894

PRACTICE OF AKCIIITECTUIIE. 15,

III,
2fi4().
Frontwise tlie axes of the ui)|)er
and lower columns must be in the same vertical
plane, but viewed in flank this is not aljsolutely necessary ; they should not, however, deviate
too mucii from it. In the theatre of Marcellus the axes of the upper columns are nearly
a
foot within those of the Doric below tliem
;
but circumstances retjuired this, and there is
no great objection to the practice if the solidity of the structure be not lessened by it.
Ciianibers observes that the retraction should never be greater than at the theatre of
ISIarcellus, where the front of the plinth in the second order is in a line with the top of the
shaft in tiie first. When the columns are detached, they should be placed centrally over
each other, so tliat the axes of the upper and under ones may form one continued line, by
which means solidity is gained as well as a satisfactory result to the eye. As to the false
bearings of the bases of the upper order on the profile, this is a matter neither really aftijct-
ing stability nor the appearance of the design.
2647. In England there are not many examples of orders above orders, while on the
Continent the practice has not been imcommon
;
but it is always a matter of great difficulty
so to arrange them as to avoid irregularities where triglyphs and modillions in the same
design meet in the composition. We have used the figures of Chambers for our illustration
here, because they are nearly coincident witli the rules of Vitruvius and Scamozzi, and we
Khali now place them before the reader, observing that the irregularities alluded to are
almost altogether avoided.
2648. Fig. 915. exhibits the Doric over the Tuscan order. The intervals A, B, and C
are respectively
2|,
A\, and
6^
modules
;
and A', B', and C, 3, 5}^,
and 8 modules of their
order. The entablature of the lower order is
Si
modules, the column, including base
and capital, being 14 modules high
;
and the entablature of the upper order is 4 modules
high, the column with its base and capital being 1 6 modules in height.
2649. The distribution of the Doric and Ionic orders is given in
fig.
916., wherein the
intervals A, B, and C are respectively 3, .5.^,
and 8 modules
; D,
"7
module; and A', B', C,
and D' respectively 4, 7, 10, and
1^
modules. The Doric order in this example is 20
ir.9dules high, whereof i are assigned to the entablature; the Ionic 22 modules high,
whereof 4 l)elong to the entablature.
2650. In
fig.
917. is represented the Corinthian above the Ionic order; the intervals
A, B, C, D are respectively 5, 6, 7, and 1 modules, and those of A', B', C D' respectively
6-4,
7
'6,
8-8, 1-6
modules
;
the lower order is
22i
modules high, 18 being given to the
column with its base and capital ; and the upper or Corinthian order is
24i
modules high,
whereof 20 belong to the height of the column, including its base and capital.
2651. The last
(^fig.
918.) is of the Corinthian order above and Composite below. In
the lower order the intervals A, B, C, D are
4, 6, 7, and 1 modules respectively, and
A', B', C, and D', in the upper order, 6,
7-6, 8-8, and
1-6 modules respectively. The
wliole height of the Corinthian order is 25 modules, whereof 5 are given to the ental)latnre,
the Composite order here is
24J
modules, of which 20 belong to the column, including the
base and capital.
2652. We insert the observations of Chambers relative to the above four figures, which.