GENERAL

MATHEMATICS 11 QUARTER 2 WEEK 7

NAME: ____________________________________ YR & SEC: __________
Competencies:
The learner
⚫ illustrates and symbolizes propositions,
⚫ distinguishes between simple and compound propositions M11GM-IIg-3,
⚫ performs the different types of operations on propositions. M11GM-IIg-4.

To The Learners:
Before starting the module, I want you to set aside other tasks that will disturb you while
enjoying the lessons. Read the simple instructions below to successfully enjoy the
objectives of this kit. Have fun!
1. Follow carefully all the contents and instructions indicated on every page of this module.
2. Write in your notebook the concepts about the lessons. Writing enhances learning that
is important to develop and keep in mind.
3. Perform all the provided activities in the module.
4. Let your facilitator/guardian assess your answers using the answer key card.
5. Analyze conceptually the post-test and apply what you have learned.
6. Enjoy studying!

Expectations

This module was designed to help you understand the importance and use of
proposition in your daily life. To know more if the argument is true or false, how will you
consider if the given statement is valid or not. You remind that logic is significant when it
comes to the presentation of arguments for able you to convince people around you that
your belief or opinion is correct.
After going through this module, you are expected to:
1. Illustrate a proposition.
2. Symbolize Propositions.
3. Distinguish between simple and compound propositions.
4. Perform the different types of operations on propositions.

Pre-test
Choose the letter of the correct answer. Write the chosen letter on a separate sheet of
paper.
1. Let P: The light in Computer Laboratory is on, Q: Somebody must be inside the room.
Then the Symbolic form of “The light is off in Computer Laboratory and nobody else is inside
the room”.
A. p  q B. p → q C. p  ~ q D. ~p  ~ q
2. Express the given statement into a bi-conditional:
p: I can play guitar ; q: I can play the piano
A. I can play the guitar and the piano C. I can play the guitar or the piano

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B. I can play the guitar nor the piano D. I can play the guitar if and only if I play the
piano.
3. Let P: We should be sincere ; Q: We should be committed. ; R: We should be conceited.
Then “We should be sincere or committed but not conceited“ is represented by __________.

A. p  q  ~ r B. ~ p  q  ~ r C. p  ~q  r D. p  q  r
4. In a disjunction, in the event that one of the statements is false, the entire disjunction
remains true.
A. False B. Negated C. True D. both true or false
5. Which of the following are types of operations on propositions?
A. Conditionals, Conjunctions, Compounds and Disjunctions
B. Implication, Conjunctions, Disjunctions, Bi-Conditional and Negations
C. Conjunct, Disjunct, Negations, Implying
D. Statement, Conjunctions, Compounds and Disjunctions

Looking Back to your Lesson

From the previous lesson in Geometry you have learned a lot of propositions or
statements namely conjectures, postulates, axioms, corollaries, and theorems. You
explored and introduced propositional logic and how to determine the truth values. On the
other hand, the importance of basic logical operation given Conjunction, Disjunction, and
Negation. Moreover, make complex arguments that utilized simple propositions as
compound propositions and propositional variables forming a new proposition.

Introduction of the Topic

Lesson 1: Illustrating and Symbolizing Propositions
A proposition is a statement and a basic element of logic. A Mere Sentence can
be both true and false at the same time It is important to distinguish a mere sentence from
a proposition or statement. Mastering this component makes to distinguish if an argument
is correct or incorrect

Definition
A proposition may be defined as a declarative sentence that is either.
True (denoted either T or 1) or
False (denoted either F or 0).
- It is usually represented by a capital letter

Propositional variable - denotes an arbitrary proposition with unspecified true val

-it is represented by a lower case or capital letter in the English alphabet

Example 1
The sky is blue True - proposition
7 + 4 = 12 False - proposition
What time is it? Questions not a proposition
p>8 Not a proposition it has unknown variable
Where are you going? Not a statement
Sit down (Question and command)
Example 2
“Lions are larger than cats”
Is this a statement? Yes
Is this a proposition? Yes
If so, what is the truth value of the proposition True
100 < 50
Is this a statement? Yes
Is this a proposition? Yes
If so, what is the truth value of the proposition? False
Please do not yell

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Is this a statement? No
Is this a proposition? No
This is a request
x = 14 + y
Is this a statement? Yes
Is this a proposition? No
Since the values of the variables are
unknown, this cannot be a proposition
STATEMENTS OF SYMBOLIC LOGIC
1. Identify the major connective
NOTATION Symbol Common English Translations
Negation ~p Not p. It is not true that p
Conjunction p^q p and q, p but q
Disjunction pvq q or q
Conditional p→q If p then q, p is a sufficient for q, q is necessary for p
Bi-conditional p↔q p if and only q, p is necessary and sufficient for q
2. Variables or constants (p and q or Y and Z) stand for entire proposition.
3. Put proper punctuation or negations.
Example1: Write the symbolic form in the following propositions.
p: Lines are perpendicular q: Right angles are formed by the lines
A) Rights angles are formed by the lines if the lines are perpendicular. Answer p →q
B) The lines are not perpendicular or right angles are formed by the lines.
Answer ~p ˇ q
Example 2: Write in symbolic form an inverse of the statement from Example 1. A
Answer ~p→~q
Example 3: Express in Symbolic Statement; p: She is healthy ; q: She is wealthy
A. She is NOT healthy and She is NOT wealthy Answer ~p^~q or ~(p ^ q)
B. She is NOT healthy, and she is wealthy. Answer ~p ^ q
C. She is neither healthy nor wealthy. Answer ~(p v q) or ~p v ~q
Example 4: If the squatter settles here then the cattlemen will be angry and there will be a
fight for water rights (p, q, r)
Conditional with conjunctive proposition as consequent
p=the squatters settle here q= the cattlemen will angry
r= There will be a fight for water rights. Answer p → (q^ r)

Lesson 2: Simple and Compound Propositions

There are two types of symbolic propositions, simple and compound.
propositions
Definition
Simple proposition - composed of only one proposition, convey one idea
with no connecting word

Example: Simple Statement

1. Rodrigo Roa Duterte “Digong” is the President of Republic of the Philippines.
2. Today is Sunday. 4. Jen is watching tv.

3. I am eating a pie. 5. It is raining today.

Definition
Compound proposition - composed of two or simple statement using
connectives. (e.g. and, or, not, if then, if and only if )
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Identify the propositions in the given Example.
Example 1: Roses are red and violets are blue

Propositions 1 Propositions 2
connective
Example 2: Jen is singing, and Sol is dancing
Proposition 1: Jen is singing Proposition 2: Sol is dancing
Example 3: If the road is wet, then is either it rains today, or the fire truck spills water on
the road.
Proposition 1: The road is wet, Proposition 2: It rains today
Proposition 3: The fire truck spills water on the road
Example 4: Determine if the following propositions are true or false.
The sky is NOT blue False (NOT reverses the truth
value of the original statement)
The sky is blue, AND the ocean is red. False (AND requires both parts
to be TRUE for a TRUE result)
The sky is blue, OR the ocean is red. True ( OR needs only one TRUE
to be TRUE )
The sky is blue, AND the ocean is NOT red True (Combination of AND-NOT)
The sky is NOT blue, OR the ocean is red False (both clearly the two
propositions are false therefore the entire
propositions are False)
NOTATION Explanation Symbol
Negation NOT ~
Conjunction AND ^
Disjunction OR v
Conditional If then →
Bi-conditional If and only if ↔
Example 5: Write the following proposition in English statements.
P = The sky is blue Q = Oceans are red
P AND Q P^Q The sky is blue, AND the oceans are red.
P OR Q PvQ The sky is blue, OR the oceans are red.
NOT P OR Q ~P v Q The sky is NOT blue OR oceans are red
p = I am eating q: I am watching
p and q p  q I am eating, and I am watching television.
p or q p  q I am eating, or I am watching television.
In the given example, say truth value of p is true and q is false, then p  q = true  false =
false . Likewise, p  q = true  false = true .

Activities

Activity 1: Express Me in Words

Let p, q and r represent the following simple statements:

A. p: A student misses lecture q: A student studies r: A student fails
Write each of these symbolic in words
1. (q ^ ~p) → ~r 2. q ^ (~p →~r)
B. Let p, q and r represent the following simple statements:
p: I fail the subject q: I study hard r: I pass the final
1. ~p ↔ (q ^r) 2. p ↔ (~q^~r)

Activity 2: Draw Your Emoji

Draw a winking smile emoji if the statement is Proposition and happy face for Mere
Sentence only.
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1. The celebration of New Year's Eve is December 31. 6. Singapore is in Asia
2. She weighs 51 kilograms. 7. Where are you going?
3. He is six feet tall 8. 8 is an even number
4. 9 + 6 > 20 9. For all real numbers x, x2 ≥ 0
5. In x + 6 = 18 the value of x is 12 10. Do your homework.

Activity 3: Symbolize Me

Symbolize the following statements below.

p: I bought a lottery ticket q: I win the jackpot
1. I am not buying a lottery ticket.
2. I bought a lottery ticket, or I win the jackpot.
3. I bought a lottery ticket, and I win the jackpot.
4. If I bought a lottery ticket, then I win the jackpot.
5. If I am not buying a lottery ticket, then I will not win the jackpot
6. I am not buying a lottery ticket, or I bought a lottery ticket, and I win the jackpot.

Introduction of the Topic

Lesson 3: DIFFERENT TYPES OF OPERATIONS ON PROPOSITIONS
There are five common propositions that are results of five common connectives: Negation,
Conjunction, Disjunction, Implication, and Equivalence.
1. NEGATION - The simplest operation of propositions. A proposition which is the outcome
of reversing the truth value of a given proposition.

If a proposition is true, its negation is false, but then if a proposition is false, its
negation is true.
The negation of a proposition p in symbol is ~ p : read as not p
p ~p Negation
Proposition T F
F T

Example 1: Determine the negation of each proposition and tell whether each negation is
true or false
Given: a. Basketball is a sport.
b. 1 = 2
c. There are 400 five cents in twenty pesos.
d. All politicians are trustworthy.
Solution:
a. Basketball is not a sport. False
b. 1 ≠ 2 True
c. There are not 400 five cents in twenty pesos False
d. Not all politicians are trustworthy. True
Example 2: Write the following sentence in symbols and indicate if it is true or false.
Given: Solution:
a. 1 is an even number. p false
b. Tarsier is not found in Bohol ~q true
c. The quotient of two negative numbers is not a ~r false
positive numbers

Example 3: Construct a truth table for the negation of x and for the negation of not x .

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 To find out whether the resulting X ~X ~(~X )
proposition is true or false, a strategy for
naming all possible truth values will be T F T
utilized. This can be done by the help of
truth table F T F

2. CONJUNCTION - A proposition which is the outcome of joining two or more propositions

known as conjuncts, connected by the word and.

The conjunction of two statements is true only if both conjuncts are true, otherwise
it is false.
The conjunction of propositions p and q in symbol is p q : read as p and q
p q p q
T T T
T F F
F T F
F F F

Example 1: p: I am at home. p  q: I am at home and it is raining.

q: It is raining.
Example 2: Determine whether each conjunction is true or false.
A. 7 is odd and prime
Solution: If p is the conjunct “7 is odd “which states a true statement, and q is the conjunct
“7 is prime “also states a true statement, then the conjunction p  q
“7 is odd and prime. “is definitely a true statement since both conjuncts are true statements.
B. 2 and －2 are roots of x2 ＋ 4x ＋ 4 = 0
Solution : If p is the conjunct “ 2 is a root of x2 ＋ 4x ＋ 4 = 0 “ which states a false
statement, and q is the conjunct “ －2 is a root of x2 ＋ 4x ＋ 4 = 0 “ states a true statement,
then the conjunction p  q “ 2 and －2 are roots of x2 ＋ 4x ＋ 4 = 0 “ is a false statement
since one of the conjuncts is a false statements.
C. 8 is a factor and a multiple of 32
Solution : If p is the conjunct “ 8 is a factor of 32 “ which states a true statement, and q is
the conjunct “ 8 is a multiple of 32 “ states a false statement, then the conjunction p  q
“ 8 is a factor and a multiple of 32 “ is a false statement since one of the conjuncts is a false
statements.
Example 3: Create a truth table for each conjunction.
a. X and Y ; b. ~ X and Y ; c. ~ Y and X
Solution X Y X  Y X Y ~X ~X  Y X Y ~Y ~Y  X
T T T T T F F T T F F
: T F F T F F F T F T T
F T F F T T T F T F F
F F F F F T F F F T F

3. DISJUNCTION - A proposition which is the outcome of joining two or more propositions

known as disjuncts, connected by the word or.

The disjunction of two statements is false only if both disjuncts are false, otherwise
it is true.
The disjunction of propositions p and q in symbol is p q : read as p or q
p q p q
T T T
T F T
F T T
F F F

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Example 1: p: I eat ampalaya. p  q: I eat ampalaya or kangkong.
q: I eat Kangkong.
Example 2: Determine whether each disjunction is true or false.
A. A group of dogs is a herd, or a group of horses is a flock.
Solution : If p is the disjunct “ A group of dogs is a herd “ which states a false statement,
and q is the disjunct “ A group of horses is a flock “ also states a false statement, then the
disjunction p  q “ A group of dogs is a herd, or a group of horses is a flock.“ is a false
statement since both disjuncts are false statements.
B. 2 is a prime, or even number
Solution : If p is the disjunct “ 2 is a prime number “ which states a true statement, and q
is the disjunct “ 2 is an even number “ states a true statement, then the disjunction p  q
“ 2 is a prime or even number “ is a true statement since both disjuncts is a true statements.
C. Platypus is a fish, or it lay eggs
Solution : If p is the disjunct “ Platypus is a fish “ which states a false statement, and q is
the disjunct “ Platypus lays eggs “ states a true statement, then the disjunction p  q
“ Platypus is a fish or it lay eggs “ is a true statement since one of the disjuncts is a true
statement.
Example 3: Create a truth table for each conjunction.
a. A or B ; b. A or not B ; c. not A or B
Solution A B ~A ~A  B
A B ~B A 
A B A  B ~B
T T F T
T T T T F F F
T T F T
T F T F T T T
T F T T
F T T F F T T
F T F F
F F F
F F T T

4.IMPLICATION - A proposition, also known as conditional proposition, sometimes called as

if - then statements. It is the outcome of joining a hypothesis or antecedent which is the if
part to the then part known as the conclusion or consequent.

In all instances the implication is true, except when the hypothesis is true and the
conclusion is false. It means, a true hypothesis cannot imply a false conclusion.
The implication of propositions p and q in symbol is p q :
read as if p, then q ; p implies q ; p is sufficient for q
p q p q
T T T
Remember
T F F
F T T
F F T
Example 1: p: A student got 60% or more points from the written tests.
q: He will pass the subject Math.
p → q: If a student got 60% or more points from the written test, then he will
pass the subject Math.

Example 2: Analyze whether each implication is true or false.

a. If 3 ＋ 7 = 10, then (3)(7) = 21
Solution : If p is the hypothesis “ 3 ＋ 7 = 10“ which states a true statement, and q is the
conclusion “ (3)(7) = 21 “ also states a true statement, then the implication p → q “ If 3 ＋
7 = 10 , then (3)(7) = 21“ is a true statement since both hypothesis and conclusion are true
statements.
b. If － 4 < 0, then there are only 12 cities in the region of NCR.
Solution: If p is the hypothesis “－ 4 < 0 “ which states a true statement, and q is the
conclusion “ There are only 12 cities in the region of NCR. “ states a false statement, then the
implication p → q “ If － 4 < 0 , then there are only 12 cities in the region of NCR.“ is a false
statement .
Example 3: Write a scenario wherein the implication p → q is false.

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Mang Luis had a conversation with his wife, he says: “If I get a motorcycle, then I will stop
smoking.” Let p be the statement “Mang Luis gets a motorcycle “and let q be the statement
“Mang Luis will stop smoking “.
Solution: Scenario: Mang Luis got a motorcycle but then he realized that smoking has
become a habit that he cannot stop easily.
According to the definition it says that p → q is false when the hypothesis is true, and
the conclusion is false. From the statement Mang Luis got his motorcycle but broke his
promise.
5.BICONDITIONAL - A proposition which is obtain from two conditional propositions.

The Biconditional p and q is the proposition that is true if both p and q are true
or if both p and q are false. If either one is false, the statement is false.
The biconditional of propositions p and q in symbol is p q : read as p if
and only if q
p q p q
T T T
T F F
F T F
F F T

Example 1: p : This musical instruments are interesting.

q : I am staying at home.
p  q : This musical instrument are interesting if and only if I am staying at
home.
Example 2: Express p  q as a sentence. Then determine its truth values p  q
P: x － 8 = 2 ; q: x = 10
Solution: The biconditional p  q represents the sentence “ x － 8 = 2 if and only if x =
10 ‘. Both p and q are true. When x # 10, then both p and q are false

p q p q
T T T
T F F
F T F
F F T

Example 3: If a triangle is isosceles then it has two congruent sides. Name the p and q
statement then express it to p  q.
Solution: p: A triangle is isosceles. ; q: A triangle has two congruent sides
p  q : A triangle is isosceles if and only if it has two congruent sides.

Activity 1: Translate Me
Given: p: Mr. Dimayuga is a Mathematics teacher.
q: Mr. Dimayuga is a LET passer.

Translate each symbolism in ordinary English sentence.

a. p  q d. ~p → q
b. ~q  ~p e. p  q
c. ~q  ~p

Activity 2: Let’s Construct

Construct a table by determining the truth values of each proposition.

a. ~(p  q) d. ~( p → ~q)
b. ~(~s → r ) e. p  q
c. b  ~c

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 Activity 3: Thumbs up or down

“Thumbs up, or down ”

Draw a thumbs up if the given statement is true and thumbs down if the statement
is false. Write your answer on the space provided before the number.

__________ 1. 2 is prime and even.

__________ 2. A triangle is acute if and only if it has 90-degree angle.

__________ 3. Tarsiers are nocturnal primates or arboreal mammals.

__________ 4. If the diagonals of a square are parallel, then the square is a quadrilateral.

__________ 5. The sun rises in the East and sets in the West.

Remember
Proposition may be defined as a declarative sentence that is either.
True (denoted either T or 1) or
False (denoted either F or 0).
- It is usually represented by a capital letter
Propositional variable - denotes an arbitrary proposition with unspecified true value
-it is represented by a lower case or capital letter in the English alphabet
NOTATION Symbol Common English Translations
Negation ~p Not p. It is not true that p
Conjunction p^q p and q, p but q
Disjunction pvq q or q
Conditional p→q If p then q, p is a sufficient for q, q is necessary for p
Bi-conditional p↔q p if and only q, p is necessary and sufficient for q
Simple proposition - composed of only one propositions, convey one idea with no
connecting word
Compound proposition - composed of two or simple statement using connectives. (e.g.
and, or, not, if then, if and only if)
Can be combined using AND or OR Can be reversed using NOT
1. If a proposition is true, its negation is false, but then if a proposition is false, its
negation is true. The negation of a proposition p in symbol is ~ p: read as not p.

2. The conjunction of two statements is true only if both conjuncts are true, otherwise it is
false. The conjunction of propositions p and q in symbol is p  q: read as p and q.
3. The disjunction of two statements is false only if both disjuncts are false, otherwise it is
true. The disjunction of propositions p and q in symbol is p  q: read as p or q.
4. In all instances the implication is true, except when the hypothesis is true, and the
conclusion is false. It means, a true hypothesis cannot imply a false conclusion. The
implication of propositions p and q in symbol is p → q: read as if p, then q; p implies q ;
p is sufficient for q
5. The Biconditional p and q is the proposition that is true if both p and q are true or if
both p and q are false. If either one is false, the statement is false. The biconditional of
propositions p and q in symbol is p  q : read as p if and only if q.
Check your Understanding
Symbolize the proposition to complete the table. Use J for the first proposition,
E for the second proposition and N on the third proposition.

statement symbols

1. If San Miguel wins the first game, then

NLEX does not win its first game.

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 2. The food supply is adequate, and the
visitors are hungry, but the cooker is not
working.

3. The visitors are not hungry.

4. 5 plus 5 equals 10 if and only if 2 times

5 is equal to 10

5. Prices are going up, but wages are not.

Post-test
Choose the letter of the correct answer. Write the chosen letter on a separate sheet
of paper.
1. Express the given statement into a bi-conditional:
p: I can play guitar ; q: I can play the piano
A. I can play the guitar and the piano C. I can play the guitar or the piano
B. I can play the guitar nor the piano D. I can play the guitar if and only if I
play the piano.
2.Let P: We should be sincere. ; Q: We should be committed. ; R: We should be conceited.
Then “We should be sincere or committed but not conceited“ is represented by __________.

A. p q~ r B. ~ p q~ r C. p  ~q  r D. p  q r
3.In a disjunction, in the event that one of the statements is false, the entire disjunction
remains true.
A. False B. Negated C. True D. both true or false
4. Which of the following are types of operations on propositions?
A. Conditionals, Conjunctions, Compounds and Disjunctions
B. Implication, Conjunctions, Disjunctions, Bi-Conditional and Negations
C. Conjunct, Disjunct, Negations, Implying
D. Statement, Conjunctions, Compounds and Disjunctions
5. Let P: The light in Computer Laboratory is on, Q: Somebody must be inside the room. Then
the Symbolic form of “The light is off in Computer Laboratory and nobody else is inside the
room”.
A. p  q B. p → q C. p  ~ q D. ~p  ~ q

Additional Activities
To better understand the lesson, watch the video lesson on
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=itrXYg41-V0&t=511s entitled [Discrete
Mathematics] Introduction to Propositional Logic and

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wRMC-ttjhwM&t=108s entitled Truth Table tutorial

Discrete Mathematics Logic

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