to estimate the above parameters.
2
 Modeling and Testing of a Digital Distance Relay Using
MATLAB/SIMULINK
Li-Cheng Wu, Chih-Wen Liu,Senior Member,jEEE, Ching-Shan Chen,Member,IEEE
Department of Electrical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
Abstract This paper describes modelling and testing of a
digital distance relay for transmission line protection using
MATLAB/SIMULINK. SIMULINK's Power System Blockset
(PSB) is used for detailed modelling of a power system
network and fault simulation. MATLAB is used to implement
programs of digital distance relaying algorithms and to serve
as main software environment. The technique is an
interactive simulation environment for relaying algorithm
design and evaluation. The basic principles of a digital
distance relay and some related filtering techniques are also
described in this paper. A 345 kV, 100 km transmission line
and a MHO type distance relay are selected as examples for
fault simulation and relay testing. Some simulation results
are given.
Index Terms-Digital relay Digital distance relay
- -
Electromagnetic Transient Program (EMTP) Automatic
test
I. INTRODUCTION
For transmission lines protection, choosing a suitable
relay type or relay's setting is essential. Generally
speaking, we may make the fault analysis and the test by
the simulation software, and according to the actual
system requirement, choose the suitable protective relay,
but for reliability and security considerations, the
massive simulations tests are usually undertaken. This is a
quite numerous and diverse job; therefore, having a
superior simulated environment is important.
The EMTP [1](Electromagnetic Transient Program)
is the simulation tool that is used to simulate the
electromagnetic transient phenomenon, and power system
faults analysis, and it is one of the most widely used
programs in the electric utility since 1970. Generally
speaking, Protective relay performance has been tested
with the waveform signals generated by the non real-time
simulator like EMTP. This approach has the disadvantage
that it's difficult to provide real-time test for the relay
algorithm dynamically. In addition, we can't finished most
test tasks at the same time with the tool.
In school and industry, simulation tools based on
MATLAB/SIMULINK [2] are becoming popular for
engineering applications. The MATLAB involves many
high instructions and tools for some systems designing
applications and developing algorithms and the
SIMULINK provides excellent GUI (Graphical User
Interface) interface and block module that will allow the
users to rapidly and easily build and simulate system
models and executive massive simulation tests at the same
time. Furthermore, since the MATLAB/SIMULINK
contain Power System Block Set Toolbox [3], the software
tum into a powerful power systems simulation and
0-7803-9255-8/05/$20.00 2005 IEEE
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analysis tool [4]. This tool was modelled by using a
graphically Object-Oriented environment approach
integrated with the digital calculate technology that gives
more flexibility to create simulation system; therefore, we
can quickly develop a program of protective relay
algorithms, and a model of protection relays. Because they
commonly exist in the same environment that involves
communication ability, it is very easy to develop a
convenient graphical tool for building interactive relay test
system.
The above-mentioned excellent advantages that
MATLAB/SIMULINK has make MATLAB/SIMULINK a
convenient and interactive tool for both numerous analysis
and direct communications with relay's test program. This
paper describes how to use MATLAB/SIMULINK for
automatic, interactive, and high performance testing relay
system. Some examples and simulation results are also
provided in the paper.
II. ALGORITHM OF DIGITAL DISTANCE RELAY
Digital distance protection is a universal short-circuit
protection. It's mode of operation is based on the
measurement and evaluation of the short-circuit
impedance, which is named by the algorithm of digital
distance relay. This algorithm is used to input signals to
DSP by discrete voltage and discrete current to judge
whether faults occur or not. However, this method is just a
program. MATLAB has the advantage of conducting
massive calculation functions and its program can be
easily developed. Therefore, it is a very suitable tool of
protective relay designs and applications for protection
engineers.
It can't be denied that graphics reach out to people
better than texts do. In addition, we focus not only on the
correction of relay operations, but also on the dynamic
characteristics of relay. Therefore, if we can use graphics
to show the variance of impedances trace, then the
software of interface will become more user-friendly and
convenient. MATLAB includes excellent graphics
capacity and multi-dimension of graphic function, and can
change graphics parameters at the same time. Therefore,
many graphs can be shown on the same window to make
comparison with one another. This paper focuses on the
model and test of digital distance relay. Therefore, the
principles and relating techniques of the distance relay will
be discussed first, followed by the description of the
distance relay practice by MATLAB.
Distance relays are also named impedance relays.
They are used to calculate line impedance by measurement
of voltages and currents on one single end. For example,
for MHO type distance relays, the relays compare the
setting impedance with the measurement impedance to
determine if the fault is inside or outside the protected
zone. They immediately release a trip signal when the
impedance value is inside the zone 1 impedance circle of
distance relay. For security protection consideration, the
confirmation of a fault occurrence will not be made until
successive trip signals are released in one season.
Different formulas should be adopted when
calculating the fault impedance due to different fault types.
Table 1 indicates calculation formula for all of the fault
types [5]. Any three-phase faults can be detected from
every formula in Table 1. In order to reduce calculation
burden, we design a fault detector and fault type selector.
The fault detector can judge which fault type it is and then
calculate fault impedance by selecting a suitable formula
from Table 1. If we don't use fault type judgment first,
then the distance relay of programs must be calculated by
all the six formulas in table 1 at the same time, which
causes much calculation burden.
'Iable I fault impedance calculation formula oni diffieren1ce faults
Fault Type Formula
AG VA/(1A+3k]o)
BG VB/(IB+3kIo)
CG Vc/(Ic+3kIo)
AB or ABG (VA-VB)/ (IA-IB)
BC or BCG (VB-Vc)/ (IB-IC)
CA or CAG (Vc-VA)/ (IC-IA)
Where A - B and C indicates number of phase, G is ground
fault ,V and I are phasor of voltage and current, k=(Zo-Z1)/Z1 ' Zo
and Z1 are line of impedance zero-sequence, positive- sequence
respectively. lo is zero-sequence current.
When the distance relays receive discrete voltage and
current signal, it has to convert them to phasor. The
Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT) is the most popular
method to estimate fundamental phasors for digital
relaying. The full-cycle DFT is described as following
equation (1):
N-1
X--
2
Xke ij2(1)
N kN(
Where X is complex phasor, Xk is the sample discrete
data of the signal, and N is the number of samples per
cycle.
Equation (1) is the formula of full-cycle DFT. When a
signal is sampled with 32 samples per cycle, as an
example, then MATLAB DFT program can be written as
follows:
N = 32;
X= 0;
for k I:N
X = X + x(k)*exp(j *2*pi/32*(k-1));
end
X = X*2/N;
In addition, when a fault occurs on transmission lines,
the voltage and current signals are severely distorted.
These signals may contain decaying dc components,
subsystem frequency transients, high frequency oscillation
quantities, and etc. The higher frequency components can
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be eliminated using low pass anti-aliasing filters with
appropriate cut-off frequency, but the anti-aliasing filters
cannot remove decaying dc components and reject low
frequency components. This makes the phasors very
difficult to be quickly estimated and affects the
performance of digital relaying. Therefore, we usually use
the mimic filter to removed the dc-offset components [6].
The mimic filter can be developed by digital method. Here,
we want to pass the fundamental frequency signal (60Hz)
by the filter. Then, assuming the gain K equals I and the
samples frequency is f5 (f5 = I IT ), finally, we obtain a
formula (2)
|K(1 JTf5) - KlTf cos T, + jKtfs sin T=1 (2)
Where o = 2* n *60 , T is time constant for user
definition.
To solve equation (2) can get the gain K
I
K = sqrt( (3)
Where
M =1 + Tf5 -tfscos( ) (4-1)
fs
2 *n*60
N=cf sin( ) (4-2)
.fs
When we use mimic filter to remove the dc-offset
components, MATLAB program is described as follows:
t=2*1/60; % assumed time constant = 2
cycles
fs = 32 * 60; % samplingfrequency
M=1 +t*fs-t*fs *cos(2 *pi *60/fs);
N=t*fs *sin(2*pi *60/fs);
K=sqrt(l/(M^2+N^2));
b=[K*(l+t*fs) -K*t*fs];
a=[]];
ia mf=filter(b,a, ia);
As shown in the above equation, the current ia is
through the mimic filter in order to remove the dc-offset
components. Finally, we get a fundamental frequency
wave ia mf.
From the above discussion, we know that MATLAB
can easily finish all of algorithms for protective relays.
With the advantage that SIMULINK can easily simulate
power system faults, the design and the test of protective
relays can be achieved with ease. Its major characteristic
of integrating system fault simulation and protection relay
algorithms in a software system can enhance the efficiency
of protection relay test.
III. POWER SYSTEM ESTABLISHMENT AND
SIMULATION
In order to get exact simulation results, we must
establish accurate network model. SIMULINK/Power
System Blockset (PSB) is used to create power system
model for simulation. With the updated versions of
MATLAB/SIMULINK, the model development of power
system components is onward to perfection. Due to the
fast development of new technologies, which improve the
power transfer efficiency and the optimum utilization of
system capability, power electronic equipment like
TCSC UPFC STATCOM... and so on may be widely
- -
used in power systems In the future. Thus, the selection
and the setting of protective relay should be evaluated and
tested thoroughly [7]. Here, SIMULINK includes variant
basic power components, which can be used alone or in
combinative use to finish all kinds of power system
network simulations.
It is very easy to create power system in SIMULINK
environment, which allows users to build a model by
simple "click and drag" procedures. Because all of the
electrical parts of the simulation interact with the
SIMLLINK'S extensive modelling library, it is not just
Zs ZR
Ls
relay
Fig. 1. One-line diagram of simulation system
Fig. 2. SIMULINK/Power System Block constructs the simulation systems diagram
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possible to easily draw the power system network, but also
to include its interactions with every electrical component.
In addition, the simulation system of block component can
set relation electrical parameters from MATLAB
commands.
One thing should be noted is that SIMULINK is more
suitable for a small system for simulated tests. Execution
speed of the simulation system will become slow when
simulating system is large. Luckily, the protective relays
are for protection of one article of electrical equipment, so
we just focus on protected equipment. Other components
can be made in equivalent value. Therefore, by reducing
the complexity of the simulation system, the simulation
system result will be in high performance.
'
vs_
255
 inductance, capacitor, and line length etc. This paper uses
distribution model for transmission line model of the
power systems simulation. In Fig. 2, the block for fault
type selection and fault resistances setting are located
below two distribution model blocks.
Here, we have finished the power system simulation
model as shown in Fig.2, but the graphic shown in
.'n
Subsybm Imesk)
=- window is a bit messy. Thus the SUBSYSTEM block is
used by covering all of blocks to produce a single block,
Pa *: as shown in Fig. 3. Fault simulation block. If we double
disle
click the block, the interactive interface window on right
130 side of Fig. 3. will be shown again, in which the interface
fa-t_lt_m
13160 window can renew some parameters for next time
-lII simulation when the simulation is finished. In addition, we
can simulate many cases at the same time. As discussed
-_m
above, the protective relay simulation system has become
a system of easy use and with efficiency.

fig i6o;--- ---- MATLAB

Power Systems of Fault
Simulation of Main Programs

Fig. 3. Main window and parameter interface for simulation systems

437
SIMUJLINK-Based
Simulation Systems
This section describes the performance test and
verification of transmission line protection of distance
relays using MATLAB/SIMULINK. How to use
SIMULINK of the PSB to build transmission lines
systems model will be discussed as follows. With MATLAB
reference to Fig. I One-line diagram of simulation system, WORKSPACE I
we can establish the simulation system diagram in Fig. 2.
The simulation system of each end source can be replaced
by the The'venin equivalent circuits. However, we can
completely finish all of the test circuits with the use of the
source and the model of coupling component. Each
element value of the test system can be set by power flow
data and short-circuit capacity data. Generally speaking,
we need to get voltages and current signal data by current
transformer (CT) and voltage transformer (VT) as shown
in Fig.2 CTS and VTS respectively because distance
relays need three-phase voltages and three-phase currents
for the impedance calculation. The design of digital
distance relays of algorithm is based on the component of
fundamental frequency (60Hz). When power systems fault
occurs, the signals may contain high frequency Fig. 4. Protective relay test systems based on MATLAB/SIMULINK
components. These higher frequency components must be
eliminated, so we adopt analogue low pass filters of block Here, when we compare MATLAB/SIMULINK with
in the simulation systems in SIMULINK. This block can EMTP/ATP, we will see which one is better for the
be defined as filter of types (Low pass, Band pass, and protective relay simulation systems. The following items
High pass), order, and cut-off frequency etc. by user. summarize their most important differences in protection
These are excellent characteristics. In addition, systems simulation:
SIMULINK provides some options like real-time display, 1. The EMTP/ ATP is specific software to simulate
storing data in WORKSPACE and hard disk after the power system transient problem, whereas the
signals data is released by filter. As shown in Fig.2, we MATLAB/SIMULINK can be used to simulate power
capture signals and store them in WORKSPACE from the system faults and protective relay algorithm at the
simulation systems, which is provided for using input of same time.
distance relay algorithm. About transmission lines model, 2. ATP/EMTP is designed to simulate the physical
SIMULINK provides Pi and distribution model, which can processes of transmission lines and transformers
sets parameters as numbers of phase, frequency, resistance, quickly and in a convenient way but

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 MATLAB/SIMULINK offers more possibilities in
power electronics, signal processing and control.
3. Users can easily create new relay model with
MATLAB/SIMULINK, whereas EMTP/ ATP doesn't
have such capacity.
4. MATLAB/SIMULINK encompasses better graphic
function tools than EMTP/ATP of PCPLOT, PLOTXY
and so on.
Therefore, this paper selects MATLAB/SIMULINK for
interactive automatic relay test systems.
IV. INTERACTIVE RELAY TEST SYSTEMS
Based on the discussion made in the previous two
sections, we can establish interactive relay test systems
based on MATLAB/SIMULINK as shown in Fig. 4. We
can use MATLAB to write main program for protective
relay test. The main program can not only start fault
simulation systems with SIMULINK but also give
commands and parameters to renew simulation systems at
the same time. As indicated in Fig. 3, we can change
parameters of simulation systems including fault locations,
fault resistances, fault time, and fault types etc., and then
the main program will execute setting and change value.
Finally the main program controls SIMULINK execution
dynamic of simulation as shown on Fig. 2. After the
simulation is finished, the simulation result data will be
stored in WORKSPACE or hard disk, and its waveform
can be shown directly on screen through user's command.
So far we have finished fault simulation task, and then got
related input data for protective relay algorithm. As far as
the distance relays in this paper are concemed, we need to
get three-phase voltages and three-phase currents from S
terminal (Fig. 1.).
In the next step, input the simulation result data to
protective relay algorithm by MATLAB to distinguish
whether the circuit breaker (C.B.) action occurs or not
from plan logic. When the fault impedance is calculated
and it is satisfied in the protection zone 1, the protective
relay operation then releases trip signal to C.B. without
additional delay. Here, MATLAB can easily show
impedance trace on screen for user's verification, and store
the test records. So far we have only finished one fault
case for verification relay action. After this test is finished,
the main program can automatically change parameters
again to execute simulations, tests, and records continually.
With the inclusion of the loop function and the
modification of system parameters, the main program can
finish hundreds and thousands of case tests at the same
time to meet the purpose of having automatic tests for
protective relays. The reason why this function is so
powerful is that we integrate MATLAB/SIMULINK into
one single environment and make use of its easy
communication function.
In addition to the above-mentioned advantage of
automatic protective relay tests, MATLAB can empower
us to modify and adjust the problems that the initial relay
design may have. With the powerful graphic function by
MATLAB we can use the program to obtain easily output
signal values and waveforms for relay algorithms
venrfication. If the relay algorithm is bad, then modify it
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immediately. It is very convenient for designing protective
relay as well as for checking whether the setting of the
interactive relay test environment is appropriate.
V. EXAMPLE
Now that the theory and the structure of the
interactive relay test system are prescribed, the following
begins with an example of a power transmission line of
fault simulation to test relay operation. Fig. 1 depicts the
345 kV, 60 Hz simulated system one-line diagram. Fig. 2
is the simulated system model by SIMULINK. The other
related parameters of the simulated system are shown in
Table 2. Zone 1 is setting 80% of the total line length. This
example uses MHO type to explain the relay operation
performance. The mimic filters with time constant 2 cycles,
the phase difference between ES and ER is 15 degrees,
and the sampling frequency is 1920 Hz. The transmission
line length is 100 km. The phasor is estimated by
full-cycle DFT.
Table 2 The parameters of the simulation transmission system
Voltage Rating: 345 kV
System frequency: 60 Hz
Equivalent Voltage Per Unit:
ES =1/Z5(p.u.), ER =1Z0(p.u.)
Equivalent Source Impedance:
zsi = 0.238 + 5.72(Q), Zso = 2.738 + 1 0(Q)
ZRI =0.238+6.19(Q), ZR0 =0.833+5.12(Q)
Length of Transmission Line: 100 km
Line Constant:
Ro = 0.275(Q), Lo = 3.725(mH), C0 = 6.71 l(nF)
RI = 0.0275(Q), LI = 1.345(mH), Cl = 9.483(nF)
Filter:
2 Order of Butterworth Low Pass Filter High Cut-Off
Frequency 360(Hz)
First, In order to prove digital distance relay of
performance, an intemal fault is applied to the power
system with the phase A to ground fault, the fault
resistance is 1 ohm, the fault angle is zero degree (refer to
S terminal of phase A voltages waveform), and the fault is
located sixty kilometers form S terminal. Therefore, the
fault currents will include dc-offset components.
Fig. 5 shows the phase A current waveform, the
phase A voltage waveform, and the impedance trace for
the single phase to ground fault. Judging from Fig. 5-(a)
and (b), filters can be eliminated high frequency
components form the fault waveform, but result in signals
time delay. Therefore, the cutoff high frequency can't be
set too low, otherwise, the relay operation time can be
affected. As shown in Fig. 5 the mimic filter can
effectively remove the decaying dc component. If the filter
is no use in the relay algorithm, then the current phasor
results in unstable phenomenon and the impedance trace
will be oscillated. The relay may malfunction when some
faults occur in near protection zone margin. In other words, adopts full-cycle DFT algorithm. Finally, the zone 1 fault
this is main reason why we want to remove the decaying of impedance trace is shown in Fig. 5-(e). Due to the
dc component. diagram we can find the impedance trace included by zone
X 1., 1; therefore, the relay releases a trip signal to C.B because
the relay detects the fault belonging to zone 1.
Below is a phase A-B fault test case. The fault
V. location, ninety kilometers form S terminal, is in zone 2,
so it won't affect the protective relay. The zone 2 usually
gives a time delay about twenty cycles as TPC's (Twain
Power Company) power networks. The Fig. 6 shows the
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 impedance trace excluded in zone 1, so the relay operated
lime (ms)
.^ 4 }~ ~ ~ ~ a with a time delay. The above two cases are illustrated to
explain protective relays of operation and test by
MATLAB/SIMULINK. In fact, we can apply automatic
~00 mode for more protective relay test.
0 .1/ \ . 1' /
. .. . a
'1 1.." \
VI. CONCLUSION
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
tife (ms) This paper describes the automated protective relay test
5 10 (
3 system based on MATLAB/SIMULINK. The system
combines MATLAB with SIMULINK for the use of
2.25 X MATLAB for main control programs and carry out relay
algorithms, and the use of SIMULINK of PSB for power
51
(a
2 ------ 1-1
system constructed tools. Due to that fact that both
MATLAB and SIMULINK are in the same environment,
0 10 2C 30
time (Ms)
Z 50 60 communications and convenient tests can be made easily.
Especially since the MATLAB has powerful capabilities
60001
it) for numerical robust and graphic function. In addition, the
I~~~~
SIMULINK has powerful capabilities for GUI interface
_z
. 4O.- and more and more modelling for the generation,
transmission, and distribution of electrical power etc...
.F --a
2000 -. These advantages can help protection engineer effectively
0 enhance the performance of the digital protective relay
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 v > w design, selection,
and elect setting. Its ability of massive
tir (me) tests and result records is excellent and convenient for
---------------- saving time and costs.

t42 to VII. REFERENCES

X ,
[1] "Altemative Transient Program Rule Book", European EMTP
Center, 1987.
[2] The Math Works, Inc., "Using MATLAB". 1999.
-20 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 [3] The Math Works, Inc., "Power System Blockset User's Guide",
Resistance (ohm) 1999.
(e) [4] G. Sybille and L.-H. Hoang, "Digital Simulation of Power Systems
Fig. 5. The voltages -
the current and the impedance trace in internal and Power Electronics using the MATLAB/SIMULINK Power
fault System Blockset", IEEE/PES Winter Meeting, 2000, pp.
2973-2982.
[5] T. S. Sidhu, D. S. Ghotra, and M. S. Sachdev, "A Fast Distance
Relay Using Adaptive Data Window Filters", IEEE/PES Summer
80 Meeting, July 2000, pp. 1407-1412.
E60 [6] G. Benmouyal, "Removal of Decaying DC in Current Waveforms
Using Digital Mimic Filtering", IEEE Trans. on Power Delivery,
8 40 Vol. 10, No. 2, April 1995, pp. 621-630.
[7] K. El-Arroudi. G. Joos, and D. T. McGillis, "'Operation of
:t.120 Impedance Protection Relays With the STATCOM", IEEE Trans.
0 on Power Delivery, Vol. 17, No. 2, April 2002, pp. 381-387.
-20 0 20 40 60 80 00 120 140
Resistance (ohm)
Fi1,. 6. The impedance trace in zone 2 fault Li-Cheng Wu received his B.S and M.S. degrees in
electrical engineering from National Taiwan University of
The Fig. 5-(c) and (d) indicate the phasor estimation Science and Technology, Taipei, Taiwan, in 1997 and 1999,
results using conventional full-cycle DFT after the voltage respectively. He is currently pursuing the Ph.D. degree at
and the current signals pass filters. If we want to get better National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan. Between 1997
accuracy for the phasor values, at least one cycle of the
to 2002 he worked as an electrical engineer in the
computation time should be adopted because this paper Department of relay, Taiwan Power Company.

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 His main research interests are power electronics, high
voltage test and power system protection.

Chih-Wen Liu (S'93-M'96-SM'02) was bom in Taiwan,

in 1964. He received the B.S. degree in electrical
engineering from National Taiwan University (NTU),
Taipei, Taiwan, and the M.S. and Ph.D. degrees in
electrical engineering from Comell University, Ithaca, NY,
in 1987, 1992, and 1994, respectively.
Since 1994, he has been with NTU, where he is a
Professor of electrical engineering. His main research
interests include application of computer technology to
power system monitoring, protection, and control. His
other research interests include motor control and power
electronics.
Ching-Shan Chen was bom in Taichung, Taiwan, in
1976. He received the B.S. degree in electrical engineering
from National Taiwan University of Science and
Technology, Taipei, Taiwan, and the M.S. and Ph.D.
degrees in electrical engineering from National Taiwan
University, Taipei, Taiwan, in 1998, 2000, and 2003,
respectively.
At present, he works at Industrial Technology Research
Institute and his research interests include distributed
generation systems and computer relaying.

259

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 International Journal for Research in Applied Science & Engineering Technology (IJRASET)
ISSN: 2321-9653; IC Value: 45.98; SJ Impact Factor:6.887
Volume 5 Issue VIII, July 2017- Available at www.ijraset.com

Modelling & Simulation of Numerical MHO Relay

for Distance Protection
Shraddha A.Kohale1, Dr.S.B.Warkad2
1,2
Electrical Engineering Department, Sant Gadge Baba Amravati University

Abstract: The proposed work is about designing of numerical mho relay in MATLAB / SIMULINK to be used for distance
protection schemes of long distance transmission lines with better result and characteristics. The required mho relay algorithm is
evaluated by using MATLAB to model the power system under different fault condition and simulate it by using phasor based
method available in MATLAB simulation. Comparison of numerical mho relay is done with model of Impedance relay in terms
of performance, time required for clearing. Modelling of the numerical relay is important as it allows the users to test the
internal performance of relays during normal as well as abnormal condition. Thus the modelling and simulation of numerical
mho relay gives the improved result and greatly enhance the performance of mho relay.
Keywords: Distance protection, Mho characteristic, Impedance relays, Numerical relays,Matlab/Simulink

I. INTRODUCTION
Electric power systems are made up of facilities and equipment that generate, transmit and distribute electrical energy with the
purpose to provide energy for human in a secure, reliable and economic manner. To maintain sustainability of power systems
against faults that normally occur in the power systems, an additional protection system that is able to take corrective actions against
such faults have to be applied. This system consists of transformer, relays and circuit breakers. The purpose of the protection system
is to disconnect the faulted element in the power system and re-establish its services.
Distance protection system is used in most countries of the world for the protection of high voltage transmission line due to their
simple operating principal and capability to work independently under most circumstances. Transmission lines are typically
protected by distance protection .the use of distance relays has found to be the most feasible and effective as compared to other
type of protection. Distance relays are considered of the high speed class and can provide protection.
Numerical relay models can be divided into two categories. First, the ''Phasor-based models'', in which only the fundamental
frequency component of voltages and currents are used and were the first to be widely used by industry and academics to design
relays and check their performance. The second category models, ''Transient relay model'', take into consideration the high
frequency and decaying DC component of voltages and currents, in addition to the fundamental frequency components; this type is
rarely used as it needs sophisticated filters in order to remove the DC and high frequency components.
The proposed work presents the phasor based approach to design the numerical mho relay for distance protection. The relay is
modelled by using MATLAB to model the power system and simulates it for different fault conditions or incidents. Impedance relay
is also modelled by using MATLAB for different fault conditions. Sample results of these studies give the comparison between the
relays in detection and tripping time

II. LITERATURE SURVEY

Authors suggested the new positive sequence direction element to use in numerical distance relay, which is based on the incremental
positive sequence signals, has been implemented on a numerical distance relay. They performed the experiment of numerical
distance relay with positive sequence direction element on Manitoba hydro network and get the successful result on numerical
relay[1].
The research work shows the use of relay in past time and in coming time, on that basis to developed software model of relay
various models required data is checked which helps to develop such model of relay. The software model performance is checked
against the performance of actual relay. Software model can be used iff required assumptions are made [2].Authors suggest the
protection scheme based on wavelet transform. This detects the descrete frequency band which contains transient fault current wave.
This detected signal is being checked by the mother wavelet and check if the fault is internal or external. This approach gives good
selectivity and sensitivity. It is reliable and feasible to the time[3].

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 International Journal for Research in Applied Science & Engineering Technology (IJRASET)
ISSN: 2321-9653; IC Value: 45.98; SJ Impact Factor:6.887
Volume 5 Issue VIII, July 2017- Available at www.ijraset.com

The diverse units used in any discipline of protective relaying determine whether the system is normal or abnormal. A comparator
will give the relay system an output when the conditions for operation are satisfied. Since phasors are expressed in magnitude and
phase, there are two types of comparators: phase and magnitude[4].
Here Author suggested a new technique of impedance's trajectory after faults represents numerical output of the impedance
calculation. The output results show the behavior of the developed model under various fault locations and at different arc
resistances. The simulation study presented shows assist in demonstrating the importance of and need for accurate dynamic
modeling of distance protection relays[5,6].
The authors describe comparison of two different methods for phasor estimation of numerical relaying. The protective relays based
on different protection principals require that the phasor of current and voltage can be extracted .Here authors take Wavelet
Transform and Fourier Transform methods for comparison [7].
The operating characteristics of distance relays can be obtained by either amplitude comparison or phase comparison of the sets of
vectors derived from the current and voltage signals of the protected line. Phase comparison is more widely implemented in modern
relays[8].Here authors’ presents a simulink model is designed for the distance zone protection scheme. Logic circuit for relay
operation is developed from the observed impedance waveforms. From this model it is concluded that the zone at which the fault
occurs can be identified[9].
This research presented a detailed phasor model for a distance relay of mho characteristics. Mho relays are inherently directional so
there is no need for directional elements in the relay model. Simulation results of different faults regarding type and position show
clearly the accurate performance of the developed distance relay model[10].

III. BASIC OF DISTANCE PROTECTION RELAYS

Line impedance by measuring voltages and currents can be calculated by distance relay on one single end. The relays compare the
setting impedance with the measured impedance to determine if the fault is inside or outside the protected zone. They immediately
release a trip signal when the impedance value is inside the zone 1 impedance circle of distance relay. For security protection
consideration, the confirmation of a fault occurrence will not be made until successive trip signals are released in one zone
Table I.Apperent Impedance for Multiphase Faults
Appearent inpadances Type of fault which is suitable

a-b ungrounded
a-b grounded
3-phase ungrounded
3-phase grounded

b-c ungrounded
b-c grounded
3-phase ungrounded
3-phase grounded

c-a ungrounded
c-a grounded
3-phase ungrounded
3-phase grounded

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 International Journal for Research in Applied Science & Engineering Technology (IJRASET)
ISSN: 2321-9653; IC Value: 45.98; SJ Impact Factor:6.887
Volume 5 Issue VIII, July 2017- Available at www.ijraset.com

Table II. Apparent Impedance for pPhase to Ground Fault

Apparent imadances Type of fault which is suitable

a to ground

b to ground

C to ground

Fault impedance due to different types of faults can be calculate by different formulaes .The table below shows formula for different
faults. Table (a) & (b) provides the set of equations or algorithm which is required to calculate the positive sequence impedance
measured between distance relay location and the fault point for different fault types. Symbol (m) in Table (b)is the compensation
factor , and given by, ( m = ( 0 − 1) 1 ⁄ ). Z1 and Z0 are the line positive and zero sequence impedances respectively. The Ia, b, c
are the phase currents, the Va, b, c are the line to neutral phase voltages, and the a, b, c are the phase designation in a 3-phase
system.
A general distance relay characteristic is derived by a two-input comparator of vectors S1 and S2 given by equations (1 and 2).
S1 = Ir Zr –K1 Vr (1)
S2 =K2Vr +K3 Ir Zr +K4 Vpol ( 2)
Where, S1, and S2are the relay comparator input signals; Zr is the relay reach impedance, and the K1,2,3,4 are complex constants
define the relay characteristics.The parameters Vr and Ir are the appropriate loop voltages and currents resemble those given in
Table (a) and Table (b). Examples are listed below:
Vr = Va –Vb For the A-B element; Ir = Ia –Ib For the A-B element; and/or Vr = Va For the A-Ground element; Ir = Ia +m I0
For the A-Ground element;
The angular displacement of vectors S1 and S2 is considered positive if S1 leads S2. The phase comparator operates if the following
condition is satisfied :-
−900 ≤ ∠S1 −∠S2 ≤ 900 (3)
| ∠S1 −∠S2 | ≤ 900 (4)
By using such approach the distance mho relay characteristics can be developed which is shown in figure below.In numerical reays
we can design operating characteristics of almost any shape by changing the values of the 'K' parameters in the comparator inputs..

A. Self-Polarized MHO Relay Characteristics

The mho relay characteristics are defined as circles in the impedance plane which passes through the origin. This characteristic is
obtained by setting: K1 = K2 = 1, and K3 = K4 = 0. Hence equations (1) and (2) become can be write as:
S1 = Ir Zr −Vr (5)
S2 = Vr (6)
To represent the mho relay characteristics, it is necessary to implement the voltage phasors S1 and S2 in the impedance plane

Figure. 1 Definition of Mho Characteristics Phase Ccompartor

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 International Journal for Research in Applied Science & Engineering Technology (IJRASET)
ISSN: 2321-9653; IC Value: 45.98; SJ Impact Factor:6.887
Volume 5 Issue VIII, July 2017- Available at www.ijraset.com

From above figure It can be seen that with Zr measured inside of the characteristic circle, the angular difference between S'1 and S'2
will be less than 90 degrees, which fulfils the operating condition. Figure1b demonstrates an example of the mho relay with the
operating conditions not met.

IV. MODELING TRANSMISSION LINE AND DISTANCE RELAY

Here phasor based estimation algorithm is used to model the relay with the help of MATLAB simulink. The estimated phasors of
voltages and currents are used in the implementation of protection algorithms in numerical relays. The ratio of appropriate voltages
and currents then provide the impedance to the fault. The performance of all of these algorithms is dependent on obtaining accurate
estimate of the fundamental frequency component of a signal from a few samples..
The numerical MHO relay model is based on apparent impedance equations given in above table(a) & (b) with phase comparator
inputs given by equation (5) &(6) for mho characteristics.The inputs for phasor based model are fundamental frequency
components.The structure of phase and ground relay model of 3-zone is developed by using. MATLAB/SIMULINK.The model of
numerical mho relay made up of a)phase element model and b)ground element model.

A. Matlab Modeling & Simulation

A phasor based distance relay is designed by taking 400 kv voltge as base value. A distributed transmission line of total length 350
km as 100km+150km+100km is taken. Phasor based relay software models consist of a set of phasor equations into which phasor
quantities of current or voltage are substituted to solve for the relay response.
The impedance relay model is designed shown in below figure(2) by using phasor based method, and figure (3) shows the phasor
based model of numerial mho relay. The results or output of both the relays give time required comparatively to operate.

Figure.2. Phasor Based Impedance Relay

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 International Journal for Research in Applied Science & Engineering Technology (IJRASET)
ISSN: 2321-9653; IC Value: 45.98; SJ Impact Factor:6.887
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Figure.3. Phasor Base Numerical Mho Relay

B. Test System Parameters and Calculations

A four bus EHV transmission system is considered for testing the developed distance relay model. The system shown in figure 5
resembles part of a 400kV, 50Hz, 350km length transmission system. The line parameters are:
Z1=Z2=0.034+j0.315 Ω/km , Z0=0.299+j0.975 Ω/km
The source end characteristics considered here are;
SA, short circuit level = 7892 MVA, |VA| = 1.0 p.u
SD, short circuit level = 7892 MVA, |VD| = 0.97 p.u
The loading state considered is that to produce 20° load angle lead for V ̅Aover V ̅D.
The mho characteristic distance relay located at bus A has the following zone settings:
1) Zone1 reach =80% of line L1 Zone1 reaches = 0.8 * 100 * (0.034+j0.315) = 25.34∠83.83° Ω This zone has no intentional time
delay. Practically it needs very short time for the equipment’s to respond; therefore its operation is set to 2ms.
2) Zone2 reach =line L1+ 50% line L2 Zone2 reach = (0.034+j0.315) (175) = 55.445∠83.83° Ω This zone time delay is set to 0.3s.
3) Zone3 reach = (line1 + line2) * 120% Zone3 reach = (0.034+j0.315) (250) * 1.2= 95.048∠83.83° Ω this zone time delay is set
to 0.6s.
4) Compensation factor = m = Z0−Z1 Z1 = 2.24∠-15.622° The number and direction of zones and the setting for the zone reach
and time delay can be changed as desired.

C. Simulation Result and Comparison

With the distance relay located at bus A, several fault scenarios can be staged to get and quantify the relay model response. That is
to show the model ability to detect the fault and respond according to the fault location and for the different fault types.

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 International Journal for Research in Applied Science & Engineering Technology (IJRASET)
ISSN: 2321-9653; IC Value: 45.98; SJ Impact Factor:6.887
Volume 5 Issue VIII, July 2017- Available at www.ijraset.com

Figure4..Zone Protection of Mho Relay

Figure.5. Zone Protection of Impedance Relay

The above figure shows the trip output of impedance relays for line to line fault.

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 International Journal for Research in Applied Science & Engineering Technology (IJRASET)
ISSN: 2321-9653; IC Value: 45.98; SJ Impact Factor:6.887
Volume 5 Issue VIII, July 2017- Available at www.ijraset.com

D. Comparison between Phasor based Impedance and Numerical MHO Relay

Table III. Comparison of Results o Impedance relay &Numerical Mho Relay
Criterion Phasor Based Impedance Phasor Based Mho Relay
Relay
Speed of Operation Not as Fast Very Fast
(0.8 sec – 0.6 sec)
Speed with in service Slower As Fast
testing
Suitable for Auto Yes Yes
Reclose
Loss of Poor Good
Communication
Current Reversal Special Features Required Yes possible with less
computation
Length of Operation Medium Transmission Long Transmission Line
Line

V. CONCLUSIONS
This work presents a detailed phasor model for a distance relay of mho characteristics. Mho relays are inherently directional so there
is no need for directional elements in the relay model. Here the developed simulation is evaluated for line to line fault on the system,
and the results found as
A. Simulation results of different faults regarding type and position show clearly the accurate performance of the developed
distance relay model in figure (2, 3).
B. From results in figure (4, 5) it is seen that speed of operation of numerical mho relay is faster than impedance relay.
The model versatility, adaptability and applicability promote it for use in power system simulators. Also, it can be used as a training
tool to help users understand how a distance relay works and how settings are performed.

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[8] Ezechukwu, ''Application of Comparators in Modern Power System Protection and Control'', IOSR Journal of Electrical and Electronics Engineering (IOSR-
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[9] M.Rambabu , M.Venkatesh, J.S.V.SivaKumar, T.S.L.V.AyyaRao” Three Zone Protection By Using DistancenRelays in SIMULINK/MATLAB” nternational
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