A Rehabilitation Scheme for the Lake Chelan Hydroelectric Project Based on

Schedule Reduction

By Sphane Roy, Alstom Hydro Canada
J ean Doyon, Alstom Hydro Canada
Vincent De Henau, Alstom Hydro Canada
Steve Sembritzky, Public Utility District no. 1 of Chelan County


ABSTRACT

Alstom Hydro and the Public Utility No. 1 of Chelan County recently signed a Contract for the
rehabilitation of the Lake Chelan Units A1 and A2 turbines and generators, including associated
governor systems and ancillary equipment. The Lake Chelan Hydroelectric Project is located
north of the city of Wenatchee in the Chelan County, near the geographic center of Washington
State.

Two important factors affecting the project schedule is the goal to minimize the outage period
and the fact that the generators are considered to be at the end of their useful life and
necessitate an urgent overhaul. In order to provide the shortest project schedule and outage
periods, with the aim to diminish the risks of a generator failure resulting in important losses in
production, Alstom proposed to the PUD a rehabilitation scheme based on an accelerated
schedule, aggressive outage times and new components which reduce risks to the overall
project. The outage period was critical to PUD in terms of lost revenues, but also to guarantee
availability to the network for the most energy-consuming cold season.

The purpose of this paper is to present an overview of the rehabilitation scheme adopted to
meet the Contract schedule. It was not possible to proceed with the normal stage scheme of
model development, mechanical engineering, material procurement and manufacture.


Introduction
Availability, outage time and schedule are important to many projects, but particularly critical for
this project. The Lake Chelan Hydro project is operated in a manner which regulates reservoir
levels and maximizes the high load generation capability and capacity. Plant capacity is closely
matched to the available inflows and reservoir operating restrictions, resulting in a plant
utilization factor of over 90%. Outages of short duration will shift production from high load hours
to low load hours resulting in lost generation value. Longer outages result in spill and
significantly higher losses in generation value. Availability, outage time and schedule are
important to many projects, but particularly critical for this project as a result of the minimal time
allowed for downtime.

The first impact of the schedule reduction is evident for the hydraulic development phase of the
new runner with the model testing being conducted in parallel with the castings supply process,
reducing the delay between the time the blade profile design is frozen and the machining of all
the runner blades.

Reliable computational fluid dynamics (CFD) calculations rather than model test outputs were
widely used for the design of mechanical components, such as the new wicket gates and
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servomotors. With the close collaboration between the PUD and Alstom, the units were made
available at a very early stage in the project for a thorough site inspection of the units.

The units will also be upgraded in terms of environmental friendliness as the turbine oil guide
bearing is being replaced by a water-fed hydrostatic guide bearings, which also acts as a shaft
seal and all bronze greased bearings are replaced with self-lubricated bushings. The pressure
of the hydraulic unit operated by the new electronic speed governor is increased by more than a
ten-fold factor thus significantly reducing the volume of oil.

The upgraded generator contains among other things, an all-new stator frame and coolers, and
new rotor poles to suit the extra 20% generator output.

The project is actually in its site activities phase while the refurbishing of the first unit is being
completed during the 2009 summer.


Powerhouse location and units description
The Lake Chelan Hydroelectric Project is located north of the city of Wenatchee in the Chelan
County, near the geographic center of Washington State. The dam is located adjacent to the
City of Chelan at the lower (southeasterly) end of 55-mile-long Lake Chelan. The Powerhouse is
located near the West Bank of the Columbia river, just north of the community of Chelan Falls.

The existing Units A1 and A2, originally commissioned in 1927, are vertical shaft Francis
turbines, directly connected to vertical synchronous generators. The original exciters were
replaced with static exciters in 2003. The turbines are controlled by analog-electronic governors
through a 175 psi hydraulic pressure system.

The turbines have a rated output of
37250 HP under a net head of 346 ft
and a speed of 300 rpm. They were
originally manufactured by I.P. Morris
and are equipped with a Moody cone
under the 76.50 inches throat diameter
runners. The runner dismantling is from
below and is attached to the shaft
through a keyed taper hub. The shaft
runs in an oil lubricated guide bearing.
The wicket gates are a steel casting
and are supported by 3 greased
lubricated bronze bushings. Two
22"diameter low pressure servomotors
control the wicket gate mechanism that
contains shear pins protection but no
friction device to avoid flailing of the wicket gates. With such old units, it is not surprising to find
extensive use of cast iron, even for the largest components like the headcover, the bottom ring
and the draft tube cone. The spiral case/ stay ring is a five piece cast steel assembly embedded
in concrete. The runners were replaced in the mid 80's as well as a portion of the draft tube
cone.
Figure 1: The original assembly

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The existing generators, originally manufactured by General Electric, were commissioned in
1928, rewound in 1950-1952, and have otherwise been in continuous service, subject to
availability of water to operate the turbines. The main exceptions to this was when the turbine
inlet valves were replaced in 1998 and no water was available in the tunnel for an extended
period and also, in 1985-1986 when the turbine runners were replaced and the units were
disassembled. The generators are rated 30MVA, 0.8 power factor, 24 MW, 11 kV, 60 Hz, based
on 60C temperature rise. The normal operating point today is 27 MW, 0.95 power factor.

The overall generator efficiency, according to the original 1928 test report, maximizes at 97.4%.
No records have been located identifying any cut out or shorted stator coils. During the turbine
runner replacement in 1985 and 1986, the generator was dismantled to facilitate the line boring
of the turbine runner seals and the turbine shaft. At the same time, the generators were also re-
wedged and new thrust bearings were installed
along with a high-pressure lift system.

The original thrust bearing was a General
Electric spring type of the vintage available in
1926. The new thrust bearing is a Kingsbury
type bearing, reusing the original thrust runner
which is removable from the main shaft. It is
anticipated that the units were plumbed and
centered at this time. The thrust bearing is
located above both the generator rotor and the
original cast iron upper spider bracket. The unit
is also equipped with a shell type upper guide
bearing located below the thrust bearing, inside
the generator air housing. Based on the
temperature rise in the thrust bearing pads and
oil, the thrust bearing has margin for additional
loading, should it be required. The shaft line is
very long with about 10.5 meters (34'7")
between the centerlines of the turbine and the
generator. The turbine shaft itself measures 27
feet long.

The hydraulic-mechanical part of the governor
is the original 70 year old equipment with
selected modifications added when upgraded in
1978 to an analog electronic governor. The present electronic governor provides PID control of
the governing function, reusing the previous mechanical governor components to the furthest
extent possible. The original gate restoring rod system from the turbine servomotors was reused
as well as the governor manual control valve.
Figure 2: Cross section of the powerhouse


Condition of the generating units
A condition assessment of the powerhouse completed prior to commencement of the
rehabilitation project, identified that over the last twenty-five years many replacements and/or
upgrades took place on the civil structures, electrical/mechanical systems and equipment. The
80+year old plant remains in relatively good condition with only some minor systems requiring
immediate attention. However, the generating units require replacement in the near future and
this represented an opportunity to utilize common outages and resources to complete the
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modernization of the plant, to maximize production and to ensure reliable generation for the next
40 years.

The generators, originally commissioned in 1928, and rewound in 1950, are overdue for
rehabilitation. Only the stator winding was renewed in 1950; the stator core, rotor and field
windings are over 80 years old. Because of the age and the technology utilized in the
generators, staff concluded based on industry data and internal and external expert opinion, the
generators, are statistically beyond their useful life, and have a high probability of failure in the
near future. Further, there is a high likelihood that a winding or end-turn failure will result in a
generator fire due to the age of the generator, insulation type, and current condition of the
insulation. Economic studies evaluated several scenarios, from waiting for a generator to fail in
service, to proactively pursuing a planned replacement. These studies conclude that there is a
substantial economic benefit from a planned replacement of the generators rather than from
waiting for them to fail in service. Estimates of the unplanned outage costs from lost generation
and from rewinding the failed generator approached the cost of the planned generator
replacement for this project due to potential lost revenue costs.

The existing stainless steel runners were replaced around 1984 with minimal modifications to
the other turbine components. The replacement was done without conducting any physical or
computer modeling and the performance exceeded the output guarantees but efficiency was
lower than expected. Currently the runners are in good condition but require cavitation repair
outages every three to five years. An in-depth performance assessment justified replacement
with a new more powerful runner of modern design. Replacement of the turbine components
also allowed for a better match of preferred unit performance, with the best efficiency near
maximum output, and eliminated the present cavitation problems.

The hydraulic-mechanical portion of the governor is the original 70 year old equipment with
selected modifications added when upgraded in 1978 to an analog electronic governor.
Surprisingly the governor has the highest probability of failure due to the obsolescence of the
electronic controls and known accumulator and sump tank leaks. Any failure of the 30 year old
electronic controls has to be analyzed and repaired at the board level, resulting in extended
outage duration. Recent pressure vessels inspections on the accumulators noted minor leaks at
the riveted joints and recommended replacement in the near future. Leaks indicate there could
be some corrosion or cracking of the surrounding metal or rivets.


The typical refurbishing scheme
Since the beginning of the 90's, with the installed base becoming older and older, an important
number of refurbishing projects has been done. During those years, the typical scenario of a
refurbishing scheme evolved slightly as the factors affecting the return on the investment
became better known and as the statistical values of the cost and outage period were built. The
first projects performed were mainly focussed on the replacement of the runner to increase the
efficiency of the unit and to reduce the maintenance cost of cavitation repairs. The use of the 5
axis machining and of the use of martensitic stainless steel for the runner helped to achieve
those targets. In parallel, the development of the CFD permitted a better understanding of the
different losses in the existing components, combined with the new runner. Better performances
were then achieved by replacement of some components, mainly the wicket gates, and by some
modification of the embedded ones.

The typical scheme following the contract award to a manufacturer is to perform the hydraulic
studies in which the proposed solution is developed and tested on the model to validate the
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performances. The second phase is then allowed to start, in which the mechanical design of the
components is done and the fabrication process of the new components starts. The scope
usually includes the replacement of the wearing parts, the verification of the alignment of the
unit and the inspection of the re-used components. The base scope also involves the
replacement of the greased bronze bushings by self-lubricated material; the economic impact is
not so important and the environmental benefit is clear. Different procedures and plans are then
developed for the site activities and the first unit is then shut down for refurbishing. Rough
figures will show a 1 year schedule for the hydraulic development and model testing, a 1 year
period for the mechanical design and purchasing of raw material and another year for
manufacturing. A typical outage will then add 40 weeks before the completion of the refurbishing
of a first unit. Those figures will vary greatly depending on the scope and specificities.

More recently, there is a big challenge to reduce the outage period to perform the site works. A
stopped unit does not produce revenues and the period of the year where the outage is planned
is easily defined. Because the reservoir does not have enough capacity to store predicted
inflows during the outage, any spill that must occur represents lost revenue.

For sure, the planned outage is greatly influenced by the scope of work to be performed. With
good experience and know-how, it is relatively easy to identify the critical path of the known
works and to keep the workflow as scheduled. However, in any refurbishment project, there are
many situations that influence the work to be performed and additional activities are often
needed to restore some components or systems that show unforeseen defects. This results in a
risk of delay during the outage period as unknown situations may impact the critical path.


Parameters affecting the outage duration
Outage duration will be affected by a few main parameters. The scope of the base refurbishing
work will have a direct impact on the outage duration. Re-stacking and re-wedging a generator
in place will take more time than just replacing the rotor poles. Machining of the embedded
components will also be time-consuming. When dealing with refurbishment, the turbine
components are often on the critical path; the wicket gates and bottom ring/headcover are about
the last components available for refurbishing but also the first ones needed to start the re-
assembly. A good selection of the base work scope will perhaps tend to increase the planned
outage duration but will also tend to minimize the risk of delay. For example, a minimal scope to
replace only the runner could lead to an important delay because the condition of the fixed
labyrinths was not assessed and could not be reused. On the other hand, some refurbishing
projects have already been done where each of the machined surfaces of the existing
components was machined anew. This minimizes the risk of delay but also increases the base
scope duration and project cost. The decision to put an activity on the base scope or on an
optional scope may be managed by experienced people but there is still the case of unexpected
defects found during the inspection phase.

Beside the site works needed to install and modify the components that offer increased
performances of the unit, the shut down period also gives the opportunity to inspect every
dismantled component . After all, the unit should not be dismantled again for many years and it
is of a prime importance to assess condition of the components that will be reused. The
inspection will take place directly at site or in a shop depending on the nature of the inspection
to be done and on necessity to modify/refurbish the component. The inspection will cover NDT,
dimensional and geometrical verifications. Some of those verifications will be used to quantify a
known problem. The repair works will usually be already planned and will not affect the
schedule. However, unknown defects will also be discovered and will possibly impact the
5
schedule. Those defects are of various types but usually involve soundness of the material. We
may think of cracks, wear, deformation, electrical defects, etc. When such defects are found on
components that are already on the critical path, the impact on the schedule is immediate.

Finally, the outage will also be impacted by any problem arising during the commissioning. The
risk related to such problem will be minimized by the seriousness of the base work definition,
the inspection plan and the know-how of the team in charge of the refurbishing. As an example,
during re-commissioning of Unit A-1 in 1985, a packing gland failed and the generator bearing
spilled oil and water on the windings. The repair to the packing was made. The generator was
cleaned by spraying it with carbon tetrachloride, and then given a dry-out run. The failure
resulted in an extended outage lasting from August to October before final cleanup, repairs and
dry-out were completed.


The proposed solution
Because of the specific context, Alstom proposed a solution to reduce the overall project
duration with a particular focus on the outage duration. A brief analysis concluded that new
components for the turbine would be preferable than refurbishing: the size of the unit is not quite
large, the expected service life is 40 years, the refurbishment of those components is on the
critical path and many of the components are made of cast iron. This last characteristic is
particular to very old units and the risk of impact on the schedule is important. Any service crack
on the component is not easily reparable since welding is usually not acceptable. The repair will
have to be made using mechanical means like stitching or steel plate bolt-on stiffeners. Those
techniques can be used to successfully repair cast iron components but needed engineering
analysis and repair time will impact the schedule.

The solution for the new turbine components is based on a standardization effort made by
Alstom a few years ago, for medium head/medium output Francis units. A base configuration
and characteristics of the components was implemented in the existing embedded components
even if the standardization was developed for a new unit. The use of the standard configuration
accelerated and facilitated the design choices. Little adaptation was needed to fit with the
existing components but the impact was negligible. The complete replacement of the governor
and HPU system was also in line with this approach since the higher pressure permitted to
install the servomotors directly on the headcover as suggested by the references.

To reduce the project duration, several tasks were also conducted in parallel during the
hydraulic design and runner material purchasing. Mechanical design also started before model
testing.

Finally, the use of new components also helped to reduce the outage duration since most of the
components of the turbine are replaced. By doing so, the critical path for site works was pushed
on the generator works. To reduce the outage duration, it was also decided to propose some
new components for the generator as well. The following sections give some details about the
retained solution.

As compared to a typical scheme, the project duration reduction is of almost 1 year between the
contract award and the first unit on-line. The outage duration reduction is of about 15 weeks.

The hydraulic design and model development
In the course of a typical rehabilitation project, the optimization of the hydraulic design of the
new runner is performed using CFD calculations followed by a validation on a homologous
6
model of the prototype turbine. In addition, several hydraulic characteristics such as cavitation,
runaway and stability, which are difficult to predict by calculations, are investigated on model to
insure the overall integrity of the hydraulic design of the new runner in the existing frame. It is
only once this phase of the project is completed that the runner blade profile design is frozen
and released for casting procurement.

Because of the reduced schedule for the Lake Chelan project, the usual procedure for the
hydraulic development and casting procurement could not be followed. During the hydraulic
development phase, several tasks were performed in parallel, including the model design and
fabrication, the CFD studies to investigate potential improvements to the water passages, the
runner design and the casting procurement procedure.

Thanks to a close collaboration between the PUD and Alstom, the units were made available for
a thorough site inspection of the turbines. A dimensional control was performed to verify the
drawings and ensure homology between the prototype and the model turbine. Following this
inspection, recommendations were formulated to correct some dimensions of the inlet casing
and draft tube cone drawings to match the prototype dimensions.

As the model was being designed and built, potential design improvements to the water
passages were investigated using CFD studies rather than adopting the lengthy approach of
testing various modifications on model, thereby reducing the time spent on the test-rig. These
studies led to an improved design for the wicket gates, with a significant reduction in losses for
the whole operating range (see Figure 3). This new design was directly implemented on the
model. In addition, the hydraulic torque on the wicket gates under normal and most-adverse
conditions was also evaluated from the CFD simulations. Based on feedback results obtained
from previous projects, where good correlation has been observed between CFD and prototype
measurements, it allowed designed of mechanical components at an early stage, prior to
obtaining any results from the model tests.
7
Figure 3 : Comparison of the estimated head losses for the existing and the new wicket
gates at Lake Chelan for the minimum and maximum net heads.
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30
Flow angle exiting W.G.
L
o
s
s
e
s

i
n

%

o
f

h
e
a
d
Existing W.G., H=308 ft
Existing W.G., H=393 ft
New W.G., H=308 ft
New W.G., H=393 ft
Expexted operating zone
for Lake Chelan

Several CFD analyses were also performed to investigate modifications to the stay vane
profiles. It was however estimated that the potential gain in efficiency was not sufficient to cover
the cost of the modification at site as well as the risk and delay associated with this type of work.
The original stay vane profile was therefore adopted for the model.

The hydraulic performance of the existing draft tube with a Moody cone proved to be very
efficient based on CFD analysis and it was decided not to make any significant modification to
its shape. The site inspection revealed that the Moody cones of both units were very different
from each other, as well as different from the original design. Based on the CFD results for the
draft tube, it was decided to keep the original Moody cone design and implement it in the model.

In parallel to the water passages studies, the runner hydraulic design was also optimized with
the help of CFD simulations. These simulations provide a good estimation of the proposed
design efficiency, power output and cavitation behavior. After several iterations between the
mechanical and hydraulic optimizations, a blade profile was selected for the model runner
fabrication. Because of the reduced schedule of Lake Chelan, the decision was also taken to
use this profile for casting procurement prior to the model test confirmation that it satisfied all the
contractual hydraulic guarantees. Sufficient extra material was added to the blade geometry
sent to the foundry to accommodate any eventual modification to the profile following the model
test. In fact, based on the model test, the initial runner design satisfied all the hydraulic
guarantees but suffered from a small inlet cavitation problem. A minor modification to the blade
profile was necessary to eliminate this problem. Because this modification consisted in
8
removing some material from the original design, the blade geometry sent to the foundry was
still adequate and the casting procurement process was not interrupted.

The final runner design surpassed the performance guarantees. In less than three months after
acceptance of the new runner design by the PUD, the castings for the blades, band and crown
of the first unit were shipped to the Alstom plant in Tracy, Canada, for machining and assembly.


Mechanical design
Design reviews with key members held at very early stages during the design phase yielded
solutions not originally planned in the original scope of work, but in the best interests of all
involved parties. A direct relationship between the manufacturer and the end-user was ideal for
the decision making process.
Figure 4: Discontinuities in the
scroll case

Before performing any site measurement of the
embedded components, it was already planned in
the outage schedule to include site machining of
the headcover and bottom ring seating flanges on
the stay-ring. Alstom has a successful experience
of restoring original flatness and levelling of stay-
ring flanges. This prevents the need for custom
site adjustment of distributor for clearance and
sealing purpose. The coal-tar epoxy coating will
be removed from the scroll case and replaced
with modern epoxy-resin coating. Hydraulic
discontinuities between the riveted sections of the
scroll will be significantly reduced.

Regarding the draft tube, the top part of the liner needed replacement anyway to accommodate
the new runner dimensions, but the intermediate part is replaced because of uncertainties on its
actual condition. Being made of cast iron, potential repairs were considered too risky to delay
the tight schedule. It was then decided to take no risk on outage time and replace with a new
component, delivered at site on time to guarantee completion date.

The original Moody cone concrete nose tip
suffered considerable damage over the
years, including a collapse of the tip. Early
inspection of the units showed significant
wear on the rebuilt tip, due to impact, erosion
and/or cavitation. Both units were also very
different from each other, as well as different
from the original design. CFD studies
indicated that the shape of the existing draft
tube with the original design of the Moody
cone proved to be very efficient. It was then
decided to install a stainless steel liner to a
newly design cone tip to make both units
uniform and to provide homology with the
model.
Figure 5: Damages on nose tip

9

The new distributor
During typical refurbishment projects, the distributor rehabilitation consists mainly of an
inspection of the components in order to determine their actual condition and make corrective
actions, if any. In addition, bronze bushings with grease lubrication system for the wicket gate
and the mechanism are usually replaced with environmentally friendly self-lubricating bushings.
For the Lake Chelan project, it was decided upfront not to recuperate the old components and
rather install all new components. At the start of the outage, most equipment is already at site,
available for installation. The period for disassembly of the components is also shortened as
most equipment is sent for disposal.

It also allowed making a complete distributor assembly, including most turbine pit piping and
guide bearing assembly, which reduce site fitting of components. Because of the small size of
the distributor, it is shipped to site in its pre-assembled shape.

The new wicket gates, casted out of martensitic stainless steel, of higher yield and tensile
strengths than the previous wicket gates, significantly reduced the trunnion size and thickness
of the hydraulic profile of the leaf. The original three-bearing gate design is reduced to two
bearings. Nevertheless, the original vertical clearance of the distributor is kept identical by shop
machining of the headcover and the bottom ring stainless steel overlay with a variable profile.

The wicket gate mechanism is now operated from two servomotors mounted directly on the
headcover. This was possible because of the increase in the oil pressure system from nominal
175 psi to 2500 psi. The previous servomotor arrangement, with the classical configuration,
being supported from anchored base into the foundation, could not have been fully tested during
the shop assembly. All stroke adjustment and cushioning are confirmed prior to delivery at site.

As clearly shown in figure 6, the new distributor is much more compact than the existing one.

10
Figure 6: Existing arrangement on left hand side and new arrangement on right hand side

The new guide bearing
The units were also upgraded in terms of environmental friendliness, as the turbine oil guide
bearing is being replaced by a water-fed hydrostatic bearing, which also acts as a shaft seal.
With the removal of the greased bushings, the only oil product remaining in the turbine pit is
used for the regulating servomotors, where the volume of oil has been reduced by more than 10
times.

Although not currently used in North America, the hydrostatic bearing has been used for several
years in Europe by Alstom, mainly as guide bearings, but also for thrust applications. This type
of bearing operates with pressurized fluid, injected in pairs of pockets diametrically opposed to
create a positive load on the shaft, which is contrary to a classical hydrodynamic bearing where
there must be a relative movement between the mobile and fixed part to create such a load.
Since there is a reliable source of pressurized water from the scroll case, it is being used as the
fluid. In some cases, the head is sufficient to feed the bearing, but this was not the case for the
Lake Chelan, where a booster pump is needed to be incorporated in the water supply line.
When the shaft runs eccentrically within the bearing shell, the different radial clearance creates
a pressure differential between the opposite pockets, which has a self-centering effect.

Other benefits from this type of bearing is that it can be located closer to the runner, and have
tighter radial clearances which help the shaft line on critical speed and operating runouts. With
fresh water consistently injected, there is no need for cooling, and dissipated power is lower
than for conventional hydrodynamic oil bearings.

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Figure 7: Self centering effect of the hydrostatic guide bearing

No babbitt is used, but rather, the bearing shell and the shaft must both be coated with the
appropriate ceramic coating, which was also selected for its capability to allow dry contact in
case of a lubricating system failure.

More details of the hydrostatic guide bearing can be found in reference [1].


The new governing system
The original 175 psi hydraulic system is replaced by a high pressure 2500 psi. Such high
pressure prevented use of traditional and cumbersome air/oil accumulator tanks. More compact
bladder type receivers (15 gallons) filled with nitrogen were located much closer to the turbine
pit.


The generator works
The old stator is replaced by a new stator frame, winding and bars. Prior to starting the
disassembly process, the complete new stator with core stacking and bars is already assembled
on the erection bay, with most electrical tests in concordance with the contract requirements.
The new rotor poles are delivered at site at the beginning of the unit shutdown. The removal of
old poles and replacement with new ones is done on the erection bay simultaneously with the
turbine and stator disassembly.


Document control
On such a short-term project, it was necessary to reduce to the maximum the dead time
normally spent for document exchange (drawings, specifications, etc). An efficient Web site was
made available to access to all key project members. Drawings were often posted, commented
and then reviewed within 24 hours, which contributed to the momentum of the project. Prior to
submittal of detailed drawings, conceptual studies were often posted for discussion.

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Conclusions
With the units completely overhauled within the less lucrative period and back in operation in a
short time, before the most lucrative period, Chelan PUD has combined the increase in reliability
of the units with an upgrade in terms of power outputs, efficiency and environmental
friendliness. Using a less conventional scheme, the project and outage duration is shortened
without any compromise on the quality of the product. The know-how and close collaboration
between Alstom and Chelan were the key factors of this success.


References:
[1]: Gilson, P.; Roy, S.; Doyon, J .. Hydrostatic Water Guide Bearings: Making Environmental
Technology Profitable!, Waterpower 2009


Authors:
Stphane ROY, Eng. B.Sc., is Chief of the Mechanical Engineering at Alstom. He works for this
department since 1989. He is now an expert in Mechanical Turbine Design.

J ean DOYON, Eng, M.Sc., is Principal Project Engineer, in the Turbine Engineering Department
of Alstom. He has 15 years of experience on various projects mainly in North and South
Americas.

Vincent DE-HENAU, Eng, Ph.D., is a Principal Engineer, Hydraulic Design. He has more then
20 years experience in numerical calculation methods in fluid mechanics including 10 years of
application of such methods to the design of hydraulic turbines.

Steve SEMBRITZKY, is a Senior Mechanical Engineer for Chelan County PUD on the Lake
Chelan Rehabilitation Project. He led the team that developed the initial scope, schedule and
justification for the Lake Chelan project.
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