HUMAN REPRODUCTION

By- ZEESHAN KHAN

Human bei ngs are uni sexual . I t means mal e & f emal e sexes are separat e. Each sex has reproducti ve
organs(gonads), reproducti ve tracts, and accessory st ructures. The mal e gonads are cal l ed TESTIS and
f emal e gonads are cal l ed OVARI ES. They produce gamets and sex hormones.
PUBERTY: It i s the sexual mat urati on of an i ndi vi dual . 10- 12 years i n f emal es & 12- 14 years i n mal es.
It i s accompani ed by some physi cal changes i n t he body. Eg- cracki ng voi ce, f aci al hai rs i n mal es,
devel opment of breast and onset of menst ruat i on i n f emal es.
MENARCHE- Begi nni ng of puber ty, MENOPAUSE- End of puberty ( 48-55 year s i n f emal es)
MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM:
TESTI S: They ar e mal e gonads or essenti al sex organs whi ch pr oduce sper ms and secrete the mal e
sex hor mone, TESTOSTERONE. Testi s l i es out si de the body i n a sac cal l ed SCROTUM. I t hel ps i n
mai ntai ni ng t he t emper atur e 1
0
- 3
0
C lower than the body temperature. The lower temperature is essential for the
development of sperms.
EPIDIDYMIS: It is a long tube of about 6 metres which is highly coiled and remains attached to the side of testis. It serves
as a duct for the passage of sperms from testis to vas deferns. It stores the sperms prior to ejaculation.
VAS DEFRENS: Epididymis opens into a thick muscular tube known as vas deferens. It is about 30-35 cm long. It comes out
of scrotum through inguinal canal. It receives a duct from the seminal vesicle to form a ejaculatory duct.
GLANDS: Seminal vesicle (pair), Prostate gland (single), Cowpers gland or bulbo-urethral gland (pair) together form a
secretion called SEMEN. Sperm floats in semen.
PENIS: It is the male copulatory organ. It is cylindrical, spongy, muscular and highly vascular. It has erectile muscles which
makes it erect and stiff along with the blood pressure during sexual excitement.
SEMEN: It is milky, viscous, alkaline fluid ejaculated by penis during copulation. In 2ml of semen about 200 million sperms
are present. It has fructose, protein and several chemicals for mobility and nourishment of sperms.
FEMALE REPRODUCTI VE SYSTEM:
OVARI ES: They ar e a pai r of oval shaped f emal e gonads whi ch l i es i n the abdomen. Each ovary i s
composed of ovar i an f ol l i cl es. At puberty t hese undergo matur ati on t o produce ova. The f or mati on
of ovum i n ovar i es i s cal l ed oogenesi s and rel ease of ovum i n f al l opi an t ube i s cal l ed ovul at i on.
Ovary secr et es hor mones cal l ed Est rogen & Progesterone.
FALLOPI AN TUBES ( Ovi duct) : They ar e a pai r of cur ve tubes, about 10-12 cm i n l ength. One end
l i es near ovar y whi ch r ecei ves the ovum and t he other end opens i nto the ut erus. Fert i l i zat i on
takes pl ace i n ovi duct.
UTERUS( womb) : I t i s a pear shaped muscul ar chamber . I t i s the si t e f or i mpl antat i on and
devel opment of embryo. The l ower and narr ow part of ut erus i s known as cer vi x whi ch opens out
i nto the vagi na. Endometri um i s the i nner most vascul ar part of ut erus t o whi ch the embryo
attaches.
VAGI NA: I t i s the f emal e copul atory organ. I t al so serves as bi rth canal duri ng chi l d s bi rth. I n
vi rgi n vagi nal or i f i ce( openi ng) i s cover ed by a membrane cal l ed Hymen.
BREAST: They are a pai r of rounded thoraci c pr omi nences whi ch devel op i n f emal e a t the onset of
puberty. I t cont ai ns number of mammary l obes whi ch secr et es mi l k af t er del i very of chi l d. At t he
ti me of partur i t i on, due to acti on of Prol act i n And Oxytoci n they become act i ve.
MENSTRUAL CYCLE: I t i s a seri es of chemi cal changes that occur i n the r epr oducti ve syst em, of
human f emal es wi t h a per i odi ci ty of about 28days. The cycl e begi ns wi t h onset of puberty. I t st ops
bet ween age of 45- 50 year s. I t al so stops t empor ar i l y dur i ng pr egnancy. Per manent stop i s cal l ed
MENOPAUSE.
At the mi d of t he cycl e, i . e at the 14
t h
day ovum i s r el eased f rom the ovary, and comes to ovi duct. I f
sper m i s pr esent then i t i s f erti l i zed & i f sper m i s not pr esent then i t degenerat es and f al l out t hrough
vagi na. Ovul ati on, i . e i s rel ease of ovum i s due t o abrupt i ncrease i n LH. Af ter ovul at i on ther e i s abrupt
i ncrease i n the l evel of progest erone. Due t o thi s , endomet ri um l ayer i n uterus devel ops & st art s the
preparati on f or i mpl ant ati on. I f t he f er ti l i zati on does not takes pl ace t hen t he endometr i um l ayer sheds
as MENSES f rom the vagi na at the end of the cycl e.


PREGNANCY: Duri ng copul at i on, the sper ms are ej acul ated i n the vagi na. I t then reaches t he ovi duct.
Sper ms r emai ns act i ve f or 48 hour s. I f i t meet s ovum i n t hi s span, i t f er ti l i zes the ovum. Ferti l i zed egg
undergoes cl eavage t o f or m MORLULA. I t decends and r eaches the uter us by 7
t h
day. The i mpl antati on of
morul a takes pl ace i n endomet ri um. And f urt her devel opment of embryo takes pl ace i n uterus. The
embryo seeks nutr i t i on i n womb by pl acenta.
UMBLI CAL CORD att aches the growi ng f oetus wi th PLACENTA.

The compl et e durati on of t he devel opment of f oetus i n uterus i s cal l ed GESTATI ON PERI OD. I t i s about
280 days. The expul ti on of matur e chi l d f rom the womb of the mot her i s cal l ed PARTURATI ON. Af ter bi rth
the durat i on f or whi ch t he chi l d i s br east f ed i s cal l ed LACTATI ON PERI OD. At the ti me of del i very, the
chi l d i s general l y 24cm l ong and 3- 3. 5 kg i n wei ght.
CONTRACEPTIVE DEVICES:
Mechani cal Devi ces: They prevent the concepti on by prevent i ng ei ther meeti ng of sperms and
ova, OR prevents the i mpl antat i on i f f erti l i zati on has occurred.
COMDOMS: I t i s t ubul ar l at ex sheat h, whi ch i s worn over peni s. Ot her benef i t i s
prot ect i on f rom STD- sexual l y t ransmi t t ed di seases. (Gonorrhoea, Syphi l i s, AI DS,
Geni tal Warts)
CERVICAL CAPS: I t i s a rubber tube f i t t ed over cervi x.
DIAPHGRAM: I t i s a tubul ar rubber wi t h f l exi bl e metal , or spri ng ri ng whi ch i s
f i tt ed over vagi na.
Chemi cal Methods:
Oral Pi l l s: They are combi nati on of estrogen and progest erone, whi ch
prevents ovul ati on.
Spermi ci dal creams: Thi s keeps t he sperms i n the reproducti ve t ract.
Surgi cal Methods:
VASECTOMY: The cut ti ng and l i gati on of vas def erens. Thi s prevents the passage of
sperms f rom t esti s t o semen.
TUBECTOMY: The cut ti ng and l i gati on of f al l opi an t ube. I t prevent s t he ovum f rom
comi ng i nto the f al l opi an tube.
Intra uteri ne contacepti ve devi ces (I UCD): They are the devi ces made of pl ast i c, metal or
combi nat i on of both. Eg- Copper- T(Cu- T) Cu- 7, Mul ti l oad- 375
Addi t i o n al In f o r mat i o ns :
LAPAROSCOPE: I nst rument used i n t ubal l i gat i on.
SAFE SEX PERI OD: 1
s t
TO 9
t h
day and 19
t h
- 28
t h
day of t he menst rual cycl e.
RI SK PERI OD: 10
t h
17
t h
day of t he menst rual cycl e.
NACO- Nat i onal Ai ds cont rol organi zat i on. 1987
Wor l d s Ai ds day- 1
s t
December
Gl ans peni s - Sensi t i ve t i p of t he peni s.
Abor t i on: Al so t er med as MTP- Medi cal t er mi nat i on of pregnancy.

CHECK YOUR GRASP:
Q1. Test i s l i es i n whi l e ovary l i es i n .
Q2. Urethra of human mal e cari es bot h and .
Q3. FSH cont rol s . Whi l e LH cont rol s
Q4. I n human f emal e menst rual cycl e st art s at . And st ops at . .
Q5. The physi ol ogi cal connecti on bet ween mat ernal t i ssue and f eot al t i ssue i s
Q6. Surgi cal cut t i ng of vas def erens i s . . whi l e t hat of f al l opi an t ube i s . .
Q7. The peri od of pregnancy i s cal l ed
Q8. The process of rel ease of egg or ovum f rom ovary i s
Q9. Sex hormones of human f emal e are
Q10. Formati on of sperm and ovum i s and respect i vel y.
Q11. Si te for ferti l i zati on i n human i s . .
Q12. . ani mal s cont ai n bot h t est i s and ovary.
Q13. Name two sexual l y transmi tted di seases .
Q14. The medi cal t erm f or chi l d bi rt h .
Q15. Bryophyl l um can be propagated vegetati vel y by
Q16. Bi nary f i ssi on i nvol ves bot h . . and
Q17. Fusi on of one mal e gamet wi th egg cel l and ot her wi t h pol ar nucl ei i s cal l ed
Q18. The st ruct ure meant f or nouri shment of devel opi ng embryo i n pl ant s i s .
Q19. Expand- IUCD, AI DS, OC, MTP
I WILL WIN, MAY BE NOT IMMEDIATELY, BUT ULTIMATELY.