PROPOSITIONAL

LOGIC
Propositional Logic

• Studies the relationship between two or more propositions regardless of

its content.
• Propositions are declarative statement that expresses judgement or
opinion, thus it has a truth value.

“if the moon is made of cheese, then basketballs are round”

“if spiders have eight legs, then Anne walks with a limp”
 P: a grizzly is a bear
Q: a bear is a mammal
R: a grizzly is a mammal
Example:
Each proposition (also called atomic
statement) can be combined with
logical connectives to form
compound or complex statements.
 Simple statement
- contains no other statement
Simple as part or has no addition of another
proposition.
and
Example:
Complex Polytechnic University of the
Philippines is in Sta. Mesa, Manila
Sentences
 Complex Statements
- has at least one sentence and
has one or more logical connectives as a
Simple component.

and Example:

Complex “if the moon is made of cheese, then

basketballs are round”

Sentences “if spiders have eight legs, then Anne

walks with a limp”
SEATWORK 1
 LOGICAL Logical
Connectives
Meaning / Stands for: Symbol
CONNECTIVES Negations not

Conjunctions and / but

Disjunctions or

Conditional /
If , then
Implications

Biconditional If and only if

 Truth Matrix

LOGICAL
CONNECTIVES
(NEGATIONS)
 Truth Matrix

LOGICAL
CONNECTIVES
(CONJUNCTIONS)
 Truth Matrix

LOGICAL
CONNECTIVES
(DISJUNCTIONS)
 Truth Matrix

LOGICAL
CONNECTIVES
(IMPLICATIONS)
 3 FORMS OF CONDITIONAL STATEMENTS

P: It rains tonight
Q: I will have a good sleep
• INVERSE
-negates the propositions.
• CONVERSE
- Changes the position
• CONTRAPOSITIVE
-negates the converse
 NECESSARY AND SUFFICIENT CONDITIONS

• SUFFICIENT CONDITION
- Is something that is enough to guarantee the truth of
something else.

• NECESSARY CONDITION
- Is something that must be true in order for something else
to be true.
 Truth Matrix

LOGICAL
CONNECTIVES
(BICONDITIONAL)
 TRANSLATING ENGLISH TO PROPOSITIONAL
LOGIC

• Victor hits the ball

• Reineil caught the ball
• Lucas chased the ball

Translate:
Victor hits the ball and Reineil caught it.
If Reineil caught the ball, then Lucas did not chase it.
Lucas chased the ball if and only if Victor hits it.
Syntax and
Semantics
Syntax • is composed of the rules in generating
complex from simple ones. By using
the logical connectives and operators.

• Unary Propositional Operator

• Binary Propositional Connectives
• Group Symbols
RULES: Any capital letter by itself is Well –
Formed Formula

Any WFF can be prefixed with “~”

Any two WFFs can be connected with

logical connectives between them,
enclosing the result in parentheses.
SEMANTICS - tells how the meaning of its
constituent parts, and their mode of
combination, determine the meaning of
a compound statement. The meaning of
represents its truth value.
Truth Tables • It shows all the possible truth values
of a given proposition

• The number of possible outcomes or

the row is determined by the formula
2raised to n.
1. NEGATION
2. CONJUNCTION
3. DISJUNCTION
4. IMPLICATION
4.A. INVERSE
4.B. CONVERSE
4.C. CONTRAPOSITIVE
5. BICONDITIONAL
Example:
Example:
NATURE OF PROPOSTION
TAUTOLOGY

• - a proposition that is always TRUE.

CONTRADICTION

• - a proposition that is always FALSE.

CONTINGENCY

• - a proposition that is neither a tautology

nor a contradiction.
SEATWORK