Trigonometric identities and equations, Mixed exercise 10

1 a 237° is in the third quadrant, so cos 237° 2 a cos 270 = 0

is –ve.
The angle made with the horizontal is 57. b sin 225 = sin (180 + 45) 
So cos 237 = − cos57 = − sin 45
2
=−
2

c cos180 = −1 (see graph of y = cos )

d tan 240 = tan (180 + 60) 

= + tan 60 ( third quadrant )
So tan 240 = + 3

b 312° is in the fourth quadrant so sin 312° e tan135 = − tan 45 ( second quadrant )
is –ve. So tan135 = −1
The angle to the horizontal is 48.
So sin 312 = − sin 48 3 Using sin 2 A + cos2 A  1
2
 7 
sin A +  −
2
 = 1
 11 
7
sin 2 A = 1 −
11
4
=
11
2
sin A = 
11
But A is in the second quadrant ( obtuse ) ,
so sin A is + ve.
c 190° is in the third quadrant so tan 190° is 2
+ve. So sin A = +
11
The angle to the horizontal is 10.
sin A
So tan190 = + tan10 Using tan A =
cos A
2 
 
tan A =  
11
− 7
11
2 11
=− 
11 7
2
=−
7
2 7
=−
7
( rationalising the denominator )

© Pearson Education Ltd 2017. Copying permitted for purchasing institution only. This material is not copyright free. 1
4 Draw a right-angled triangle with an angle 5 b (use sin 2 3 + cos 2 3  1)
of  , where  = +
21
. sin 2 3 − sin 2 3 cos2 3 = sin 2 3 ( sin 2 3 )
2
= sin 4 3

c cos 4  + 2sin 2  cos 2  + sin 4 

= ( cos 2  + sin 2  )
2

= 1 (since sin 2  + cos 2   1)

Use Pythagoras’ theorem to find the 6 a 2 ( sin x + 2cos x ) = sin x + 5cos x

hypotenuse.  2sin x + 4 cos x = sin x + 5cos x
( )
2
x 2 = 22 + 21  2sin x − sin x = 5cos x − 4 cos x
= 4 + 21  sin x = cos x
= 25 (divide both sides by cos x)
So x = 5 So tan x = 1

21 b sin x cos y + 3cos x sin y

a sin  = = 2sin x sin y − 4 cos x cos y
5
As B is reflex and tan B is +ve, B is in the sin x cos y 3cos x sin y
 +
third quadrant. cos x cos y cos x cos y
So sin B = − sin  2sin x sin y 4 cos x cos y
= −
21 cos x cos y cos x cos y
=−
5  tan x + 3 tan y = 2 tan x tan y − 4
 2 tan x tan y − 3 tan y = 4 + tan x
2
b From the diagram cos  = .  tan y ( 2 tan x − 3) = 4 + tan x
5
B is in the third quadrant. So 4 + tan x
cos B = − cos  So tan y =
2 tan x − 3
2
=−
5 7 a LHS = (1 + 2sin  + sin 2  ) + cos 2 
= 1 + 2sin  + 1 since sin 2  + cos 2   1
5 a Factorise cos 4  − sin 4  .
(This is the difference of two squares. = 2 + 2sin 
cos 4  − sin 4  = 2 (1 + sin  )
= ( cos 2  + sin 2  )( cos 2  − sin 2  ) = RHS

= (1) ( cos 2  − sin 2  ) b LHS = cos 4  + sin 2 

( as cos  + sin   1) = ( cos 2  ) + sin 2 
2
2 2

So cos 4  − sin 4  = cos 2  − sin 2  = (1 − sin 2  ) + sin 2 

2

b Factorise sin 2 3 − sin 2 3 cos 2 3 . = 1 − 2sin 2  + sin 4  + sin 2 

sin 2 3 − sin 2 3 cos 2 3 = (1 − sin 2  ) + sin 4 
= sin 2 3 (1 − cos 2 3 ) = cos 2  + sin 4 
(using sin 2  + cos 2   1)
= RHS
© Pearson Education Ltd 2017. Copying permitted for purchasing institution only. This material is not copyright free. 2
8 a sin  =
3
has no solutions as 10 a As sin ( 90 −  )   cos  ,
2 sin ( 90 − 3 )   cos3 
−1  sin   1.
So 4cos3  − sin ( 90 − 3 ) 
b sin  = − cos = 4cos3  − cos3
 tan  = −1 = 3cos3 
Look at the graph of y = tan  in the
interval 0    360 . There are two b Using a, 4cos3  − sin (90 − 3 )  = 2
solutions.
is equivalent to 3cos 3  = 2
c The minimum value of 2sin  is –2. 2
so cos 3  =
The minimum value of 3 cos is − 3. 3
Each minimum value is for a different  . Let X = 3 and solve cos X  =
2
So the minimum value of 3
in the interval 0  X  1080.
2sin + 3cos  is always greater than − 5.
The calculator solution is X = 48.19
There are no solutions of
As cos X  is + ve, X is in the
2sin  + 3cos  + 6 = 0
first and fourth quadrants.
as the LHS can never be zero.

1
d Solving tan  + = 0 is equivalent to
tan 
solving tan 2  = −1 , which has no
solutions.
So there are no solutions.

9 a 4 xy − y 2 + 4 x − y  y ( 4 x − y ) + ( 4x − y )
= ( 4 x − y )( y + 1)

b Using a with x = sin  , y = cos  Read off all solutions in the interval
4sin  cos  − cos  2
0  X  1080 .
+ 4sin  − cos  = 0 X = 48.19,311.81, 408.19, 671.81,
So 768.19,1031.81
( 4sin  − cos )( cos + 1) = 0 X
So  = = 16.1,104,136, 224, 256,
So 4sin  − cos  = 0 or 3
cos  + 1 = 0 344 ( 3 s.f.)
4sin  − cos  = 0
11 a 2sin 2 = cos 2
1
 tan  = 2sin 2
4  =1
cos 2
The calculator solution is  = 14.0 .
tan  is +ve so  is in the first and third sin 2
 2 tan 2 = 1 since tan 2 =
quadrants. cos 2
So  = 14.0, 194 So tan 2 = 0.5
cos  + 1 = 0  cos  = −1
b Solve tan 2  = 0.5 in the interval
So  = +180 ( from graph ) 0    360 or tan X  = 0.5 where
Solutions are  = 14.0,180,194 X = 2 , 0  X  720 .

© Pearson Education Ltd 2017. Copying permitted for purchasing institution only. This material is not copyright free. 3
11 b The calculator solution for tan −1 0.5 is 12 b sin 2  = 0.7 in the interval 0    360 .
26.57°. Solve sin X° = 0.7, where
As tan X is +ve, X is in the first and third X = 2 , 0  X  720.
quadrants. The calculator solution is 44.4°.
As sin X is +ve, X is in the first and second
quadrants.

Read off solutions for X in the interval

0  X  720 . Read off solutions in the interval 0  X  720.
X = 26.57, 206.57, 386.57, 566.57 X = 44.4, 135.6, 404.4, 495.6
= 2 = 2
X X
So  = So  =
2 2
= 13.3,103.3,193.3, 283.3 (1 d.p.) = 22.2, 67.8, 202.2, 247.8 (1 d.p.)

12 a cos ( + 75)  = 0.5 13 Multiply both sides of the equation by

Solve cos X  = 0.5 , where X =  + 75, (1 − cos 2x ) , provided cos 2x  1.
75  X  435 . Note: In the interval given, cos 2x is never
Your calculator solution for X = 60˚. equal to 1.
As cos X is +ve, X is in the first and fourth So cos 2 x + 0.5 = 2 − 2 cos 2 x
quadrants. 3
 3cos 2 x =
2
1
So cos 2 x =
2
1
Solve cos X = where X = 2 x,
2
0  X  540.
The calculator solution is 60.
As cos X is + ve, X is in the
Read off all solutions in the interval first and fourth quadrants.
75  X  435 .
X = 300, 420
 + 75 = 300, 420
So  = 225, 345

© Pearson Education Ltd 2017. Copying permitted for purchasing institution only. This material is not copyright free. 4
13 Read off solutions for X in the interval 15 b X = 30°, 150°, 390°, 510°, 750°, 870°,
0  X  540 . −210°, −330°, −570°, −690°, −930°,
X = 60, 300, 420 −1050°
X i.e. 3x = −1050°, −930°, −690°, −570°,
So x = −330°, −210°, 30°, 150°, 390°, 510°,
2
750°, 870°
= 30, 150, 210 So x = −350°, −310°, −230°, −190°,
−110°, −70°, 10°, 50°, 130°, 170°, 250°,
14 Using sin 2  + cos2   1 290°
2 cos 2  − cos  − 1 = 1 − cos 2 
16 a
 3cos 2  − cos  − 2 = 0
 ( 3cos  + 2 )( cos  − 1) = 0
So 3cos  + 2 = 0 or cos  − 1 = 0
2
For 3cos  + 2 = 0, cos  = −
3
The calculator solution is 131.8.
As cos  is − ve,  is in the second a
and third quadrants. b The graphs intersect at two places so there
are two solutions to the equation in the
given range.

c 3sin x = 2 cos x
sin x 2
=
cos x 3
2
tan x =
3
x = 33.7°, 213.7°

 = 131.8, 228.2 17 a Using the cosine rule

For cos  = 1,  = 0 a 2 + c2 − b2
cos B =
(See graph and check the given interval.) 2ac
6 + 112 − 7 2
2
So solutions are cos B =
2  6 11
 = 0, 131.8, 228.2,360 36 + 121 − 49
cos B =
132
15 a The student found additional solutions
9
after dividing by three rather than before. cos B =
The students has not applied the full 11
interval for the solutions.
b Using Pythagoras’ theorem
b Let X = 3x 112 − 92 = 40
1
sin X =
2

As X = 3x, then as −360° ≤ x ≤ 360°

So 3 × −360° ≤ X ≤ 3 × 360°
So the interval for X is
−1080° ≤ X ≤ 1080° sin B =
40 2 10
=
11 11

© Pearson Education Ltd 2017. Copying permitted for purchasing institution only. This material is not copyright free. 5
18 a Using the sine rule 21 a Solving equation where X = 2x + k
sin Q sin P
= 3 + 3 = 3 + 2sin( X )
q p
3 = 2sin( X )
sin Q sin 45
=  3
6 5 X = sin −1  
6  2   2 
sin Q = 
2 X = 60 or 180 − 60 = 120
5 k = 60 − 30 or 120 − 30
3 2
sin Q = k = 30 or 90
5
b Solving equation where X = 2x + 30
b Using Pythagoras’ theorem or identity and 30 ≤ X ≤ 750
cos 2 x + sin 2 x = 1 1 = 3 + 2sin( X )
cos Q =
7
for the acute angle
−2 = 2sin( X )
5 X = sin −1 ( −1)
As Q is obtuse, it is in the second quadrant
where cos Q is negative. X = 270 or 270 + 360 = 630
7 X − 30
So cos Q = − x=
5 2
x = 120 or 300
19 a 3sin2 x − cos2 x = 2 can be written as
3sin2 x − (1 − sin2 x) = 2 Challenge
which reduces to
4sin2 x = 3 tan4 x − 3 tan2 x + 2 = 0
(tan2 x − 2)(tan2 x − 1) = 0
b 4sin2 x = 3 tan2 x = 2 or tan2 x = 1
3 tan x = ±1 or  2
sin2 x =
4 x = 45°, 225°, −45°, 135°, 315°, 54.7°, 234.7°,
3 −54.7°, 125.3°, 305.3°
sin x =  So the solutions are
2 x = 45°, 54.7°, 125.3°, 135°, 225°, 234.7°,
x = 60°, 120°, −60°, −120°
305.3°, 315°
So the solutions are
x = −120.0°, −60.0°, 60.0°, 120.0°

20 3cos2 x + 1 = 4sin x can be written as

3(1 − sin2 x) + 1 = 4sin x
which can be reduced to
3sin2 x + 4sin x − 4 = 0
(3sin x − 2)(sin x + 2) = 0
2
sin x = or sin x = −2
3
sin x = −2 has no solutions.
So x = 41.8°, 138.2°, −221.8°, −318.2°
So the solutions are
x = −318.2°, −221.8°, 41.8°, 138.2°

© Pearson Education Ltd 2017. Copying permitted for purchasing institution only. This material is not copyright free. 6