Trigonometric identities and equations, Mixed exercise 10

1 a 237° is in the third quadrant, so cos 237° 2 a cos 270 = 0

is –ve.
The angle made with the horizontal is 57. b sin 225 = sin (180 + 45 ) 
So cos 237 = − cos 57 = − sin 45
2
=−
2

c cos180 = −1 (see graph of y = cos  )

d tan 240 = tan (180 + 60 ) 

= + tan 60 ( third quadrant )
So tan 240 = + 3

b 312° is in the fourth quadrant so sin 312° e tan135 = − tan 45 ( second quadrant )
is –ve.
The angle to the horizontal is 48.
So tan135 = −1
So sin 312 = − sin 48
3 Using sin A + cos A  1
2 2

2
 7 
sin A +  −
2
 = 1
 11 
7
sin 2 A = 1 −
11
4
=
11
2
sin A = 
11
But A is in the second quadrant ( obtuse ) ,
c 190° is in the third quadrant so tan 190° is so sin A is + ve.
+ve. 2
The angle to the horizontal is 10. So sin A = +
11
So tan190 = + tan10 sin A
Using tan A =
cos A
2 
 
tan A =  11 
− 7
11
2 11
=− 
11 7
2
=−
7
2 7
=−
7
( rationalising the denominator )
© Pearson Education Ltd 2017. Copying permitted for purchasing institution only. This material is not copyright free. 1
4 Draw a right-angled triangle with an angle 5 b (use sin 3 + cos 3  1)
2 2

21
of  , where  = + .
2 sin 2 3 − sin 2 3 cos 2 3 = sin 2 3 ( sin 2 3 )
= sin 4 3

c cos4  + 2sin 2  cos 2  + sin 4 

= ( cos 2  + sin 2  )
2

= 1 (since sin 2  + cos 2   1)

Use Pythagoras’ theorem to find the
hypotenuse. 6 a 2 ( sin x + 2cos x ) = sin x + 5cos x
( )
2
x =2 +
2 2
21  2sin x + 4 cos x = sin x + 5cos x
= 4 + 21  2sin x − sin x = 5cos x − 4 cos x
= 25  sin x = cos x
So x = 5 (divide both sides by cos x)
So tan x = 1
21
a sin  =
5 b sin x cos y + 3cos x sin y
As B is reflex and tan B is +ve, B is in the = 2sin x sin y − 4 cos x cos y
third quadrant. sin x cos y 3cos x sin y
So sin B = − sin   +
cos x cos y cos x cos y
21 2sin x sin y 4 cos x cos y
=− = −
5 cos x cos y cos x cos y
 tan x + 3 tan y = 2 tan x tan y − 4
2
b From the diagram cos  = .  2 tan x tan y − 3 tan y = 4 + tan x
5
B is in the third quadrant. So  tan y ( 2 tan x − 3) = 4 + tan x
cos B = − cos  4 + tan x
So tan y =
2 2 tan x − 3
=−
5
7 a LHS = (1 + 2sin  + sin 2  ) + cos 2 
5 a Factorise cos  − sin  . 4 4
= 1 + 2sin  + 1 since sin 2  + cos 2   1
(This is the difference of two squares.
cos 4  − sin 4  = 2 + 2sin 
= 2 (1 + sin  )
= ( cos 2  + sin 2  )( cos 2  − sin 2  )
= RHS
= (1) ( cos 2  − sin 2  )

( as cos 2
 + sin 2   1) b LHS = cos 4  + sin 2 

So cos 4  − sin 4  = cos 2  − sin 2 

b Factorise sin 2 3 − sin 2 3 cos 2 3 .

sin 2 3 − sin 2 3 cos 2 3
= sin 2 3 (1 − cos 2 3 )

© Pearson Education Ltd 2017. Copying permitted for purchasing institution only. This material is not copyright free. 2
 So 4sin  − cos  = 0 or
= ( cos 2  ) + sin 2 
2

cos  + 1 = 0
= (1 − sin  ) + sin 
2 2 2
4sin  − cos  = 0
= 1 − 2sin  + sin  + sin 
2 4 2
 tan  =
1
= (1 − sin 2  ) + sin 4 
4
The calculator solution is  = 14.0 .
= cos 2  + sin 4  tan  is +ve so  is in the first and third
(using sin 2  + cos 2   1) quadrants.
So  = 14.0, 194
= RHS
3 cos  + 1 = 0  cos  = −1
8 a sin  = has no solutions as
2 So  = +180 ( from graph )
−1  sin   1. Solutions are  = 14.0,180,194

b sin  = − cos 
 tan  = −1
Look at the graph of y = tan  in the
interval 0    360 . There are two
solutions.

c The minimum value of 2sin  is –2.

The minimum value of 3 cos is − 3.
Each minimum value is for a different  .
So the minimum value of
2sin + 3cos  is always greater than − 5.
There are no solutions of
2sin  + 3cos  + 6 = 0
as the LHS can never be zero.

1
d Solving tan  + = 0 is equivalent to
tan 
solving tan 2  = −1 , which has no
solutions.
So there are no solutions.

9 a 4 xy − y 2 + 4 x − y  y ( 4 x − y ) + ( 4 x − y )
= ( 4 x − y )( y + 1)

b Using a with x = sin  , y = cos 

4sin  cos  − cos 2 
+ 4sin  − cos  = 0
So
( 4sin  − cos )( cos + 1) = 0

© Pearson Education Ltd 2017. Copying permitted for purchasing institution only. This material is not copyright free. 3
10 a As sin ( 90 −  )   cos  , 11 b The calculator solution for tan −1 0.5 is
26.57°.
sin ( 90 − 3 )   cos3 
As tan X is +ve, X is in the first and third
So 4cos3  − sin ( 90 − 3 )  quadrants.
= 4 cos 3  − cos 3
= 3cos 3 

b Using a, 4cos3  − sin ( 90 − 3 )  = 2

is equivalent to 3cos 3  = 2
2
so cos 3  =
3
2
Let X = 3 and solve cos X  =
3
in the interval 0  X  1080.
The calculator solution is X = 48.19 Read off solutions for X in the interval
As cos X  is + ve, X is in the 0  X  720 .
X = 26.57, 206.57, 386.57, 566.57
first and fourth quadrants.
= 2
X
So  =
2
= 13.3,103.3,193.3, 283.3 (1 d.p.)

12 a cos ( + 75)  = 0.5

Solve cos X  = 0.5 , where X =  + 75,
75  X  435 .
Your calculator solution for X = 60˚.
As cos X is +ve, X is in the first and fourth
quadrants.
Read off all solutions in the interval
0  X  1080 .
X = 48.19,311.81, 408.19, 671.81,
768.19,1031.81
X
So  = = 16.1,104,136, 224, 256,
3
344 ( 3 s.f.)

11 a 2sin 2 = cos 2
2sin 2 Read off all solutions in the interval
 =1 75  X  435 .
cos 2
X = 300, 420
sin 2
 2 tan 2 = 1 since tan 2 =  + 75 = 300, 420
cos 2
So tan 2 = 0.5 So  = 225, 345

b Solve tan 2  = 0.5 in the interval

0    360 or tan X  = 0.5 where
X = 2 , 0  X  720 .

© Pearson Education Ltd 2017. Copying permitted for purchasing institution only. This material is not copyright free. 4
12 b sin 2  = 0.7 in the interval 0    360 . 13 Read off solutions for X in the interval
Solve sin X° = 0.7, where 0  X  540 .
X = 2 , 0  X  720. X = 60, 300, 420
The calculator solution is 44.4°. X
So x =
As sin X is +ve, X is in the first and second 2
quadrants. = 30, 150, 210

14 Using sin 2  + cos 2   1

2 cos 2  − cos  − 1 = 1 − cos 2 
 3cos 2  − cos  − 2 = 0
 ( 3cos  + 2 )( cos  − 1) = 0
So 3cos  + 2 = 0 or cos  − 1 = 0
2
For 3cos  + 2 = 0, cos  = −
3
Read off solutions in the interval 0  X  720. The calculator solution is 131.8.
X = 44.4, 135.6, 404.4, 495.6
As cos  is − ve,  is in the second a
= 2
and third quadrants.
X
So  =
2
= 22.2, 67.8, 202.2, 247.8 (1 d.p.)

13 Multiply both sides of the equation by

(1 − cos 2x ) , provided cos 2x  1.
Note: In the interval given, cos 2x is never
equal to 1.
So cos 2 x + 0.5 = 2 − 2 cos 2 x
3
 3cos 2 x = So solutions are
2
1  = 131.8, 228.2
So cos 2 x =
2
1 15 a The student found additional solutions
Solve cos X = where X = 2 x, after dividing by three rather than before.
2
The students has not applied the full
0  X  540.
interval for the solutions.
The calculator solution is 60.
As cos X is + ve, X is in the b Let X = 3x
first and fourth quadrants. 1
sin X =
2

As X = 3x, then as −360° ≤ x ≤ 360°

So 3 × −360° ≤ X ≤ 3 × 360°
So the interval for X is
−1080° ≤ X ≤ 1080°
15 b X = 30°, 150°, 390°, 510°, 750°, 870°,
−210°, −330°, −570°, −690°, −930°,
−1050°

© Pearson Education Ltd 2017. Copying permitted for purchasing institution only. This material is not copyright free. 5
 i.e. 3x = −1050°, −930°, −690°, −570°, 18 a Using the sine rule
−330°, −210°, 30°, 150°, 390°, 510°, sin Q sin P
=
750°, 870° q p
So x = −350°, −310°, −230°, −190°, sin Q sin 45
−110°, −70°, 10°, 50°, 130°, 170°, 250°, =
6 5
290°
6  2 
2
16 a sin Q = 
5
3 2
sin Q =
5

b Using Pythagoras’ theorem or identity

cos 2 x + sin 2 x = 1
7
cos Q = for the acute angle
5
b The graphs intersect at two places so there As Q is obtuse, it is in the second quadrant
are two solutions to the equation in the where cos Q is negative.
given range.
7
So cos Q = −
c 3sin x = 2 cos x 5
sin x 2
= 19 a 3sin2 x − cos2 x = 2 can be written as
cos x 3
2 3sin2 x − (1 − sin2 x) = 2
tan x = which reduces to
3 4sin2 x = 3
x = 33.7°, 213.7°
b 4sin2 x = 3
17 a Using the cosine rule 3
a 2 + c2 − b2 sin2 x =
cos B = 4
2ac
6 + 112 − 7 2
3
sin x = 
2
cos B = 2
2  6 11
36 + 121 − 49 x = 60°, 120°, −60°, −120°
cos B = So the solutions are
132
x = −120.0°, −60.0°, 60.0°, 120.0°
9
cos B =
11 20 3cos2 x + 1 = 4sin x can be written as
3(1 − sin2 x) + 1 = 4sin x
b Using Pythagoras’ theorem which can be reduced to
112 − 92 = 40 3sin2 x + 4sin x − 4 = 0
(3sin x − 2)(sin x + 2) = 0
2
sin x = or sin x = −2
3
sin x = −2 has no solutions.
So x = 41.8°, 138.2°, −221.8°, −318.2°
So the solutions are
40 2 10 x = −318.2°, −221.8°, 41.8°, 138.2°
sin B = =
11 11

© Pearson Education Ltd 2017. Copying permitted for purchasing institution only. This material is not copyright free. 6
21 a Solving equation where X = 2x + k
3 + 3 = 3 + 2sin( X )
3 = 2sin( X )
 3
X = sin −1  
 2 
X = 60 or 180 − 60 = 120
k = 60 − 30 or 120 − 30
k = 30 or 90

b Solving equation where X = 2x + 30

and 30 ≤ X ≤ 750
1 = 3 + 2sin( X )
−2 = 2sin( X )
X = sin −1 ( −1)
X = 270 or 270 + 360 = 630
X − 30
x=
2
x = 120 or 300

Challenge

tan4 x − 3 tan2 x + 2 = 0
(tan2 x − 2)(tan2 x − 1) = 0
tan2 x = 2 or tan2 x = 1
tan x = ±1 or  2
x = 45°, 225°, −45°, 135°, 315°, 54.7°, 234.7°,
−54.7°, 125.3°, 305.3°
So the solutions are
x = 45°, 54.7°, 125.3°, 135°, 225°, 234.7°,
305.3°, 315°

© Pearson Education Ltd 2017. Copying permitted for purchasing institution only. This material is not copyright free. 7