LIGAO COMMUNITY COLLEGE

GUILID, LIGAO CITY

G4 MATHEMATICS IN OUR MODERN WORLD

BSED – SOCIAL STUDIES/VALUES EDUCATION
AY 2022-2023/FIRST SEMESTER

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 Elementary Logic: Connectives, Quantifiers, Negations, Variables

Overview

WHAT IS LOGIC?

. Learning Outcomes

From our previous modules, we learned that mathematics is a language. And being a language, it must be
communicated with great precision and reasoning ability. To achieve these, logic is the key.
In layman ’s term, logic concerns much on correct reasoning, especially in
making inferences/conclusions/judgments. Logic began as a philosophical term and is now used in other
disciplines like math, science, and computer science. In short, it is deeply rooted in Philosophy.

At the end of the session, the learners are expected to:

1. Define logic in Mathematics and other related terms.
2. Enumerate the different connectives and quantifiers used in elementary logic.
3. Identify the truth value of propositions.

Discussion

Logic serves as a set of rules that govern the structure and presentation of mathematical
evidence/proofs. These rules are being used to make a distinction between valid and invalid mathematical
reasons/arguments. The building blocks of logical arguments are logical statements.

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 LOGICAL STATEMENT OR PROPOSITION
- a declarative sentence which conveys information
- a sentence which states or asserts something.
If the sentence is true, the statement has truth value T(TRUE), otherwise it has a truth
value F(FALSE).

Examples:
1. Legazpi City is the capital of Albay in Bicol.
• This proposition has a truth value of T.
2. The Earth is the center of the solar system. •
This truth value of this proposition is F.
3. 5 + 5 = 10
• The proposition is true, therefore, its truth value is T.
4. 6 × 1 ≥ 9
• The truth value of this proposition is F.
5. Are you asleep?
• This is not a proposition. (Based on the definition of logic, a proposition is
a declarative sentence.)
6. Turn off the switches.
• This is also not a proposition. (This is an imperative sentence which
conveys command or request.)

To represent propositions, propositional variables are used. As a

Logical
convention, these variables are represented by small alphabets like 𝑝, 𝑞, 𝑟, 𝑠, …
statements to denote statements. can be
simple or Examples:
compound. p: Legazpi City is the capital of Albay in Bicol. Simple
statements q: 5 + 5 = 10 involve
one piece of
information like
"Legazpi City is the capital of Albay in Bicol. ". Propositions constructed using one or more propositions are
called compound propositions. Simple propositions are combined together using Logical Connectives or
Logical Operators.

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 Negation
The statement obtained from 𝒑 by use of the word “not” is called the
negation of 𝒑 and is written ∼ 𝒑. The truth value is the opposite of the
truth value of p.
Examples:
• 𝒑: 2 is odd. (The truth value is FALSE)
∼ 𝒑: 2 is not odd. (The truth value is the opposite of 𝒑. Therefore, the
truth value of ∼ 𝒑 is TRUE.)
Note: We can also say ∼ 𝒑: It is not the case that 2 is odd.
• 𝒑: Japan is not in Asia. (This is a FALSE statement) ∼ 𝒑:
Japan is in Asia. (This is a TRUE statement.)

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 NOTE: The logical notation for the connectives “and”, “or”
and “not” is not standardized. In some references: p ∧ q
can be written as p & q, p • q or pq p ∨ q can be written
as p + q
∼p can be written as p’, p or ⇁p

When a logical statement is used to refer about a collection of objects, the statement must be
quantified—that is, we must specify which objects in the collection the statement applies to.

Quantifiers

These are expressions or Universal Quantifier (∀)

phrases that indicate the number
This quantifier indicates that all the elements of a given set
of objects that a statement
satisfy a property.
pertains to. We will discuss here
the two types of logical Example s:
quantifiers: ‘there exists’ (some )
• All Math majors study Calculus.
and ‘for all’, ‘for every’ (all) .
• For all natural numbers n, 2n is an even number.
Existential Quantifier (∃)

This quantifier indicates that at least one element exists that

satisfies a certain property.

Examples:
• Some people believe in miracles.
• There exists an integer, such that 5 − 𝑥 = 2.

We can also identify the truth value of quantified statements. Let’s consider the following
examples.

• All people are female. (This statement uses universal quantifier and has a truth value of
FALSE, since there are male people in the world.)
• Some people are female. (This statement uses existential quantifier, and the truth value is
TRUE.)

Negation of Quantified
Statements

The negation of for all statement is some statement.

The negation of some statement is a for all statement.

EXAMPLES:
• All artists are singers. (This is FALSE) Some
artists are not singers. (This is TRUE)
• There exists a happy man. (This is TRUE)
All men are unhappy. (This is FALSE)

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 Summary/Key
Points

A proposition or statement is a declarative sentence that is either true or false. If it conveys one
idea, it is a simple proposition. If two propositions are combined using connectives, a compound
proposition is generated. There are three basic logical connectives or operators: conjunction, disjunction
and negation. A compound proposition, connected by a conjunction, has a truth value of true if the
statements involved are true, otherwise, false. A compound proposition, connected by a disjunction, has a
truth value of true if at least one of the statements involved is true. The negation of a statement has a truth
value opposite the truth value of the original statement. Statements can be quantified using quantifiers:
universal quantifier (all the elements of a given set satisfy a property) and existential quantifier (at least
one element exists that satisfies a certain property). Quantified statements can be negated. The negation
of ‘for all’ statement is a ‘some’ statement and the negation of a ‘some’ statement is a ‘for all’ statement.

Assessment

I. Determine the truth value of the following.

1. Davao is in China or 3+2=6.
2. Ice floats in water and 2+2=4.
3. Ice floats in water or 2+2=4.
4. Davao is in China and 3+2=6.
II. Suppose 𝑝 and 𝑞 are TRUE statements, while 𝑟 is a FALSE statement (meaning p is true, q is true and
r is false). Determine the truth value of
1. ~𝑞 ∨ 𝑟 6. ~ (𝑟 ∧ 𝑞) 7. (𝑝 ∧ ~𝑟) ∨ 𝑞
Note: Find first the truth value of the statements inside the parenthesis.
III. Write the negation and the following quantified statements.
8. Some slippers are the same.
9. There exists one student with white hair.
10. All men move.

References

Retrieved from:

http://www.math.niu.edu/~richard/Math101/logic.pdf https://examples.yourdictionary.com/examples-of-

logic.html http://www.math.wichita.edu/history/Topics/logic.html

https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/proposition-logic/

https://www.math.fsu.edu/~wooland/hm2ed/Part2Module1/Part2Module1.pdf http://www-

math.ucdenver.edu/~wcherowi/courses/m3000/lecture2.pdf

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