11

BASIC
CALCULUS
LEARNER'S ACTIVITY SHEET
Quarter 3 – Week 2:
Limits of Some
Transcendental Function
using Tables of Values and
Graphs of the Functions
Basic Calculus – Grade 11
Learner's Activity Sheet
Quarter 3 – Week 2: Limits of Some Transcendental Function
using Tables of Values and Graphs of the Functions
First Edition, 2021

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 LEARNER’S ACTIVITY SHEET IN GRADE 11 BASIC CALCULUS FOR QUARTER 3,
WEEK 2

Name: Grade & Section:

School: Teacher:

General Reminders: Use this activity sheet with care. Do not put unnecessary mark/s on
any part of the activity sheet. Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the exercises.
Read the directions carefully before doing each task. Return this activity sheet to your
teacher/facilitator once you are through with it.

Learning Objectives:
sin 𝑡 1−cos 𝑡 𝑒 𝑡 −1
1. Illustrate limits involving the expressions , and using tables of values.
𝑡 𝑡 𝑡

Explore

Let us refresh your learnings in concepts of Precalculus specifically Trigonometry since we will be
dealing with special limits of some transcendental functions involving trigonometric functions.

Activity 1.
A. Find the exact values of the following trigonometric functions.
5𝜋
1. cos (− )
6
29𝜋
2. tan (− )
6
8𝜋
3. tan
3
4. cos 105°
5𝜋
5. sin ( )
12
25 3𝜋
B. Given sec 𝜃 = − and 𝜋 ≤ 𝜃 ≤ , find sin 𝜃 + cos 𝜃.
24 2

Tip: If you have no scientific calculator, you can download sci-cal apps in your smart
phones. Examples of these very useful apps are PoweCalc, HiEdu Scientific Calculator-
He-570, HiPER Scientific Calculator, RealCalc Scientific Calculator, Scientific
Calculator 995 and Panecal Scientific Calculator.

Reminder: Set your scientific calculator and sci-cal apps to Radian Mode since we will be
dealing with trigonometric functions with radian units.

Review of Previous Lesson

Finding the limit of a given function using table of values, construct a table of values for
𝐥𝐢𝐦− 𝒇(𝒙) and 𝐥𝐢𝐦+ 𝒇(𝒙).
𝒙→𝒄 𝒙→𝒄

We can say 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝑳 if and only if 𝐥𝐢𝐦− 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝑳 and 𝐥𝐢𝐦+ 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝑳.
𝒙→𝒄 𝒙→𝒄 𝒙→𝒄
 Learn

𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒕 𝟏−𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒕
We will determine the limits of three special functions: namely, 𝒇(𝒕) =
𝒕
, 𝒈(𝒕) = and
𝒕
𝒆𝒕 −𝟏
𝒉(𝒕) = . These functions will be vital to the computation of the derivatives of the sine, cosine,
𝒕
and natural exponential functions in our future lessons.

Now, we will evaluate the limit of the three special functions as its approaches zero using
table of values and graphs.

𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒕
Example 1. Evaluate 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒕
𝒕→𝟎
𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒕
We will construct the table of values for 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒕 .
We start by approaching the number 0 from the left or through the values less than but close to 0.
𝑡 𝑓(t)
The table from the left shows that as 𝒕 approaches 𝟎, f(t)
−1 0.84147099848
−0.5 0.9588510772 approaches 1.
−0.3 0.9850673555
−0.1 0.9983341665 Intuitively, based on the result from the left table,
−0.001 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒕
0.9999998333 𝐥𝐢𝐦− 𝒕 = 𝟏.
−0.0001 0.99999999983 𝒕→𝟎

Now we consider approaching 0 from its right or through values greater than but close to 0.
t 𝑓(t)
The table from the right shows that as 𝒕 approaches 𝟎,
1 0.8414709848
f(t) approaches 𝟏.
0.5 0.4794255386
0.3 0.2955202067
Intuitively, based on the result from the right table, 0.1 0.09983341665
𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒕
𝐥𝐢𝐦+
𝒕
= 𝟏. 0.001 0.00099999983
𝒕→𝟎 0.0001 0.00009999999
0.00001 0.00000999999

𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒕 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒕 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒕

Since 𝐥𝐢𝐦−
𝒕
= 𝟏 and 𝐥𝐢𝐦+ 𝒕
= 𝟏, we can conclude that 𝐥𝐢𝐦 = 𝟏.
𝒕→𝟎 𝒕→𝟎 𝒕→𝟎 𝒕

𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒕
We can also find 𝐥𝐢𝐦 by using the graph of the given function. Consider the graph of 𝒇(𝒙) =
𝒕→𝟎 𝒕
𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒕 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒕
found in Figure 1. The graph validates our observation in Example 1 that 𝐥𝐢𝐦 = 𝟏.
𝒕 𝒕→𝟎 𝒕

Figure 1
 𝟏−𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒕
Example 2. Evaluate 𝐥𝐢𝐦 .
𝒕→𝟎 𝒕
𝟏−𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒕
We will construct the table of values for 𝒈(𝒕) = 𝒕 .
We start by approaching the number 0 from the left or through the values less than but close to 0.

𝑡 𝑔(𝑡) The table from the left shows that as 𝒕 approaches 𝟎, f(t)
−1 −0.4596976941 approaches 0.
−.5 −0.2448348762
−.3 −0.1488783696
−.01 −0.0049999583 Intuitively, based on the result from the left table,
−.001 −0.0004999999 𝟏−𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒕
𝐥𝐢𝐦− = 𝟎.
−.0001 −0.000005 𝒕→𝟎 𝒕

Now we consider approaching 0 from its right or through values greater than but close to 0.

The table from the right shows that as 𝒕 approaches 𝟎, f(t) 𝑡 𝑔(𝑡)
approaches 0. 1 0.4596976941
0.5 0.2448348762
0.3 0.1488783696
Intuitively, based on the result from the right table,
0.01 0.0049999583
𝟏−𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒕
𝐥𝐢𝐦+ = 𝟎. 0.001 0.0004999999
𝒕→𝟎 𝒕
0.0001 0.000005

𝟏−𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒕 𝟏−𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒕 𝟏−𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒕

Since 𝐥𝐢𝐦− = 𝟎 and 𝐥𝐢𝐦+ = 𝟎, we can conclude that 𝐥𝐢𝐦 = 𝟎.
𝒕→𝟎 𝒕 𝒕→𝟎 𝒕 𝒕→𝟎 𝒕

𝟏−𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒕
We can also find 𝐥𝐢𝐦 by using the graph of the given function. Consider the graph of 𝒈(𝒕) =
𝒕→𝟎 𝒕
𝟏−𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒕 𝟏−𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒕
found in Figure 2. The graph validates our observation in Example 2 that 𝐥𝐢𝐦 = 𝟎.
𝒕 𝒕→𝟎 𝒕

Figure 2
• Note that the two special functions involve trigonometric functions, the values of t
are in radian measure. Hence, your scientific calculator or sci-cal apps must be in
radian mode.

• If we use direct substitution method in finding the limit of Example 1 and 2, we will
𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟎 𝟏−𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟎
have a zero denominator (𝒇(𝟎) = and 𝒈(𝟎) = ). Hence, it is advisable to use
𝟎 𝟎
tabular and graphical method in finding the limits of the two given functions.

Tip: You can use mobile friendly graphing apps to check the graphs of different transcendental
functions. Such graphing apps are Geogebra, Desmos, MathLab, Algeo, MathAlly and many more.
 𝒆𝒕 −𝟏
Example 3. Evaluate 𝐥𝐢𝐦 .
𝒕→𝟎 𝒕
𝒆𝒕 −𝟏
We will construct the table of values for 𝒉(𝒕) = 𝒕 .
We start by approaching the number 0 from the left or through the values less than but close to 0.

𝑡 ℎ(𝑡) The table from the left shows that as 𝒕 approaches 𝟎, f(t)
−1 0.6321205588 approaches 1.
−.5 0.7869386806 𝒆𝒕 −𝟏
−.3 0.8639392644 Intuitively, based on the result from the left table, 𝐥𝐢𝐦− = 𝟏.
𝒕→𝟎 𝒕
−.01 0.9950166251
−.001 0.9995001666
−.0001 0.9999500016

Now we consider approaching 0 from its right or through values greater than but close to 0.

The table from the right shows that as 𝒕 approaches 𝟎, f(t) 𝑡 h(t)
approaches 1. 1 1.718281828
0.5 1.297442541
𝒆𝒕 −𝟏 0.3 1.051709181
Intuitively, based on the result from the right table, 𝐥𝐢𝐦+ = 𝟏. 0.01 1.005016708
𝒕→𝟎 𝒕
0.001 1.000500167
0.0001 1.000050002

𝒆𝒕 −𝟏 𝒆𝒕 −𝟏 𝒆𝒕 −𝟏
Since 𝐥𝐢𝐦− = 𝟏 and 𝐥𝐢𝐦+ = 𝟏, we can conclude that 𝐥𝐢𝐦 = 𝟏.
𝒕→𝟎 𝒕 𝒕→𝟎 𝒕 𝒕→𝟎 𝒕

𝒆𝒕 −𝟏
We can also find 𝐥𝐢𝐦 by using the graph of the given function. Consider the graph of 𝒉(𝒕) =
𝒕→𝟎 𝒕
𝒆𝒕 −𝟏 𝒆𝒕 −𝟏
found in Figure 3. The graph validates our observation in Example 3 that 𝐥𝐢𝐦 = 𝟏.
𝒕 𝒕→𝟎 𝒕

Figure 3

• Same with Example 1 and 2, if we use the direct substitution method, we will yield a zero
𝒆𝟎 −𝟏
denominator, 𝒉(𝟎) = . Hence, it is advisable to use tabular and graphical method in
𝟎
finding the limits of the two given functions.
We note here that the three special limits discussed in this section LAS,
𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒕 𝟏−𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒕 𝒆𝒕 −𝟏
𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒕 , 𝐥𝐢𝐦 and 𝐥𝐢𝐦
𝒕→𝟎 𝒕→𝟎 𝒕 𝒕→𝟎 𝒕
𝟎
will result in “ ” upon direct substitution. However, they are not resolved by factoring or rationalization, but
𝟎
by a method which you will learn in college calculus.

Practice Exercises/Activity
Activity 2. Complete the table of values to evaluate the limits.

𝒕
1. 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒕 =__________
𝒕→𝟎

𝑡 𝑓(𝑡) 𝑡 𝑓(𝑡)
−1 1
−.5 0.5
−.3 0.3
−.1 0.01
−.001 0.001
−.0001 0.0001
𝒕 𝒕
𝐥𝐢𝐦− 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒕 =_________ 𝐥𝐢𝐦+ 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒕 =_________
𝒕→𝟎 𝒕→𝟎
_ 𝒕
_
2. 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒆𝒕 −𝟏 =__________
𝑡 ℎ(𝑡) 𝒕→𝟎
−1
−.5 𝑡 ℎ(𝑡)
−.3 1
−.01 0.5
−.001 0.3
−.0001 0.01
0.001
0.0001

𝒕 𝒕
𝐥𝐢𝐦− 𝒆𝒕 −𝟏 =__________ 𝐥𝐢𝐦+ 𝒆𝒕 −𝟏 =__________
𝒕→𝟎 𝒕→𝟎

Engage

Setting limits will help you to achieve your goals. You should definitely dream big and
examine any subconscious limits that may be holding you back. However, an important step in
achieving your goals and turning your dreams into reality is to set carefully chosen limits.

After all, limits help to define, give shape, and add substance to your dreams. As a senior
high school student, what will be your limits to improve your quality of life?
 Apply

Solve the given item below. Write your answer on your problem set notebook.

tan 𝑥
Evaluate the limit of the function 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = as x approaches 0.
𝑥

Note that x must be in radian measure. Use tabular and graphical methods to solve
the given function.

Assessment

Direction: Evaluate the following limits by constructing the table of values.

𝟏−𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝟑𝒕)
1. 𝐥𝐢𝐦 = _________
𝒕→𝟎 𝟑𝒕

𝑡 𝑓(𝑡) 𝑡 𝑓(𝑡)

𝟏 − 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝟑𝒕)
𝐥𝐢𝐦− = _________ 𝟏 − 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝟑𝒕)
𝒕→𝟎 𝟑𝒕 𝐥𝐢𝐦+ = _________
𝒕→𝟎 𝟑𝒕
𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝟐𝒕)
2. 𝐥𝐢𝐦 = __________
𝒕→𝟎 𝟐𝒕
𝑡 𝑔(𝑡) 𝑡 𝑔(𝑡)

𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝟐𝒕) 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝟐𝒕)
𝐥𝐢𝐦− = __________ 𝐥𝐢𝐦+ = __________
𝒕→𝟎 𝟐𝒕 𝒕→𝟎 𝟐𝒕