31 Jul y 2014

LOGIC AND
PROPOSITIONAL
CALCULUS
Adonis S. Santos, ECE
First Asia Institute of Technology and Humanities
LOGIC AND PROPOSITIONAL CALCULUS
Introduction
Proposition and Compound Statements
Basic Logical Operations
Propositions and Truth Tables
Tautologies and Contradictions
Logic Equivalence
Algebra of Propositions
Conditional and Biconditional Statements
Arguments
Propositional Functions, Quantifiers
Negation of Quantified Statements
OUTLINE
LOGIC
Proof
PROPOSITIONAL CALCULUS
Logic using a formal system
Finite set of symbols
Grammar (syntax)
Set of rules
INTRODUCTION
PROPOSITION (Statement)
Declarative statement which is TRUE or FALSE
but not both
(a) Ice floats in water. (b) China is in Europe.
(c) 2 + 2 = 4 (d) 2 + 2 = 5
(e) Where are you going? (f ) Do your homework.
Only the first four are propositions
(a) and (c) are TRUE, but (b) and (d) are FALSE
PROPOSITIONS AND COMPOUND STATEMENTS
COMPOUND STATEMENTS (Composite)
Composed of subpropositions with various
connectives
(g) Roses are red and violets are blue
(h) John is smart or he studies every night.
Primitive cannot be broken down into simpler
propositions
PROPOSITIONS AND COMPOUND STATEMENTS
CONNECTIVES
CONJUNCTION
Compound proposition combined with and
DISJUNCTION
Compound proposition combined with or
NEGATION
Putting not in a proposition
Truth value depends only on the truth values of two
propositions
BASIC LOGICAL OPERATIONS
CONJUNCTION
p q
BASIC LOGICAL OPERATIONS
p and q
If p and q are true,
then p q is true;
otherwise p q is false.
CONJUNCTION: EXAMPLE
Ice floats in water and 2 + 2 = 4.
Ice floats in water and 2 + 2 = 5.
China is in Europe and 2 + 2 = 4.
China is in Europe and 2 + 2 = 5.
BASIC LOGICAL OPERATIONS
TRUE
FALSE
FALSE
FALSE
DISJUNCTION
p q
BASIC LOGICAL OPERATIONS
p or q
If p and q are false,
then p q is false;
otherwise p q is true.
DISJUNCTION: EXAMPLE
Ice floats in water or 2 + 2 = 4.
Ice floats in water or 2 + 2 = 5.
China is in Europe or 2 + 2 = 4.
China is in Europe or 2 + 2 = 5.
BASIC LOGICAL OPERATIONS
TRUE
TRUE
TRUE
FALSE
NEGATION
p
BASIC LOGICAL OPERATIONS
not p
If p is true, then p is false;
and if p is false, then p is true.
NEGATION: EXAMPLE
It is false that ice floats in water.
Ice does not float in water.
It is false that 2 + 2 = 5.
2 + 2 5
BASIC LOGICAL OPERATIONS
FALSE
FALSE
TRUE
TRUE
LOGICAL NOTATION
AND
p & q p q pq p q
OR
p + q p q
NOT
p' p ~p p
BASIC LOGICAL OPERATIONS
Proposition are constructed with logical variables
that take on the value of TRUE or FALSE with logical
connectives
(p q)
PROPOSITIONS AND TRUTH TABLES
TAUTOLOGIES
Propositions whose truth values in the truth table
are all TRUE
CONTRADICTIONS
Propositions whose truth values in the truth table
are all FALSE
TAUTOLOGIES ANG CONTRADICTIONS
TAUTOLOGIES CONTRADICTIONS
One is the negation of the other
TAUTOLOGIES ANG CONTRADICTIONS
Two propositions are logically equivalent if they have
the same truth table.
LOGICAL EQUIVALENCE
(p q) p q
LECTURE
LOGIC AND PROPOSITIONAL CALCULUS
Introduction
Proposition and Compound Statements
Basic Logical Operations
Propositions and Truth Tables
Tautologies and Contradictions
Logic Equivalence
Algebra of Propositions
Conditional and Biconditional Statements
Arguments
Propositional Functions, Quantifiers
Negation of Quantified Statements
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