CORRELATION (r)

Is degree of assosiation between two variables

The correlation could be + (X increase so Y also increase, or vice versa),

ex:
- if service become better, So costumer satisfaction will increase
- if age of a person become older, so the shoes size will became bigger (until age 21)
- if there is positive news in economy, so the stock market will respon positively

The correlation could be + (X increase so, Y will decrease, or vice versa)

ex:
- if price increase, so quantity demanded will be decrease
- if the absent increase, so the score will be decrease
- if consumption increase, so the saving will be decrease

-1 < r < 1
r = -1 meaning the degree of assosiation between two variables is perfect negative
r = +1 meaning the degree of assosiation between two variables is perfect positive

CORRELATION MEASUREMENT
1. Independency test
Untuk menguji apakah ada keterkaitan antar 2 variabel yang salah satunya diukur dengan
skala nominal
Contoh:
- keterkaitan antara hobby (nominal) dengan income (rasio)
- keterkaitan antara agama (nominal) dengan jabatan (ordinal)
- keterkaitan antara gender (nominal) dengan tinggi badan (rasio)
- keterkaitan antara warna kesukaan (nominal) dengan gender (nominal)

2. Rank spearman correlation

Mengukur korelasi antar 2 variabel yang salah satunya diukur dengan skala ordinal
Contoh:
- Korelasi antara rangking (ordinal) dengan jam belajar (rasio)
- Korelasi antara tkt pendidikan (ordinal) dengan jabatan (ordinal)
 - Korelasi antara tkt pendidikan (ordinal) dengan persepsi tentang pandemi covid 19
(interval)
- Korelasi antara ranking di kelas (ordinal) dengan IQ (interval)

3. Pearson correlation
Mengukur korelasi antara 2 variabel kuantitiatif (bisa interval, bisa rasio)
Contoh:
- Korelasi antara berat badan dengan IQ
- Korelasi antara jam belajar dengan Gaji
- Korelasi antara umur dengan berat badan

Scale of Nominal Ordinal Interval Rasio

measurement
Nominal Independency test Independency Independency test Independency
test test
Ordinal Independency test Rank spearman Rank spearman Rank spearman
Interval Independency test Rank spearman Pearson Pearson
Rasio Independency test Rank spearman Pearson Pearson

Spearman Rank Correlation Coefficient

The Spearman rank-correlation coefficient, rs , is a measure of association between two variables

with one of the variabel measured by ordinal scale.

Values of rs can range from –1.0 to +1.0, where

• values near 1.0 indicate a strong positive association between the rankings, and
• values near -1.0 indicate a strong negative association between the rankings.

Steps:
1. Hypothesis Formulation:
Ho : rs = 0
Ha: rs  0
rs > 0
rr < 0
2. Make the rank of the data
3. Count the difference between each rank couple
4. Count rs :

6 ΣD 2
r s =1−
(
n(n2 −1 )
 where: n = number of items being ranked
xi = rank of item i with respect to one variable
yi = rank of item i with respect to a second variable
di = xi - yi

5.. Significancy test of rs (using certain α)

n −2
t =r s
√ 1−r 2s

If t-stat > t α/2, df (n-2) so Reject Ho

If t-stat ≤ t α/2, df (n-2) so Failed to reject Ho

Contoh: Lakukan uji korelasi rank spearman antara Umur dengan Browsing Time

Data sbb:

Jawab:
Teori: semakin muda, semakin banyak browsing time (hubungan NEGATIVE)
 Langkah 1: Hipotesa

Ho: ρ ≥ 0
Ha:ρ < 0

2. Make the rank of the data (ok)

3. Count the difference between each rank couple (ok)

4. Count rs :

6 ΣD 2
r s =1−
( n(n2 −1 )

Korelasi antara rank umur dengan rank Browsing time kuat dan negatif (-0.724)

5.. Significancy test of rs (using certain α)

 n −2
t =r s
√ 1−r 2s

If t-stat < t α, df (n-2) so Reject Ho

If t-stat ≥ t α, df (n-2) so Failed to reject Ho

t = -3.784

Nilat t-tabel????? (one tail and small sampel)

T(0.05, df(15-2)= 1.771

Ho: ρ ≥ 0
Ha:ρ < 0
Keputusan: Reject Ho
Kesimpulannya: korelasi antara umur dengan browsing time adalah signifikan

Example: Print out result

Nonparametric Correlations
 Correlations

IN_CAMPU IN_PLANT
Spearman's rho IN_CAMPU Correlation Coefficient 1.000 .783**
Sig. (1-tailed) . .001
N 12 12
IN_PLANT Correlation Coefficient .783** 1.000
Sig. (1-tailed) .001 .
N 12 12
**. Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (1-tailed).

The spearman rank correlation (rs) = 0.783

Mean: assosiation between In campus Score and In Plant Score is Strong and positive

Significancy test (use  = 0.05)

Ho: rs = 0
Ha: rs ≠ 0

RULE: if Sig. (1-tailed) > , so accept Ho

If Sig. (1-tailed) < , so reject Ho

From the SPSS result: Sig.(1-tailed) = 0.001 < 0.05

Desicion: reject Ho, accept Ha
Conclusion: There is a positive assosiation between in campus score and in plant score