1762

A Power Electronic Interface for a Battery

Supercapacitor Hybrid Energy Storage
System for Wind Applications
Wei Li and Gza Jos
McGill University, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering,
Room 633, McConnell Engineering Building, 3480 University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, H3A 2A7
E-mail: wei.li6@mail.mcgill.ca, joos@ece.mcgill.ca.
Abstract- An energy storage system (ESS) in a wind farm is
required to be able to absorb wind power surges during gusts,
and have sufficient energy storage capacity to level wind
fluctuations lasting for longer periods. ESS using a single
technology, such as batteries, or supercapacitors, will have
difficulties providing both large power and energy capacities.
This paper proposes a flow-battery supercapacitor hybrid ESS,
which takes advantage of the two complementary technologies to
provide large power and energy capacities. The flow-battery is
directly coupled to the WTG dc bus while the supercapacitor has
a dc/dc IGBT converter interface. The dc bus voltage varies
within a certain limit determined by the variable battery
terminal voltage. With the supercapacitor absorbing high
frequency power surges, the battery power rating, degree of
discharge, and power losses are all reduced. Therefore the
battery in the hybrid ESS has low cost and high longevity; and
the system overall efficiency is improved.
Key words- wind energy, wind turbine generator (WTG), energy
storage system (ESS), battery energy storage system (BESS), flow
battery, supercapacitor.
I. INTRODUCTION
Wind power fluctuates and therefore adversely impacts
power systems. Integration of energy storage systems (ESS)
into wind farms is a promising solution to manage wind power.
For near-to-midterm (seconds to minutes) power management,
the most commonly implemented storage technologies in a
wind farm are battery energy storage system (BESS),
advanced capacitors and supercapacitors, flywheel energy
storage (FES), and superconducting magnetic energy storage
(SMES).
In wind power applications, an ESS is required to have a
large power capacity to absorb power surges during wind
gusts, and also a large energy capacity for deep wind
fluctuations lasting for minutes or longer. The power and
energy ranges of the four technologies are projected in Figure
1, [1]. The battery technology provides a high energy capacity
but low power, while on the other end the supercapacitor has a
high power capacity but is short in duration. The flywheel and
SMES fall somewhere in the middle. None of the four single
ESS technologies fit themselves well into the wind application
requirement: having both high energy and power capacities.
A battery-supercapacitor hybrid ESS will take advantages
of both technologies and provide high power and energy
capacities. The power and energy ranges of a hybrid ESS in
Figure 1 will have a larger area spanned by the capacitor and
batteries, covering the ranges of all four single technologies.
The longevity of batteries is significantly affected by the
depth of discharge (DOD), a percentage of battery energy
having been withdrawn. High DOD will decrease the battery
life cycle number and shorten its lifetime. In a hybrid ESS, the
supercapacitor will absorb power surges and decrease the
DOD of the battery.
Flow battery can provide large energy storage. Its energy
and power capacities are independent: the energy capacity
depends on the tank size, while the power rating depends on
the cell stack size and flow rating for pumps and piping. Flow
battery alone is not cost-effective for high power applications.
With assistance of the supercapacitor, the battery power rating
in the hybrid ESS can be reduced. And therefore the battery
cost is reduced.
Furthermore, the supercapacitor can improve the overall
efficiency of the storage system.
ESS of battery and supercapacitor technologies for wind
applications are studied in the following literatures. Modelling
and design of a Vanadium-Redox flow battery (VRB) in wind
farm is given in [2] and [3]. A state-of-charge feed back
control system for VRB storage in a wind farm is proposed in
[4]. In [5]-[7], BESS in a wind farm is used to improve power
quality and wind farm stability. Studies on supercapacitor
modelling and efficiency are provided in [8]. The applications
of supercapacitor storage in wind farms are given in [9]-[11].
Figure 1. Specific power versus specific energy ranges for ESS technologies.
10
1
10
2
10
3
10
4
10
5
10
6
10
7
10
8
1 10 100 1000
Energy Wh/kg
P
o
w
e
r

W
/
k
g
Advanced
capacitors
SMES
Flywheel
Batteries
978-1-4244-1668-4/08/$25.00 2008 IEEE
1763
II. MODELLING OF FLOW BATTERY AND SUPERCAPACITOR
The characteristics of the main battery storage and
supercapacitor technologies are shown in Table 1. Compared
to other batteries, the flow battery is a better candidate for
wind applications due to its many advantages, including high
lifecycle, high storage efficiency, a wide range of power
outputs, and low maintenance cost. However its life cycle and
efficiency are still low compared to the supercapacitor
technology.
TABLE I
CHARACTERISTICS OF BATTERY AND SUPERCAPACITOR TECHNOLOGIES
STORAGE
TECHNOLOGY
LIFE CYCLE
DC-DC
EFF.
TIME SCALE
Flow Battery 10,000 cycles 75~80% Minutes- Hours
Lithium-Ion 3000 cycles 97%
Seconds-
Minutes
Sodium-Sulfur (NaS) 2250 cycles 89% Minutes-Hours
supercapacitor 10
6
~10
8
cycles 86~ 98%
Seconds -
Minutes
A. Vanadium Redox Battery Modelling
A Vanadium-Redox flow battery (VRB) model is given in
Figure 2. In this model, R
reaction
and R
resistive
are internal
resistance, which account for the losses due to reaction
kinetics, mass transport resistance, membrane resistance, and
other losses inside the cell stack. The parasitic losses are used
to account for the recirculation pumps and the cell-stack by-
pass currents. The state of charge (SOC), the percentage of
available energy remaining in a battery, is modelled as the
integral of the battery internal stack power. The battery
internal stack voltage and the recirculation pump current are
directly related to the battery SOC.
In Japan, VRB storage systems with various capacities,
from 179kW*8h to 1.5MW*1h, are installed to test for a
variety of applications [12]. In this paper, the rated current of
the VRB model is 800A. The VRB has 500 series cell stacks,
with a nominal output voltage of 700V (50% SOC and zero
current) and a minimum voltage of 525V. The VRB power
rating is 420kW, which is the current rating multiplied by the
minimum voltage. The VRB has an approximate 79%
efficiency, which is 15% internal losses and 6% parasitic, at
the operating point of 20% SOC and rated discharging current.
The model parameters are list in the Appendix.
In reality the VRB voltage varies linearly in the 20% to
80% SOC region. The voltage-current (VI) transfer
characteristic of this VRB model is given in Figure 3(a). The
VRB voltage increases as SOC increases and as the charging
current increases. When the VRB works in the 20% to 80%
SOC linear region, it has a maximum 19% boost, or 835V at
80% SOC and 800A charging current, and a maximum 19%
dip, or 565V at 20% SOC and 800A discharging current,
compared to its nominal voltage (700V at 50% SOC and zero
current).
V

b
a
t
t
e
r
y
Figure 2. VRB battery model.
The VRB efficiency is given in Figure 3(b). The battery
charge efficiency is defined as the ratio of the stored
electrochemistry power over the input power, while the
discharge efficiency is the ratio of the output power over the
released electrochemistry power. The efficiency is around
80% in most operating conditions; and drops as the battery
current is lower where the parasitic losses become a
significant portion.
The dynamic response of the VRB is verified at the
transitions when the VRB current changes from rated charging
current (800A) to rated discharging current (-800A) and the
vice versa, Figure 4. The VRB output voltage takes 6ms to
reach the steady state. In wind power applications, the wind
turbine has an inertial constant on the order of seconds, which
filters out wind fluctuations at higher frequencies. Therefore
the VRB response time is more than sufficient to manage the
wind power.
-800 -400 0 400 800
500
600
700
800
900
Current (A)
V
o
l
t
a
g
e

(
V
)
SOC=80%
SOC=50%
SOC=20%
Charge discharge
Idle Battery
(a) VI transfer characteristic
-800 -600 -400 -200 0 200 400 600 800
50
60
70
80
90
100
Charge Current (A)
E
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
c
y

(
%
)
SOC=80%
SOC=50%
SOC=20%
discharge charge
(b) Battery efficiency
Figure 3. VRB battery characteristics.
1764
0.01 0.015 0.02 0.025 0.03
500
600
700
800
Time (s)
B
a
t
t
e
r
y

V
o
l
t
a
g
e

(
V
)
Max charge to
max discharge
response time
Max discharge
to max charge
response time
Figure 4. VRB battery dynamic response.
B. Supercapacitor Modelling
The supercapacitor is modeled by an ideal capacitance and
an equivalent series resistance (ESR), Figure 5. The ESR
accounts for resistive losses in the dielectric, plate material,
and electrolytic solution. The actual capacitance and ESR are
dependent on terminal voltage, voltage charge rate, current,
and temperature. However within the capacitors working
region, fixed value capacitance and ESR can accurately model
a real supercapacitor.
Figure 5. Supercapacitor model.
-30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30
0
100
200
300
400
Current (A)
E
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
c
y

(
%
)
SOC=100%
SOC=70%
SOC=40%
SOC=10%
Charge Discharge
(a) VI transfer characteristic
-30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30
0.8
0.85
0.9
0.95
1
Current (A)
E
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
c
y

(
%
)
SOC=100%
SOC=70%
SOC=40%
SOC=10%
charge discharge
(b) Supercapacitor charge and discharge efficiency
Figure 6. Supercapacitor characteristics.
In this paper, the model is based on a 0.58F, 400V
supercapacitor. The ESR provided by the manufacturer is
0.6, which is measured and verified in [8]. The maximum
charging or discharging current is 33.3A. The supercapacitor
works in the 10% to 100% SOC region. The voltage-current
(VI) transfer characteristic and the efficiency of the
supercapacitor are derived from the model, Figure 6.
Compared to the VRB battery, the terminal voltage of the
supercapacitor has smaller variation, 5%, during charge and
discharge at a fixed SOC. However the supercapacitor has a
much larger voltage variation when the SOC varies. The
supercapacitor has a higher efficiency than the flow-battery,
generally above 92% if the SOC is higher than 40%.
The supercapacitor has a very rapid dynamic response. As it
is switched from the maximum charging current (33.3A) to the
maximum discharging current (-33.3A), or the vice versa, the
output voltage simultaneously reaches its steady state.
III. WIND TURBINE AND ESS INTEGRATION
A. ESS Topologies
The supercapacitor and battery are voltage sources, and thus
are usually connected to the WTG dc bus through dc/dc
converters. A typical topology of a VRB BESS and WTG is
given in Figure 7 (a). A permanent magnet synchronous
machine (PMSM) is connected to the grid through a full rated
ac/dc/ac converter. The VRB storage is installed in the dc bus
with a bidirectional dc/dc IGBT chopper interface. The VRB
storage power and energy is controlled by the dc/dc chopper.
To have a hybrid ESS in the WTG, a straightforward way is
to have two dc/dc choppers, which connect the supercapacitor
and the battery storage respectively to the dc bus, Figure 7 (b).
The powers of the supercapacitor and the battery are
controlled separately by the two choppers, and their references
are managed and coordinated by an ESS management
algorithm.
In this paper, an alternative topology is proposed, where the
battery is directly coupled to the WTG dc bus, Figure 7 (c). In
this topology, the power of the battery storage cannot be
directly controlled, but is rather determined by the
combination of the powers generated from the generator,
supplied to the grid, contributed from the supercapacitor
storage device, and power losses. The dc bus voltage varies
within a certain limit due to the varying VRB voltage as a
function of its SOC and current. However the apparent
advantage of this topology is that it saves one dc/dc chopper
and its associated losses, which is a key parameter in ESS.
1765
(a) A VRB ESS integrated in a PMSM WTG
(b) A two-chopper Hybrid ESS in a PMWM WTG
(c) The hybrid ESS with VRB directly coupled to dc bus.
Figure 7. Topologies of VRB ESS and Hybrid ESS in a PMWM WTG
B. ESS Controls
The ESS power and energy is regulated by the ESS
management algorithm through the control of the power
passing through the power electronic interfaces of the ESS and
WTG. The major task of the ESS management algorithm is to
manage the output wind power according to certain
specifications. The ESS management algorithm can be either a
simple one based on a high pass filter, or a complicated one
using fussy logic method.
In this paper, a simple ESS management algorithm is used
for the demonstration purpose. The ESS power, P
ESS
, is
regulated as the result of the wind power, P
w
, passing through
a high pass filter, as in (1) . Therefore the majority of the wind
power fluctuations with the frequencies higher than 0.02Hz
are absorbed by the ESS, leaving a smoother output power
only containing lower frequency fluctuations.
w ESS
P
s
s
P
50 1
50
+
=
,
(1)
In the hybrid ESS, the higher frequency part of the power
fluctuations are absorbed by the supercapacitor. The
supercapacitor power, P
ESS_cap
, is controlled as in (2). The
VRB takes care of the rest part of power fluctuations being
absorbed by the ESS.
w cap ESS
P
s
s
P
10 1
10
_
+
=
,
(2)
This ESS management algorithm does not account for
power losses in the energy storage. With power losses, the
SOC of the ESS gradually decreases over time. In practice, the
algorithm has to compensate for the power losses to prevent
complete discharge of the energy in the storage. The control
schemes of the ESS and WTG power electronic interface for
the three ESSs are shown in Figure 8.
(a) Control of the reference VRB ESS
(b) Control of the two-chopper Hybrid ESS.
(c) Control of the hybrid ESS with VRB directly coupled to dc bus.
Figure 8. Schemes of the ESS management algorithm.
1766
C. WTG and ESS Parameters
The PMSM WTG power rating is 2MW, the dc bus is
1400V, and the grid side ac voltage is 690V. The VRB and
supercapacitor storages are scaled up using the basic units
modeled in the previous section.
The VRB storage has two 420kW VRB units. The rated
power is 840kW, and the full power duration time is 60s, or
the energy capacity is 50.4MJ (=840kW*60s). The two VRB
units are installed in parallel when they are connected to the
dc bus through a chopper, and in series when they are directly
coupled to the dc bus.
The supercapacitor storage has 250 0.58F supercapacitor
units, two units in one stack with 125 parallel stacks. For each
unit, the voltage works between 0.3pu to 1pu (400V) and the
maximum current is 33.3A. Each unit has an effective energy
capacity of 42.2kJ, and a maximum power of 4kW at 0.3pu
(120V) voltage. The ratings of the total supercapacitor storage
are 1MW, 10.56MJ, 800V.
D. Operation Constraints for Directly-coupled VRB ESS
In the directly-coupled VRB ESS, the dc bus voltage equals
the VRB voltage and therefore varies. The variations of the dc
bus voltage have to be constrained within certain limits. The
upper dc voltage limit has to respect the ratings of the ac/dc
converters: a higher maximum dc voltage will result in
increased rating of the power electronics in the converters. A
lower dc voltage will increase the PWM modulation index m
a
,
given in (3) where V
ac
is the phase-phase rms ac voltage and
V
dc
is the dc voltage. The PWM is usually working in the
linear modulation region, where the modulation index m
a
is
less than one.
dc
ac
a
V
V
m
3
8
=
,
(3)
In this paper, the dc voltage variation is limited between
15% and +10%. When the dc voltage assumes its minimum
value and the ac voltage is 1.05pu (725.5V), the modulation
index m
a
is 0.99, less than 1.
-800 -400 0 400 800
1100
1200
1300
1400
1500
1600
1700
Current (A)
V
o
l
t
a
g
e

(
V
)
SOC=80%
SOC=50%
SOC=20%
Vmax
Vmin
Rated
discharging
power
Rated
charging
power
A B
C
D
E
F
Charge Discharge
Figure 9. Constrained operation region for VRB directly coupled to dc bus.
The operation region of the VRB has to be constrained to
limit its voltage variation between -15% and +10%. The VRB
VI characteristic with constraints is given in Figure 9. The
lines AB and DE are the upper and lower voltage constraints,
the curves BC and EF are the charging and discharging power
rating, and the curves FA and CD are the maximum and
minimum operating VRB SOC. The VRB has to work within
the region ABCDEFA.
As constrained by the voltage limits, the maximum charging
current (power) decreases as SOC increases above 50%, and
the maximum discharging current (power) decreases as SOC
decreases below 35%. The maximum charging power is
50.6% of the rated power when the SOC is 80%, and the
maximum discharging power is 79.0% when the SOC is 20%.
The VRB management algorithm has to regulate the VRB
SOC within its working region by decreasing the charging
power in the high SOC region and decreasing the discharging
power in the low SOC region. Therefore the dc voltage
variation limits does not greatly restrict the operation of the
VRB, considering that the control will generally reduce the
charging and discharging currents at these extremes anyways.
IV. ESS PERFORMANCE IN WIND APPLICATIONS
A reference VRB ESSFigure 7(a) and a hybrid ESS
with VRB directly coupled to the dc busFigure 7(c) are
tested in a benchmark of the same PMSM WTG and ESS
management algorithm introduced in the previous section.
The pre-filtered WTG power is given in Figure 10(a). The
average WTG power is 1.72MW. The ESS filtered WTG
power is superimposed in Figure 10(a) for a clear comparison.
The wind power fluctuations with frequencies above 0.02Hz
are suppressed by the ESS.
The power, SOC, terminal voltage, and power losses of the
VRB in the two ESSs are listed in Figure 10(b-e). The power,
SOC, power losses of the supercapacitor in the hybrid ESS is
shown in Figure 10(f-h). The corresponding data are
summarized in Table II.
The two-chopper hybrid ESSFigure 7(b), is tested using
the same benchmark. The achieved results of power flowing
and storage efficiency are very close to that of the directly-
coupled-VRB hybrid ESS and therefore not repeated in this
paper. The two-chopper hybrid ESS has a constant dc bus
voltage and one more dc/dc chopper compared to the directly-
coupled-VRB hybrid ESS.
1767
0 100 200 300 400 500 600
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2
x 10
6
Time (s)
W
i
n
d

P
o
w
e
r

(
W
)
Pre-filtered
Filtered
(a) Pre-filtered (dotted) and post-filtered (solid) WTG powers.
0 100 200 300 400 500 600
-8
-6
-4
-2
0
2
4
6
x 10
5
Time (s)
V
R
B

P
o
w
e
r

(
W
)
VRB ESS
Hybrid ESS
(b) VRB powers in the VRB ESS (dotted) and the Hybrid ESS (solid).
0 100 200 300 400 500 600
30
40
50
60
70
80
Time (s)
V
R
B

S
O
C

(
%
)
VRB ESS
Hybrid ESS
(c) VRB SOC in the VRB ESS (dotted) and the Hybrid ESS (solid).
0 100 200 300 400 500 600
0.85
0.9
0.95
1
1.05
1.1
Time (s)
V
R
B

v
o
l
t
a
g
e

(
p
u
)
VRB ESS
Hybrid ESS
(d) VRB voltage in the VRB ESS (dotted) and the Hybrid ESS (solid).
0 100 200 300 400 500 600
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
x 10
4
Time (s)
V
R
B

P
o
w
e
r

L
o
s
s

(
w
)
VRB ESS
Hybrid ESS
(e) VRB Power losses in the VRB ESS (dotted) and the Hybrid ESS (solid).
0 100 200 300 400 500 600
-8
-6
-4
-2
0
2
4
6
8
x 10
5
Time (s)
S
u
p
e
r
c
a
p
a
c
i
t
o
r

P
o
w
e
r

(
W
)
(f) Supercapacitor power in the Hybrid ESS.
0 100 200 300 400 500 600
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
Time (s)
S
u
p
e
r
c
a
p
a
c
i
t
o
r

S
O
C

(
%
)
(g) Supercapacitor SOC in the Hybrid ESS..
0 100 200 300 400 500 600
0
5000
10000
15000
Time (s)
S
u
p
e
r
c
a
p
a
c
i
t
o
r

P
o
w
e
r

L
o
s
s

(
W
)
(h) Supercapacitor power losses in the Hybrid ESS.
Figure 10. Performance characteristics of the VRB ESS and Hybrid ESS.
TABLE II
ESS PERFORMANCE COMPARISON
*
Reference VRB ESS Hybrid ESS
Maximum VRB Power
(output or input)
0.333pu (666.0kW) 0.150pu (301.1kW)
Maximum depth of
discharge (DOD) of VRB
67.2% 59.5%
Maximum voltage
deviation of VRB
-12.6% to 7.7% -4.8% to 5.5%
Average power losses
in VRB
0.0259pu (51.8kW) 0.0215pu (42.9kW)
Maximum supercapacitor
power (output or input)
- 0.326pu (651kW)
Maximum DOD of
supercapacitor
- 73.4%
Average power losses in
supercapacitor
- 0.0005pu (1.0kW)
Total average power
losses in ESS
0.0259pu (51.8kW) 0.0220pu (43.9kW)
*
Powers are per-unitized on the WTG rating, 2MW.
1768
The following differences between the two ESSs are
observed.
(a) The maximum VRB power in the hybrid ESS (301.1kW)
is less than half of that in the reference VRB ESS
(666.0kW) because the high frequency part of the power
fluctuations are absorbed by the supercapacitor. That
means the VRB power rating in the hybrid ESS can be
significantly reduced, which leads to a reduction in the
VRB cost.
(b) The VRB depth of discharge (DOD) in the hybrid ESS is
generally 5% to 8% less than that in the reference VRB
ESS over the testing period, Figure 10(c). Therefore the
VRB in the hybrid ESS will have an increased life cycle.
(c) For the hybrid ESS, the VRB is directly coupled to the
dc bus. Therefore the dc bus will have the same voltage
variation as the VRB terminal voltage, which is between
-4.8% and 5.5%. In the reference VRB ESS, the dc bus
voltage remains at 1 pu although the VRB terminal has a
much larger variation, -12.6% to 7.7%.
(d) The total power losses in the hybrid ESS are reduced.
Considering the power losses in the energy storage only,
the total average power losses of the hybrid ESS is
43.9kW (42.9kW in the VRB and 1.0kW in the
supercapacitor), only 85% of the losses in the reference
VRB ESS (51.8kW).
V. CONCLUSIONS
A battery supercapacitor hybrid ESS can provide both high
power rating and high energy capacities and therefore is well
suited to wind energy applications.
A topology of the hybrid ESS is proposed where the battery
is directly coupled to the WTG dc bus. The dc voltage varies
due to the variable battery terminal voltage. The dc voltage
variation limits introduce constraints, which restrict the range
of operation of the VRB.
The hybrid ESS requires an additional energy storage
device, in the form of supercapacitor. However compared to
the reference flow battery storage, which uses only a single
technology, it has the following merits:
Lower battery power rating (45% of the reference), and
thus lower battery cost,
Lower battery degree of discharge (5% to 8% less than
the reference), and thus longer battery longevity,
Lower total power losses in the storage (85% of the
reference), and thus higher overall system efficiency.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The authors gratefully acknowledge the contributions of C.
Abbey, from the McGill University Electric Energy Systems
Research Laboratory, to this work. They also acknowledge the
financial support of the Natural Sciences and Engineering
Research Council (NSERC) of Canada.
APPENDIX
Controllable variables and parameters of the Vanadium-
Redox battery (VRB) model in Figure 2 are listed as below.
SOC
t+1
= SOC
t
+V
stack
*I
stack
* t/W
base
)
1
ln 0.05136 4 . 1 (

+ =
SOC
SOC
n V
stack

=
SOC
I
I
stack
pump
| |
0126 . 1
n(no. of cells) R
fixed
R
reaction
R
resistive
C
electrodes
500 25.92 0.07476 0.04984 0.012F
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