University of Toronto Scarborough

Department of Computer & Mathematical Sciences

MATA30: Calculus I - Solution Midterm Test
1. Let a > 1 and f(x) = log
a
x and g(x) = a
x
.
(a) [ 3 marks] Give the denition of f(x) = log
a
x and state its domain and range.
solution : y = log
a
x x = a
y
with domain (0, ) and range R
(b) [ 4 marks] Give the graphs of g(x) = a
x
and f(x) = log
a
x.
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2
-1
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
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2. (a) [ 3 marks] Find all x satisfying: log
2
(x 3) + log
2
(x 1) = log
2
(2x + 19)
solution :
log
2
(x 3) +log
2
(x 1) = log
2
(2x +19) log
2
(x3)(x 1) = log
2
(2x +19)
2
log
2
(x3)(x1)
= 2
log
2
(2x+19)
thus we have: (x 3)(x 1) = (2x + 19) or x
2
4x + 3 2x 19 = 0.
Simplify: x
2
6x 16 = (x 8)(x + 2) = 0. Thus x = 8 or x = 2
However, log
2
(x3) and log
2
(x1) are not dened if x = 2, therefore the only
solution is x = 8.
(b) [ 4 marks] Simplify: tan(arccos(

1 x
2
)).
solution :
Let = arccos(

1 x
2
), then

1 x
2
= cos where [0, ].
Since

1 x
2
0, then
_
0,

2
_
. We draw the triangle (in the rst quadrant
of the unit circle) with sides 1, x,

1 x
2
.
since = arccos(

1 x
2
) then
tan(arccos(

1 x
2
)) = tan =
opp
adj
=
x

1 x
2
1
3. [5 marks each; 25 marks total] Evaluate each of the following limits, else state that
the limit does not exist. Justify your answer. Do not use LHospitals rule.
(a) lim
x0
sin 2x
sin ax
, where a = 0.
lim
x0
sin 2x
sin ax
= lim
x0
sin 2x
2x

ax
sin ax

2x
ax
= 1 1
2
a
=
2
a
(b)
lim
x17

x 1 4
17 x
= lim
x17
(

x 1 4)
(17 x)

(

x 1 + 4)
(

x 1 + 4)
= lim
x17
x 1 4
2
(17 x)(

x 1 + 4)
= lim
x17
x 17
(17 x)(

x 1 + 4)
= lim
x17
1

x 1 + 4
=
1
8
(c) |x| =
_
x if x 0
x if x < 0
lim
x0
+
x
2
|x|
x
= lim
x0
+
x
2
x
x
= lim
x0
+
x 1 = 1
lim
x0

x
2
|x|
x
= lim
x0

x
2
(x)
x
= lim
x0

x
2
+ x
x
= lim
x0

x + 1 = 1
lim
x0
+
x
2
|x|
x
= lim
x0

x
2
|x|
x
therefore lim
x0
x
2
|x|
x
does not exist.
2
(d)
lim
x
2x 4

9x
2
x + 1
= lim
x
2x 4

x
2
_
9
1
x
+
1
x
2

x
2
= |x| =
_
x if x 0
x if x < 0
= lim
x
2x 4
x
_
9
1
x
+
1
x
2
= lim
x

_
2
4
x
_
_
9
1
x
+
1
x
2
=
2

9
=
2
3
(e) lim
x3
(x 3)
2
cos
_
1
x 3
_
SInce 1 cos x 1 for all x, then 1 cos
_
1
x 3
_
1 for all x = 3
Thus (x 3)
2
(x 3)
2
cos
_
1
x 3
_
(x 3)
2
for all x = 3
lim
x3
(x 3)
2
= 0 and lim
x3
(x 3)
2
= 0, therefore by the Squeeze theorem
lim
x3
(x 3)
2
cos
_
1
x 3
_
= 0
3
4. [10 marks] Given some numbers a, b and c, dene f : R R by
f(x) =
_

_
7a bx if x 1 ,
4b
x + 3
c if 1 < x 1 ,
x
3
+ c if 1 < x < 3 ,
4x if x 3 ,
Find a, b and c so that f is continuous on R.
solution : 7abx is a polynomial therefore it is continuous everywhere, thus contin-
uous on (, 1).
4b
x + 3
c is the sum of a rational function and a constant function therefore it is
continuous everywhere where the rational function is continuous. Since 3 / (1, 1),
then
4b
x + 3
c continuous on (1, 1).
x
3
+c is a polynomial therefore it is continuous everywhere, thus continuous on (1, 3).
4x is a polynomial therefore it is continuous everywhere, thus continuous on (3, ).
For a function to be continuous at 3 we need: lim
x3
+
f(x) = lim
x3

f(x) = f(3)
lim
x3
+
f(x) = lim
x3
+
4x = 12 = f(3), lim
x3

f(x) = lim
x3

x
3
+ c = 27 + c, thus we need
12 = 27 + c or c=-15
For a function to be continuous at 1 we need: lim
x1
+
f(x) = lim
x1

f(x) = f(1)
lim
x1
+
f(x) = lim
x1
+
x
3
+ c = 1
3
15 = 14,
lim
x1

f(x) = lim
x1

4b
x + 3
c =
4b
4
+ 15 = b + 15 = f(1), thus we need b + 15 = 14 or
b = 29 therefore b=-29 .
For a function to be continuous at -1 we need: lim
x1
+
f(x) = lim
x1

f(x) = f(1)
lim
x1
+
f(x) = lim
x1
+
4b
x + 3
c = 2 (29) + 15 = 43, lim
x1

f(x) = lim
x1

7a bx =
7a 29 = f(1), thus we need 43 = 7a 29 or 7a = 14 or a=-2 .
4
5. (a) [8 marks] Use the denition of the derivative to nd the derivative of the function
f(x) =
1
1 +

x
.
(b) [4 marks] Find the equation of the tangent line to the curve of f(x) =
1
1 +

x
at the point
_
4,
1
3
_
.
solution : (a)
lim
h0
f(x + h) f(x)
h
= lim
h0
1
1 +

x + h

1
1 +

x
h
= lim
h0
1 +

x (1 +

x + h)
(1 +

x + h)(1 +

x)
h
= lim
h0

x + h)
(1 +

x + h)(1 +

x)
h
= lim
h0

x + h
(1 +

x + h)(1 +

x)h
= lim
h0
(

x + h)
(1 +

x + h)(1 +

x)h

x +

x + h)
(

x +

x + h)
= lim
h0
x (x + h)
(1 +

x + h)(1 +

x)(

x +

x + h)h
= lim
h0
h
(1 +

x + h)(1 +

x)(

x +

x + h)h
= lim
h0
1
(1 +

x + h)(1 +

x)(

x +

x + h)
=
1
2

x(1 +

x)
2
= f

(x)
(b) The slope of the tangent line to the curve of f(x) =
1
1 +

x
at the point
_
4,
1
3
_
.is
f

(4) =
1
2

4(1 +

4)
2
=
1
36
Its equation is y
1
3
=
1
36
(x 4) or y =
1
36
x +
4
9
5
6. (a) [3 marks] State the Intermediate Value Theorem.
solution :
If f is a continuous function on the closed interval [a, b], then as x varies from a
to b, f takes on every intermediate value between f(a) and f(b).
OR
If f is a continuous function on the closed interval [a, b], and w between f(a) and
f(b), then there is some c (a, b) such that f(c) = w.
(b) [5 marks] Show that the function f(x) = x 2 sin x has a positive root.
solution : x is a polynomial and therefore continuous on R. sin x is also con-
tinuous on R, therefore f(x) = x 2 sin x is also continuous on R.
f
_

2
_
=

2
2 sin

2
=

2
2 =
4
2
< 0 since < 4
f() = 2 sin = > 0
We see that f is continuous on
_

2
,
_
and since and f
_

2
_
< 0 < f (), thus by
the Intermediate Value Theorem, there is some c
_

2
,
_
, such that f(c) = 0.
Thus, f has a positive root.
6
7. [6 marks] Consider the function f : R R whose graph is given below.
Let A be the set of points {x
1
, x
2
, x
3
, x
4
, x
5
, x
6
, x
7
, x
8
, x
9
, x
10
} R.
(a) At which of the points in A is f dierentiable?
Answer: x
3
, x
4
, x
6
, x
9
, x
10
.
(b) At which of the points in A is f continuous but not dierentiable?
Answer: x
2
, x
7
.
(c) At which of the points in A is f not continuous?
Answer: x
1
, x
5
, x
8
(d) Find all points y A for which lim
xy
f(x) fails to exist?
Answer: x
5
, x
8
(e) At which of the points in A is f

(x) = 0?
Answer: x
3
, x
6
, x
9
(f) Find two points a, b in A such that the function h(x) = f(x) for x [a, b] is an
invertible function.
Answer: Any one of these pairs: x
2
, x
3
x
3
, x
4
x
2
, x
4
x
6
, x
7
x
8
, x
9
x
9
, x
10
and nally x
8
, x
10
7
8. [5 marks each; 25 marks total]
(a) Find f

(x), if f(x) =
(2 + sin x)
1
3

1 + x
5
. Do not simplify.
solution :
f

(x) =
1
3
(2 + sin x)

2
2
(cos x)

1 + x
5
(2 + sin x)
1
3
5x
4
2

1 + x
5
1 + x
5
(b) Find g

(x), if g(x) = (x
3
+ 1)3
arctan x
. Do not simplify.
solution :
g

(x) = 3x
2
3
arctan x
+ (x
3
+ 1)3
arctan x

ln 3
x
2
+ 1
(c) Find f

(x), if f(x) = (

x)
3x
. Do not simplify.
solution : Let y = (

x)
3x
= (x
1/2
)
3x
= x
3x
2
.
Then ln y = ln
_
x
3x
2
_
=
3x
2
ln x
Dierentiating implicitly ln y =
3x
2
ln x we get:
1
y
y

=
3
2
ln x +
3x
2

1
x
y

= y
_
3
2
ln x +
3
2
_
= (

x)
3x
3
2
(lnx + 1)
8
(d) Find h

(x), if h(x) =
(x
4
+ 1)
2

x
2
+ 2
(e
x
+ 1)(3 + x
2
)
4
solution :
Let y =
(x
4
+ 1)
2

x
2
+ 2
(e
x
+ 1)(3 + x
2
)
4
.
then
ln y = ln[(x
4
+ 1)
2

x
2
+ 2] ln[(e
x
+ 1)(3 + x
2
)
4
]
= ln(x
4
+ 1)
2
+ ln

x
2
+ 2
_
ln(e
x
+ 1) + ln(3 + x
2
)
4

= 2 ln[(x
4
+ 1) +
1
2
ln(x
2
+ 2) ln(e
x
+ 1) 4 ln(3 + x
2
)
1
y
y

= 2
4x
3
x
4
+ 1
+
1
2

2x
x
2
+ 2

e
x
e
x
+ 1
4
2x
3 + x
2
y

= y
_
8x
3
x
4
+ 1
+
x
x
2
+ 2

e
x
e
x
+ 1

8x
3 + x
2
_
so
h

(x) =
(x
4
+ 1)
2

x
2
+ 2
(e
x
+ 1)(3 + x
2
)
4
_
8x
3
x
4
+ 1
+
x
x
2
+ 2

e
x
e
x
+ 1

8x
3 + x
2
_
(e) Find y

, if y is a function of x satisfying:
(x
3
+ y) = sin(x
2
+ 4y)
solution : Dierentiating implicitly we get:
3x
2
+ y

= cos(x
2
+ 4y) (2x + 4y

)
3x
2
+ y

= 2xcos(x
2
+ 4y) + 4y

cos(x
2
+ 4y)
y

4y

cos(x
2
+ 4y) = 2xcos(x
2
+ 4y) 3x
2
y

(1 4 cos(x
2
+ 4y)) = 2xcos(x
2
+ 4y) 3x
2
y

=
2xcos(x
2
+ 4y) 3x
2
1 4 cos(x
2
+ 4y)