Logic and Sets

Propositions
MATHEMATICS IS A LANGUAGE. AS IN
ANY OTHER TYPES OF LANGUAGE, WE
USE SENTENCES TO COMMUNICATE
THOUGHTS AND IDEAS. MATHEMATICS
IS NOT AN EXCEPTION. WE USE
PROPOSITIONS TO COMMUNICATE
MATHEMATICAL IDEAS PRECISELY.
A proposition is a declarative sentence
that can be objectively identified as
either true or false,
but not both. If a proposition is true, then
its truth value is true and is denoted by T
or 1;
otherwise, its truth value is false and is
denoted by F or 0.
PROPOSITIONAL
LOGIC
 Propositional Logic

• Studies the relationship between two or more propositions

regardless of its content.
• Propositions are declarative statement that expresses
judgement or opinion, thus it has a truth value.

“if the moon is made of cheese, then basketballs are round”

“if spiders have eight legs, then the world is round”

 P: a grizzly is a bear
Q: a bear is a mammal
R: a grizzly is a mammal
Example:
Each proposition (also called atomic
statement) can be combined with
logical connectives to form
compound or complex statements.
 Simple statement
- contains no other statement
Simple as part or has no addition of another
proposition.
and
Example:
Complex Polytechnic University of the
Philippines is in Sta. Mesa, Manila
Sentences
 Complex Statements
- has at least one sentence and
has one or more logical connectives as a
Simple component.

and Example:

Complex “if the moon is made of cheese, then

basketballs are round”

Sentences “if spiders have eight legs, then Anne

walks with a limp”
 LOGICAL Logical
Connectives
Meaning / Stands for: Symbol
CONNECTIVES Negations not

Conjunctions and / but

Disjunctions or

Conditional /
If , then
Implications

Biconditional If and only if

 Truth Matrix

LOGICAL
CONNECTIVES
(NEGATIONS)
 Truth Matrix

LOGICAL
CONNECTIVES
(CONJUNCTIONS)
 Truth Matrix

LOGICAL
CONNECTIVES
(DISJUNCTIONS)
 Truth Matrix

LOGICAL
CONNECTIVES
(IMPLICATIONS)