Professional Documents
Culture Documents
10
OTHER COMMANDS....................................................10
THE SOLVE & ZEROS COMMANDS.................................10
SOLVING INEQUALITIES..................................................11
FACTORING AND EXPANDING.........................................11
PERMUTATIONS AND COMBINATIONS.............................11
SEQUENCES AND SERIES................................................11
MATRICES......................................................................12
HOW TO GRAPH A CONIC EQUATION.............................12
HOW TO SIMPLIFY RATIONAL FUNCTIONS.....................13
TO SOLVE A SYSTEM OF EQUATIONS WITH SOLVE(.......13
THE INVERSE.................................................................13
LINEAR INTERPOLATION................................................14
STEP FUNCTIONS............................................................14
TO SIMPLIFY EXPRESSIONS...........................................14
BINARY, HEXADECIMAL & DECIMAL............................14
TO DELETE FUNCTIONS, LISTS, TABLES, ETC..................14
DEFINE...........................................................................15
PROGRAMMING...........................................................15
ON LINE HELP...............................................................15
ERROR MESSAGES......................................................15
ERROR: DIMENSION.......................................................15
RESET ALL MEMORY.....................................................15
CALCULUS......................................................................16
ON THE HOME SCREEN.................................................16
DIFFERENTIATION..........................................................16
NUMERICAL DIFFERENTIATION......................................16
INTEGRATION.................................................................16
LIMITS............................................................................16
FINDING EPSILON IN THE LIMIT DEFINITION.................16
MINIMA AND MAXIMA..................................................16
ON THE GRAPH SCREEN................................................17
DIFFERENTIATION..........................................................17
INTEGRATION.................................................................17
PARTIAL FRACTION DECOMPOSITION............................17
MINIMA, MAXIMA, INFLECTION POINTS, TANGENT LINES & ARC LENGTH 17
CONVERGENCE OF A SEQUENCE....................................17
TAYLOR SERIES APPROXIMATIONS................................17
RIEMANN SUMS.............................................................18
DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS............................................18
IMPLICIT DIFFERENTIATION............................................18
Operating System
Just as your PC can be upgraded to WinXP, your
TI-89 can be upgraded to OS 3.10. In both
cases overall you get a better experience.
To find your OS select TOOLS on the
HOMESCREEN, select option A: ABOUT
To download OS 3.10 go to
http://education.ti.com and navigate to
http://education.ti.com/educationportal/sites/U
S/productDetail/us_os_89titanium.html.
Installing OS 3.10 will remove all data including
preloaded Graphing Calculator Software
Applications (Apps) for example Stats/List
Editor.
Getting Started
The Blue, Green, Yellow & Grey
Symbols
The blue 2nd key accesses the blue functions, e.g.
2nd
The green key accesses the green functions,
e.g. Y=.
The gray alpha key accesses the gray functions,
producing lower case letters, e.g. alpha A
gives a.
The key, produces upper case letters, e.g. A
produces A. However the TI-89 isn't casesensitive, 'A' is treated just like 'a', even builtin commands that have capital letters in them
can be typed in lowercase, e.g., 'cSolve' can
be typed 'csolve'. It will change to 'cSolve'
once you hit ENTER.
Alpha Lock: To key several lowercase letters,
key 2nd a-lock or just hold the ALPHA button
down. To key several uppercase letters, key
alpha.
To exit alpha lock, key alpha.
To type a space, key alpha (-).
Scientific Notation
6 10-8 is entered as 6 EE(-)8. It appears on the
screen as 6.E-8, but on your homeworks and
tests you must copy that in proper scientific
notation, i.e. as 6 10-8. Key the EE button
only once.
Parentheses
Clearing
is the back space key for erasing a single
mistaken key stroke.
If the cursor is sitting at the end of a line,
CLEAR will erase the entire line.
If the cursor is sitting in the middle of a line,
CLEAR will erase the part of the line to the
right of the cursor.
The F1 to F8 Keys
The meanings of the F1 to F5 and 2nd F6 to F8
keys are given on the top of the screen and
depend upon which window is currently
displayed. Pull down the menus in F1 to F8
and choose the desired operation. Some
options may be unreadable. This means that
the option is unusable in the current situation.
A menu item (e.g. 5:approx) can be chosen
either by scrolling down to highlight its line
and keying ENTER or by keying its number
(e.g. 5)
Shortcuts
keying gives ! (factorial).
keying < gives .
keying > gives .
keying = gives .
keying ( accesses the Greek letters. For
example ( alpha s gives .
keying EE gives a keyboard map with all of the
shortcuts.
To copy text
To highlight text
To highlight text (e.g. for copying or deleting)
hold down and highlight left or right with
or .
Insert Mode
2nd INS toggles back & forth between insert &
overtype mode. In insert mode
(recommended) the cursor is a thin line
between characters. In overtype mode the
cursor highlights a character.
log x
ln x logex is on the keyboard. log x log10x is
not on the keyboard. To get it key CATALOG 5
, , , , ENTER. Or use log x = ln x/ln
10. E.g. ln 100000/ln 10 gives 5.
Pi
To enter , use the key, not 3.14 or 22/7.
order of operations
Graphing
Zoom
To view the equations graph, key GRAPH.
Inside GRAPH, key F2 Zoom to resize the
window (i.e. to change the maximum and / or
the minimum value of x and / or y that is
displayed). You might want to zoom out so
that you can see all of the main features of the
graph - intercepts, asymptotes, min/max and
behavior as x You might want to
zoom in so as to precisely determine an xintercept or to understand a puzzling behavior
of the graph.
Friendly Windows
A friendly window is a window where the x
coordinates of the pixel elements are round
numbers, e.g. 1, 2, 3, 4, ... or 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4,
... This is very helpful if you want to see a
hole in a graph.
( x 1)( x 2)
For example y
has the same
( x 1)
graph as y = x + 2 except that there is a hole
in the line at x = 1.
In GRAPH, Zoom 4: ZoomDec (decimal) sets
the pixel size to 0.1 and the window
dimensions to -7.9 < x < 7.9, -3.8 < y < 3.8.
Zoom 8: ZoomInt (integer) sets the pixel size
to 1.0 and allows you to use the arrows to
move to the center to the part of the graph you
wish to investigate. (ZoomDec does not allow
this option.) If you choose to center the graph
at the origin, the window size is -79 < x < 79,
-38 < y < 38.
But xres determines how many pixels are actually
traceable. (Skipping pixels speeds up the
Trace
Inside GRAPH, F3 Trace puts a cursor on the
graph & displays the coordinates of the cursor.
The cursor can be moved along the curve with
or or by typing an x value and ENTER.
This can be used for finding intercepts or other
solutions to the equation, for reading out data
points in a scatter plot or histogram heights.
Unfortunately since trace moves from pixel to
pixel, it usually does not land exactly on the
desired point. Therefore if the coordinates are
needed accurate to 3 significant figures, do not
use trace.
To format a graph
To format a graph (rectangular vs. polar, grid
on/off, label axes on/off, etc.) key or in Y=,
Window or Graph, key F1 9: Format.
To cancel a graph
To cancel a graph while it is being plotted, key
ON.
Modes
The normal graphing mode is MODE Graph = 1:
FUNCTION. Use this e.g. to graph y1(x) = x.
The other modes are used for parametric, polar
sequence, 3D, and differential equations graphs
To depict an inequality
To depict an inequality (e.g. y > 2x + 3) on the xy plane by graphing the inequality as an
equality solved for y (e.g. y1(x) = 2x + 3) and
then shading above or below the graphed line,
depending on whether the inequality was
actually > or <. (You want to shade above in our
example.) To set the shading in Y=, key F6
Style 7: Above or 8: Below as needed. There are
4 shading patterns which are automatically
cycled through. So 4 different inequalities can
be displayed.
Parametric Graphs
To make a parametric graph key MODE Graph
= 2: PARAMETRIC. A parametric graph is
made on the x-y axes by defining x = f(t) &
separately y = f(t). Thus in parametric mode,
you must type in a pair of equations. E.g. in Y=
xt1 = sin 2t
yt1 = sin 3t
To view the graph of the above set x & y
min/max = 1 & use radian mode. You will
get a pretty Lissajous figure.
You must use t (not x, y or z) as your
independent variable.
Window now has (in addition to xmax, yscl,
etc.) tmin, tmax & tstep, which you may need
to set.
Polar Graphs
To graph in polar coordinates key MODE Graph
= 3: POLAR.
The Y= screen will now read r1=, etc.
You must use (not t, x, y or z) as your
independent variable. is (above the ^
key).
Use ZoomSqr to set the correct proportions or
do it by hand by setting xmin & xmax to
twice ymin & ymax.
Window now has (in addition to xmax, yscl,
etc.) min, max & step, which you may
need to set.
If some functions are selected, they might graph
along with your polar graph. To turn them all
off, in Y= key F5 ALL 1: All Off, 3: Functions
Off or 5: Data Plots Off as needed.
| Coordinates Polar will cause F3 Trace to
display the coordinates r & . | Coordinates
Rectangular will cause F3 Trace to display
the coordinates x, y &
Tables
To make a table, create a function in Y=.
TABLE produces a table of the functions
selected in Y =. Depending on the MODE
Asymptotes
inside Y= key
you can use nested when functions or a userdefined function. Unfortunately the logic of
nested when functions is hard to follow,
especially since you have to read it inside the
small entry line.
Piecewise-Defined Graph
x, x 1
,
2
x ,x 1
f ( x)
when( is in CATALOG.
If the graph has more than 2 pieces, e.g.
x0
x,
g( x ) 3, 0 x 1 ,
x,
1< x
all x, but y =
To write
x2
x4
Get
Complex Numbers
4 - x, x < 1
For example
x4
g( x ) 3, 0 x 1 ,
x,
1< x
x2
x2
x4
is
Etc.
Apparently the TI-89 cannot be commanded to
display in trigonometric form (e.g. 2 cos 45 +
2i sin 45).
To convert a complex number in polar (i.e. rei)
form to a complex number in standard (i.e.
rectangular, i.e. a + bi) form, set the mode to
complex rectangular with MODE Complex
Format 2: RECTANGULAR, key in the
complex number in standard form and press
ENTER. Again the way the result is displayed
depends on what modes you are in. For example
In approx mode 2ei/4ENTERgives
+ i.
In exact mode 2ei/4ENTER gives + 2i.
Other Commands
Solving inequalities
OS 3.10 can solve inequalities.
Example solve(abs(x - 1) < 3, x) gives -2 < x < 4
n
r
n r
terms f(2) + f(2.2) + f(2.4) + ... +f(4), x = (42)/10 = .2, use (22+.2 x, x, 0, n), which, of
course, also gives 96.700.
The result can contain symbols, e.g. (x,x,1,n)
ENTER gives n(n+1)/2.
To find the partial sums of a sequence use
cumSum(. E.g. key 2nd MATH 3: List 7:
cumSum(seq(1/x, x, 1, 4)) ENTER gives {1
5/4 49/36 205/144}
A sequence graph is will display a sequence. Set
MODE Graph SEQUENCE. Key Y=. Enter
the formula for the sequence in u1. If an initial
value is needed, e.g. if a recursive formula for
the sequence is entered in u1, enter the initial
value in ui1, otherwise leave it blank. E.g. key
in u1 = 3n+2. You must use n as your variable
in sequence mode. Key GRAPH F2 Zoom A:
ZoomFit. The axes are n and u1. You can use F3
Trace to read out the values of u1 (they are
called yc).
Matrices
To create a matrix
key APPS Data/Matrix Editor, 3: New,
Type 2: Matrix, Folder: Main, Variable:
(Give it a name, e.g. a, which you get by
typing =, because by default alpha is
already turned on.). To type the row &
column dimensions you must key alpha to
turn alpha off.
Determinant is in MATH (2nd 5) 4: Matrix 2:
det(
Inverse is ^-1
Example
Solve
3x 4 y 5z 6
x 2 y z 1
3x 2 y
5
3 4 5
6
x
with a 1 2 1 , b 1 , X y
3 2 0
5
z
this can be written a X = b. So the solution is
X = a^-1 b
26 / 7
giving 43 /14
10 / 7
43 /14 .
10 / 7
( Bx E )
( Bx E )2 4C( Ax2 Dx F )
2C
The Inverse
To find analytically the inverse of f(x), written
f-1(x), key solve(y = f(x), x). Then exchange x
and y by hand. Solve( is F2 Algebra 1: solve(.
For example solve(y = 2x + 1, x) gives
x = (y-1)/2. So f -1(x) = (x-1)/2.
Solve(y = ln(x), x) gives x = ey. So f -1(x) = ex.
There are several ways to graph the inverse.
1) You can first find f-1(x) analytically as above
and then just key it in in Y =. For example
y = x Solve it for y, i.e. y = x. This can be
graphed as y ={1,-1}x. The list {1,-1} is
effectively a symbol.
2) Or use parametric mode:
xt1 = t
Linear Interpolation
yt1 = f(t)
y = f(x)
xt2 = yt1(t)
24.7
25.2
25.8
and wish to find a y-value corresponding to an xvalue between those x-values in the table, assume
the (unknown) function y = f(x) is locally linear
and use linear interpolation. Use the following
equation, where x1 and x2 bracket x.: y = y1 +
(y 2 - y 1 )(x - x1 )
yt2 = t
-1
x 2 - x1
Step functions
[x] = the greatest integer less than or equal to x
= int(. This function is also called floor(.
For example, int(3.5) returns 3 and int(-3.5)
returns -4.
If you want the smallest integer greater than or
equal to x, use ceiling(.
For example, ceiling(1.5) returns 2. ceiling(-1.5)
returns -1.
If you want the integer closest to zero, i.e. simply
removing any fractional part, use iPart(.
For example, iPart(1.5) returns 1 and iPart(-1.5)
returns -1.
These can be found in the MATH 1: Number.
To Simplify Expressions
Usually expressions are simplified automatically,
but sometimes this does not happen or the default
form is unsatisfactory. Both expand( and
factor( can be used (sometimes back to back) to
force a simplification of an expression or
equation. Also propFrac( is useful in some cases.
If trig is involved, tExpand( and tCollect( can be
used in a similar fashion. All of these are in F2
Algebra.
Define
F4 Other 1: Define can be used to define a
function. E.g. Define xxt(x) = 3x^2. Then
xxt(5) ENTER gives 75. Notice that I used
letters available on the keyboard to make typing
the name faster. You would have gotten an error
message if you had tried to define xt1(x),
because xt1(x) is a system variable. There is
another way to define a function. 1cos(x)
STO sec(x) defines a new function, sec(x)
which can, for example, be graphed by entering
y1 = sec(x) or evaluated by typing sec() which
gives -1. An erroneous set of keystrokes can
result in defining x & y. This is surprisingly
easy to do by accident. E.g. if x has been
defined as 2, expand((x+2)) will give 16. If
something like this happens, F6 Clean Up 1:
Clear a-z ENTER ENTER will clear (i.e. delete)
the definitions of any 1-character variables, i.e.
x, but not xx.
If you want to use your newly-defined function,
easier than keying in the letters is copying a
variable from VAR-LINK. Key 2nd VARLINK. Highlight the variable (e.g. the sec(x)
function created above) ENTER, sec(x) now
appears in the entry line.
Programming
To type in a program, key APPS 7: Program
Editor 7: Program Editor 3: New Type:
Program. Give it a name, e.g. Variable:
example.
The lines
:example()
:Prgm
:
:EndPrgm
then appear automatically. Note the first line is
the name you assigned to the program.
Calculus
The two main operations of calculus are
differentiation and integration, of course. Both
of these can be done easily either numerically
or symbolically. They can be done on the
home screen with the keyboard or on the
graph screen.
Differentiation
On Line Help
Error Messages
Error: Dimension
Error: Dimension means that the variable you are
using, e.g. x, is not the correct dimension for the
function you are using, e.g. Factor(x^2 - 9). This
is probably because by accident you stored
Numerical Differentiation
d( [the differentiation function above] takes the
difference quotient with the lim x0. The
function nDeriv(expression, var [, x] allows
the user to explore the difference quotient if
x is kept finite. The default value of x is
0.001.
E.g. nDeriv(x4,x,.1) calculates [f(x+.1)-f(x-.1)]/.2,
which gives 4 x (x + .01), whereas d(x4,x)
gives 4x, i.e. the exact derivative.
Integration
2nd (expression, variable[, lower][, upper]) (on
the 7 key) [or equivalently F3 Calc 2:
( integrate] does integration.
E.g. x,x) ENTER gives x/3
E.g. x cosx,x) ENTER gives cosx + x sinx
Limits
F3 Calc 3: limit( will find a limit.
Arc Length
Syntax: limit(expression,var,point[,direction]).
The optional direction parameter indicates
from which side a one-sided limit is taken. If
direction is a positive number, the limit is
from the right, if direction is a negative
number, the limit is from the left.
Differentiation
Finding Epsilon
Definition
L=
lim
f ( x)
xc
in
the
Limit
lim
f ( x)
x2
= 8.
Integration
To find the integral key F5 Math 7: f(x)dx. You
will be prompted for the Lower Limit?
Either key in the desired x value and key
ENTER or move the cursor to the desired x
value and key ENTER. You will be prompted
similarly for the Upper Limit?
1
1
x3 x2
Convergence of a Sequence
Convergence of a sequence can be displayed.
E.g. Key in u1(n) = -.8u1(n-1) + 3.6, ui1 = -4
and GRAPH. The sequence can be seen to
converge to 2. Or Key TABLE to see the
values. Or simply sum the entire sequence.
E.g. try (1/x, x, 1, ) ENTER. Surprising?
Riemann Sums
Riemann Sums are approximations to the
n
(b-a)/n(f(a+x(b-a)/n),x,0,n-1) STO
lreman(a,b,n)
RM:
(b-a)/n(f(a+(x+)(b-a)/n),x,0,n-1) STO
mreman(a,b,n)
RR:
(b-a)/n(f(a+x(b-a)/n),x,1,n) STO
rreman(a,b,n)
Trapezoid rule:
(lreman(a,b,n)+rreman(a,b,n))/2 STO
trapez(a,b,n)
Simpsons rule:
2*rreman(a,b,n)+trapez(a,b,n))/3 STO
simpson(a,b,n) *
Differential Equations
deSolve(Equation, IndependentVar,
DependentVar ). deSolve( is F3 C.
Example: deSolve(y'=x*y, x, y)
gives y = @1
x2
2
. @1 is the TI way of
e
writing an undetermined constant. The ' in
y' is 2nd =.
Implicit differentiation
impDif(Equation, IndependentVar, DependentVar
[,order] ). impDif( is F3 D
Example: impDif(x^2 y^3 = 1, x, y)
gives (y' = ) -2y/3x