deck is a flat surface capable of supporting weight, similar to a floor, but typically

constructed outdoors, often elevated from the ground, and usually connected to a
building. The term is a generalization of decks as found on ships.
A fire escape is a special kind of emergency exit, usually mounted to the outside of
a building or occasionally inside but separate from the main areas of the building. It
provides a method of escape in the event of a fire or other emergency that makes
the stairwells inside a building inaccessible. Fire escapes are most often found on
multiple-story residential buildings, such as apartment buildings. At one time, they were
a very important aspect of fire safety for all new construction in urban areas; more
recently, however, they have fallen out of common use.
A fire escape consists of a number of horizontal platforms, one at each story of a
building, with ladders or stairs connecting them. The platform and stairs are usually
open steel gratings, to prevent the buildup of ice, snow, and leaves. Railings are usually
provided on each of the levels, but as fire escapes are designed for emergency use
only, these railings often do not need to meet the same standards as railings in other
contexts. The ladder from the lowest level of the fire escape to the ground may be fixed,
but more commonly it swings down on a hinge or slides down along a track. The
moveable designs allow occupants to safely reach the ground in the event of a fire but
prevent persons from accessing the fire escape from the ground at other times (such as
to perpetrate a burglary or vandalism).
Exit from the interior of a building to the fire escape may be provided by a fire exit door,
but in some cases the only exit is through window. When there is a door, it is often fitted
with a fire alarm to prevent other uses of the fire escape, and to prevent unauthorized
entry. As many fire escapes were built before the advent of electronic fire alarms, fire
escapes in older buildings have often needed to be retrofitted with alarms for this
purpose.
An alternate form of rapid-exit fire escape developed in the early 1900s was a long
canvas tube suspended below a large funnel outside the window of a tall building. A
person escaping the fire would slide down the interior of the tube, and could control the
speed of descent by pushing outward on the tube walls with their arms and legs. This
escape tube could be rapidly deployed from a window and hung down to street level,
though it was large and bulky to store inside the building.
[1]

A modern type of evacuation slide is the vertical spiral escape chute, which is a
common means of evacuation for buildings and other structures.
Since the values stored by digital machines were not bound to physical properties like analog
devices, a logical computer, based on digital equipment, was able to do anything that could be
described "purely mechanical." The theoretical Turing Machine, created by Alan Turing, is a
hypothetical device theorized in order to study the properties of such hardware
The history of computer science began long before the modern discipline of computer
science that emerged in the 20th century, and hinted at in the centuries prior.
[dubious discuss][citation
needed]
The progression, from mechanical inventions and mathematicaltheories towards the modern
concepts and machines, formed a major academic field and the basis of a massive worldwide
industry.
Early history
The earliest known as tool for use in computation was the abacus, developed in period 27002300
BCE in Sumer .
[citation needed]
The Sumerians' abacus consisted of a table of successive columns which
delimited the successive orders of magnitude of their sexagesimal number system.
[2]
Its original style
of usage was by lines drawn in sand with pebbles .
[citation needed]
Abaci of a more modern design are
still used as calculation tools today.
[3]

The Antikythera mechanism is believed to be the earliest known mechanical analog computer.
[4]
It
was designed to calculate astronomical positions. It was discovered in 1901 in the Antikythera wreck
off the Greek island of Antikythera, between Kythera and Crete, and has been dated to c. 100 BCE.
Technological artifacts of similar complexity did not reappear until the 14th century, when
mechanical astronomical clocks appeared in Europe.
[5]

Mechanical analog computing devices appeared a thousand years later in the medieval Islamic
world. Examples of devices from this period include the equatorium by Arzachel,
[6]
the mechanical
geared astrolabe by Ab Rayhn al-Brn,
[7]
and the torquetum by Jabir ibn Aflah.
[8]
Muslim
engineers built a number of automata, including some musical automata that could be 'programmed'
to play different musical patterns. These devices were developed by the Ban
Ms brothers
[9]
and Al-Jazari
[10]
Muslim mathematicians also made important advances
in cryptography, such as the development of cryptanalysis and frequency analysis by Alkindus.
[11]

When John Napier discovered logarithms for computational purposes in the early 17th century,
[citation
needed]
there followed a period of considerable progress by inventors and scientists in making
calculating tools. In 1623 Wilhelm Schickard designed a calculating machine, but abandoned the
project, when the prototype he had started building was destroyed by a fire in 1624 .
[citation
needed]
Around 1640, Blaise Pascal, a leading French mathematician, constructed the first mechanical
adding device
[12]
based on a design described by Greek mathematician Hero of Alexandria.
[13]
Then
in 1672 Gottfried Wilhelm Leibnitz invented the Stepped Reckoner which he completed in 1694.
[14]

In 1837 Charles Babbage first described his Analytical Engine which is accepted as the first design
for a modern computer. The analytical engine had expandable memory, an arithmetic unit, and logic
processing capabilities able to interpret a programming language with loops and conditional
branching. Although never built, the design has been studied extensively and is understood to
be Turing equivalent. The analytical engine would have had a memory capacity of less than 1
kilobyte of memory and a clock speed of less than 10 Hertz .
[citation needed]

Considerable advancement in mathematics and electronics theory was required before the first
modern computers could be designed .
[citation needed]

Binary logic[edit]
In 1703, Gottfried Wilhelm Leibnitz developed logic in a formal, mathematical sense with his writings
on the binary numeral system. In his system, the ones and zeros also
represent true and false values or on and off states. But it took more than a century before George
Boole published his Boolean algebra in 1854 with a complete system that allowed computational
processes to be mathematically modeled .
[citation needed]

By this time, the first mechanical devices driven by a binary pattern had been invented.
The industrial revolution had driven forward the mechanization of many tasks, and this
included weaving. Punched cards controlled Joseph Marie Jacquard's loom in 1801, where a hole
punched in the card indicated a binary one and an unpunched spot indicated a binary zero.
Jacquard's loom was far from being a computer, but it did illustrate that machines could be driven by
binary systems .
[citation needed]

Birth of computeredit
Before the 1920s, computers (sometimes computors) were human clerks that performed
computations. They were usually under the lead of a physicist. Many thousands of computers were
employed in commerce, government, and research establishments. Most of these computers were
women,
[citation needed]
and they were known to have a degree in calculus.
[citation needed]
Some performed
astronomical calculations for calendars, others ballistic tables for the military.
After the 1920s, the expression computing machine referred to any machine that performed the work
of a human computer, especially those in accordance with effective methods of the Church-Turing
thesis. The thesis states that a mathematical method is effective if it could be set out as a list of
instructions able to be followed by a human clerk with paper and pencil, for as long as necessary,
and without ingenuity or insight .
[citation needed]

Machines that computed with continuous values became known as the analog kind. They used
machinery that represented continuous numeric quantities, like the angle of a shaft rotation or
difference in electrical potential .
[citation needed]

Digital machinery, in contrast to analog, were able to render a state of a numeric value and store
each individual digit. Digital machinery used difference engines or relays before the invention of
faster memory devices .
[citation needed]

The phrase computing machine gradually gave away, after the late 1940s, to just computer as the
onset of electronic digital machinery became common. These computers were able to perform the
calculations that were performed by the previous human clerks .
[citation needed]

Dormitory Rules an Regulations
For security purposes, each resident shall be provided with her Identification Card.
Residents are required to log in and log out at the information area. In such a way, visitors may be notified of
the residents' whereabouts.
Visitors shall be entertained only at the receiving area until 8:30 in the evening to maintain residents' privacy.
Male visitors and non-residents are not allowed beyond the receiving area unless permission has been
secured from the dorm supervisor.
Residents are not allowed to wander to dim areas in the University (e.g. chapel, gym, etc.) starting 8:00 P.M.
The main door shall be open from 6:00 a.m. until 10:00 p.m. Residents who wish to leave the dormitory
beyond the inclusive time must seek permission from the supervisor by filling up a Curfew Extension Form.
o Form A.1 - for overnight permission
o Form 1.2 - for curfew extension
Residents who have regular duty outside the campus beyond inclusive time must submit a duty schedule
signed by the respective instructor.
To avoid accidents, storing and possession of hazardous items is strictly prohibited.
Residents must seek permission on any electrical appliance brought inside the dormitory to evaluate
whether such appliances are dangerous or fire hazard.
The dorm supervisor is neither responsible nor liable for loss, theft, or damage to any resident jewelry, high-
priced materials, large amount of money, etc.
Since the dormitory is considered as second home, residents are equally responsible for keeping it clean.
They are also responsible for the care and condition of the room they occupy.
Silence must be observed at all times to maintain a healthy, noise-free environment.
Removal, alteration, or modification of furniture is strictly forbidden. Use of tacks, pins, staples, and other
hardware leave holes in the walls shall be fined.
Pets and animals of any nature are not permitted inside the dormitory.
Television is provided to give residents a chance to unwind during leisure time. However, viewing time shall
be implemented to allow other residents to do school-related activities (e.g. study, review, make
assignments):
o Week Days
11:00 A.M. - 1:00 P.M.
5:00 P.M. - 10:00 P.M.
o Weekends
10:00 A.M. - 10:00 P.M.
However, during examination week, viewing time will be cut off on the following time to allow
students to have an environment conducive for studying:
o Exam Week
11:00 A.M. - 1:00 P.M.
5:00 P.M. - 10:00 P.M.
Telephone shall be used for emergency/inquiry purposes. Excessive use is strictly prohibited so as to
accommodate important and emergency calls.
Hanging of clothes shall be at designated areas only.
Parents shall be provided with monthly report to inform them of residents' status on academic performance,
payment and whereabouts.
Residents are obliged to submit their term grades not later than 2 weeks after the term exams.
Lights off shall be enforced at 11:00 P.M.
The dorm supervisor reserves the right to enter at any time and on any part of the dormitory with due cause
and as the need arises. This shall be done to ensure orderliness inside the residence.
Boarders are bounded by the University policies stated in the Student Handbook. Any violation, therefore,
shall be dealt with accordingly.
Any violation of the dormitory rules and regulations shall be subject to sequential penalties stated below:
o First Offense - Verbal warning
o Second Offense - Written warning to resident
o Third Offense - Written warning to parent
o Final Warning - Eviction Notice
The dorm supervisor can enforce legitimate disciplinary action aside from what has been stated herein.
- See more at: http://www.aq.edu.ph/index.php?p=main&s=stud&taskId=dormrules&i=dorm#sthash.qfQfVeFX.dpufv
Grounds and Building Maintenance is responsible for maintaining the campus inside and out,
including mowing, landscaping, forest management, horticulture services, snow and ice removal,
carpentry, painting, plumbing, electrical work, and locksmith services.
Site Protection is responsible for the implementation and management of critical safety and security
systems: Fire, Campus Video, Keyless Locks and Building Access Control.
Vv
Residence halls at GW have changed dramatically over the last half-century. Today, most
students live in one of many co-ed dorms with as many as six roommates, high-tech
electronics and strict security. Fifty years ago, the story was very different.
From the "Superdorm" to Potomac House
When Daniel Kane, a law and public policy professor, arrived at GW in 1948, he carried
only a few suitcases and had no idea where he was going to live or who he was going
to live with. In this era almost 60 years ago, the only dormitories available were for male
athletes and war veterans.
"When I came in '48, this was a night school," Kane said. "The people who came here
either lived at home or they lived in the area."
Because he had served in WWII, Kane was sent to Draper Hall, a converted military
barracks located on 23 and G Street that housed approximately 120 veterans.
His small two-person room, which he said cost him $12 a month, contained a bunk bed,
desk, chair and running water for each roommate. Despite the sparse furnishings, Kane
maintains that it was an exciting place to live.
"The place was alive; it was like a fraternity house," said Kane, who added that
residents would often sit and talk in the hallway for hours. "Everyone had their own war
stories, and it was great because you got to meet a lot of veterans who had just come
from all over the world."
A decade later, as more students began living on GW's campus, residential life slowly
evolved.
Thomas Curtis lived in Adams Hall, now known as Lafayette Hall, in 1964. Curtis said
the growing student body at the time meant that fraternities dominated the social scene.
"It was still a commuter school, so whatever was going on was mostly directed by the
fraternities," said Curtis, who added that one myth of his time at GW 40 years ago was
that the Interfraternity Council, which oversees male Greek life on campus, annually
chose the student body president.
That same year GW acquired what is now Thurston Hall, formerly known as the Park
Central Apartments. Nicknamed "Superdorm" until it was properly named in 1967, this
all-female dormitory required residents to sign in for the night at 11 p.m. on weekdays
and 12 p.m. on weekends, Curtis said.
It was during this era of residential life at GW that the Vietnam War was in full swing.
This meant dorms were filled not only with residents, but with anti-war activists from
colleges and universities across the nation.
Throughout the '60's and early '70's, the University had trouble enforcing housing
policies that limited the number of students allowed to sleep in a room. In 1969, The
Hatchet reported that University President Lloyd Elliott refused to alter these policies
even though "the influx of antiwar protesters (had) reached flood levels."
Law professor Roger Schecter, who graduated in 1973, said "GW was ground zero" in
1973. "The dorms tended to become crash pads, anybody who knew anybody and
anybody who had a friend would sleep over."
Also a Thurston Hall resident, Schecter recall that students would gather around their
dormitory's only television every night at 6:30 p.m. to watch the evening news.
Since the mid-'70's, GW has acquired and constructed many buildings in the Foggy
Bottom area for student housing. The University built New Hall in 1997, the Dakota in
1999, 1959 E Street in 2002, Ivory Tower in 2004 and Potomac House this fall.
Modern Differences
University President Stephen Joel Trachtenberg said in a phone interview that today's
dormitories are more conducive to student life than those of the past.
"Psychologists ... tell us that we are going to be able to do better if we are in
surroundings that are accommodating," Trachtenberg said. "Now, (GW residence halls)
are the kinds of places that real people can live in; they tend to be more
accommodating. They recognize notions of privacy and are basically more attractive
and less primitive.
"It changes the whole sociology of the institution," said Trachtenberg, who added that
when he arrived in 1988, GW was still known as a commuter school.
Michael Mufson, a 1976 graduate whose daughter is a junior at GW, said he thinks that
modern dormitory life seems less social than in years past.
"We weren't as insular as kids are today," said Mufson, who met his wife of 29 years in
Thurston Hall. "If there was a movie on television, you went downstairs. Everyone didn't
hide in their rooms."
Trachtenberg said there is still room to build and improve residence halls.
The University has a plan to build a new residence hall behind the School Without Walls
on F Street, which is under review by the D.C. Zoning Commission. Administrators are
also discussing remodeling a hall on the Mt. Vernon campus.
"They're still not luxurious for the most part because of cost issues," Trachtenberg said.
"And besides, college (residence halls) are not supposed to be a resort hotel, but
neither are they supposed to be penal colonies."


III.RELATED LITERATURE