8.

TURBINES CONTROL AND MONITORING SYSTEM

8.1 Control system
Need for control system:
1. The main control and automation system in a hydroelectric power plant are
associated with start and stop sequence for the unit and optimum running control
of power (real and reactive), voltage and frequency.
2. Data acquisition and retrieval is used to cover such operations as relaying plant
operating status, instantaneous system efficiency, or monthly plant factor, to the
operators and managers.
3. Type of control equipment and levels of control to be applied to a hydro plant
are affected by such factors as number, size and type of turbine and generator.
Components of control system:
1.The Control Equipment for a Hydro Power Plant include control circuits/logic,
control devices, indication, instrumentation, protection and annunciation at
the main control board and at the unit control board for generation,
conversion and transmission operation including grid interconnected operation
of hydro stations
2. These features are necessary to provide operators with the facilities required
for the control and supervision of the stations major and auxiliary equipment.
In the design of these features consideration must be given to the size and
importance of the station with respect to other stations in the power system,
location of the main control room with respect to the equipment to be
controlled and all other station features which influence the control system.
3. The control system of a power station plays an important role in the stations
rendering reliable service; this function should be kept in mind in the design of
all control features.
In CHEM-2 THE CONTROL SYSTEM IS SCADA (Supervisory control and data
acquisition System).

8.2 SCADA:
It is a system operating with coded signals over communication channels so as to
provide control of remote equipment (using typically one communication channel
per remote station).the supervisory system may be combined with a data
acquisition system by adding the use of coded signals over communication
channels to acquire information about the status of the remote equipment for
display or for recording functions. It is a type of industrial control system (ICS)

Examples of some of the equipment controlled and monitored by
SCADA
Intake gate or Main Inlet valve
Governor hydraulic oil system
Gate limit position
Gate position
High pressure oil system for the thrust bearing
Mechanical brakes
Cooling water system
Excitation equipment
Unit speed
Protective relaying status
Unit alarms


8.3 Transducer:
A transducer is a device that converts a signal in one form of energy to another
form of energy. Energy types include electrical, mechanical, electromagnetic
chemical acoustic and thermal energy. While the term transducer commonly
implies the use of a sensor/detector, any device which converts energy can be
considered a transducer .transducer are widely used in measuring instruments.
A sensor is used to detect a parameter in one form and report it in another form
of energy, often an electrical signal. For example a pressure sensor might detect
pressure (a mechanical from of energy) and convert it to electrical signal for
display at a remote gauge.
AN actuator accepts energy and produces movement (action).The energy
supplied to an actuator might be electrical or mechanical. Combinations
transducer have both functions; they both decct and create action. For example a
typical ultrasonic transducer switches back and forth many times a second
between acting as an actuator to produce ultrasonic waves, and acting as a sensor
to detect ultrasonic waves .Rotating a DC electric motors rotor will produce
electricity and voice coil speakers can also act as microphones.

RTU (Remote Terminal Unit):
A remote terminal unit is a microprocessor controlled electronic device that
interfaces objects in the physical world to a distributed control system or SCADA
(Supervisory control and data acquisition System) by transmitting telemetry data
to a master system, and by using messages from the master supervisory system to
control connected objects.
PLC (Programmable Logic Controller):
PLC is a digital computer used for automation of electromechanical processes,
such as control of machinery on factory assembly lines, amusement rides, or light
fixtures. PLCs are used in many industries and machines. Unlike general purpose
computers, the PLC is designed for multiple inputs and output arrangements,
extended temperature ranges and resistance to vibration and impact. It uses a
programmable memory to store instructions and specific functions that include
on/off control, timing, counting, sequencing, arithmetic, and data handling.
Turbine Operation Optimization:
There are numerous possibilities for optimizing individual unit turbine operation
through the application of custom software algorithms. Depending on the
parameters monitored and control sequences needed to achieve the operating
mode, algorithms can be created to enhance unit operation.