Structural Analysis

Structural Analysis 2
Course outline
1. Cable & Arch
2. Influence line
3. Deflection and Slope of Beams
4. Slope Deflection Method
5. Moment Distribution Method
6. Three Moment Method
7. Ken’s Method
8. Stiffness Matrix Method (Trusses)
TimeTable of leering Chapters
Chapter 7-8

Chapter 5-7

Chapter 4-5

chapter1-3

0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5

Months
 Group Chapters
Activity Group A Chapter 1-3
Grouping
The Activity will careful assessed
Group B Chapter 3-7
Group C Chapter 5-7
Activity Grouping
• Quiz
A • Quiz

• Assignment
B • Assignment

• Quiz
C • Project
Structure Analysis
Chapter One
Cable & Arch
LEARNING
OUTCOME
At the end of this chapter, you
should be able to:
▪ Analyses the internal forces in
✓ Cables
✓ Arches
• Understand Cables and Arches
and the applications
Historical
Significance
• Arch structures date back
thousands of years to ancient
civilizations like the Romans,
who built remarkable arch
bridges and aqueducts.
• Cable structures, on the other
hand, are a more recent
development, with notable
examples like the Brooklyn
Bridge emerging in the 19th
century.
Basic Definitions

• Arch: A curved structure that

spans an opening, supporting
loads through compressive forces.
• Cable: A tensegrity structure using
tension elements (cables) to
support loads.
Cables
• The Golden Gate Bridge is an iconic structure that utilizes cables to
carry loads (see Figure right). Such cables are routinely used in bridges
and other types of structures for load transfer. This lecture series
provides an introduction to the analysis of cables
• As shown in the figure Right , the Golden Gate Bridge is a suspension
bridge. Its deck is suspended from a pair of main cables using a series of
vertical hangers. This arrangement allows most of the bridge load to be
transferred to the main cables, which in turn transfer the load to the
towers located at the ends of the bridge. In a scenario like this, given the
close proximity of the hangers, we can assume that the main cables are
subjected to a distributed load. Furthermore, since the weight of each
cable is insignificant compared to the load it must carry, we can neglect
the cable’s own weight when we analyze the system.
The Golden Gate Bridge

• A line drawing illustrating one of the bridge’s main cables is shown in Figure
above
Charles Kuonen pedestrian bridge
• Let’s now consider the pedestrian bridge shown in Figure Below. Note how
the surface of the bridge deck follows the geometric shape of the cable. In
this case, we can conceptualize the entire system as a cable hanging freely
from its ends, carrying its own weight.
 • When deriving the necessary relations
Cables between the force in the cable and its slope,
we will make the assumption that the cable is
perfectly flexible and inextensible. Due to its
flexibility, the cable offers no resistance to
shear or bending and, therefore, the force
acting in the cable is always tangent to the
cable at points along its length. Being
inextensible, the cable has a constant length
both before and after the load is applied. As a
result, once the load is applied, the geometry
of the cable remains fixed, and the cable or a
segment of it can be treated as a rigid body.
Cable Subjected to
Concentrated Load

Example 1
Determine the tension in each segment of
the cable shown in Fig . Also, what is the
dimension h?
 Cable Subjected to Concentrated Load

Example 2
Consider a weightless Cable Spanning a
distance of 10 meters between Two Poles.
Attached to the cable are two traffic
lights. The Traffic lights cause the cable to
settle, forming three straight segments
Each traffic light weighs 400 Newton.
Find the tension in each segment and the
Reaction force?
Cable Subjected to
Uniform Distributed Load
• Before we go further, we should make a distinction between a
weightless cable supporting a linear load and a cable carrying only
its own weight. The two cables we just described differ in their
shapes: when a cable carries a linear load distributed along the
horizontal axis (e.g. the main cables in the Golden Gate Bridge),
its shape can be defined using a parabola.
• On the other hand, when a cable hangs freely under its own
weight (e.g. the Charles Kuonen pedestrian bridge), it takes the
shape of a catenary.
• Let’s examine parabola Consider the cable shown in Figure in next
Slide. It is suspended from its two ends, creating a configuration
resembling that of the GoldenGate Bridge.
Parabolic Cable Subjected to Uniform
Distributed Load

• For this cable, we are assuming that the bridge deck is exerting a
uniformly distributed load of w on the cable along the x-axis.
• If we place the origin of the coordinate system at the lowest point of
the cable, we can draw the free-body diagram of the segment just to
the right of the origin.
Cable Subjected to Uniform Distributed
Load
• This free-body diagram is shown in Figure in
Below
• In the below diagram, T0 is the tension force
in the cable at its lowest point, T is the
tension force at the right end of the
segment, and α denotes the angle that the
cable makes with the horizontal axis at its
right end.
• Angle (α ) increase the as the graph goes
up
Parabolic Cable Subjected to Uniform
Distributed Load
Equations
= =
Cable Subjected to Uniform Distributed
Load

• Example 1
• supports a girder which weighs
12KN/m Determine the tension in the
cable at points A, B, and C.
Chapter One
Part (II)
Arches
Analysis of Statically
Determinate Arch
• Like cables, arches can be used to reduce the bending
moments in long-span structures. Essentially, an arch acts as
an inverted cable, so it receives its load mainly in
compression although, because of its rigidity, it must also
resist some bending and shear depending upon how it is
loaded and shaped. In particular, if the arch has a parabolic
shape and it is subjected to a uniform horizontally
distributed vertical load, then from the analysis of cables it
follows that only compressive forces will be resisted by the
arch. Under these conditions the arch shape is called a
funicular arch because no bending or shear forces occur
within the arch.
 Types of Arch based on Support Condition

a) Depending upon the application, several types of arches can be selected to support a loading. A fixed arch, is
often made from reinforced concrete. Although it may require less material to construct than other types of
arches, it must have solid foundation abutments since it is indeterminate to the third degree
b) A two-hinged arch, is commonly made from metal or timber. It is indeterminate to the first degree,
c) A three-hinged arch, Figure below Number c, which is also made from metal or timber, is statically
determinate. Unlike statically indeterminate arches, it is not affected by settlement or temperature changes
d) if two- and three-hinged arches are to be constructed without the need for larger foundation abutments Also if
clearance is not a problem, then the supports can be connected with a tie rod Called (Tied Arch ) which
showing in Slide 26 , A tied arch in allows the structure to behave as a rigid unit, since the tie rod carries the
horizontal component of thrust at the supports. It is also unaffected by relative settlement of the supports.
Types of Arch based on Support Condition

Figure
Tied Arch
Analysis of statically determinate structures

Three-hinged arches are statically determinate

structures, and they are typically the type of
arches taught and analyzed in structural analysis
courses. Statically determinate structures are
those for which the reactions and internal forces
can be determined using the equations of
equilibrium without resorting to the equations of
compatibility. In the case of a three-hinged arch,
the hinges allow for rotation at the supports,
making it easier to calculate the internal forces
and support reactions. This simplicity in analysis
makes the three-hinged arch an ideal example for
teaching structural analysis principles and
techniques.
Types of Arch based on geometry
• Analysis of arches can be divided according to their structure, which can be broadly
categorized into parabolic and semi-circular arches. These different arch shapes have
distinct formulae and characteristics that affect their structural behavior and load-bearing
capabilities. Understanding these formulae is crucial for designing and assessing arches in
structural engineering.
 Parabolic Arch

Parabolic arches, as the name suggests, have a shape resembling a parabola. The formula for a parabolic arch is based
on the equation of a parabola and is used to determine the optimal curve for the arch. This formula ensures that the arch
distributes loads efficiently and minimizes bending moments .

•=
•=
 Semi-circle Arch

Semi-circular arches, on the other hand, have a half-circle shape. The formula for a semi-circular arch is simpler
and typically relies on the geometry of a half-circle. This arch shape is commonly used in architectural designs,
and its formula is important for calculating the required radius and dimensions of the arch.
2
𝐿
=h(2 𝑅 − h)
4 2 2 ′ 2
𝑅 = 𝑥 ′ +( 𝑅 − 𝑦𝑐 + 𝑦 )
Semi-circle Arch
Structure Analysis
Chapter Two
Influence line
Introduction

• In our previous lessons, we

determine the maximum design
force in a member due to stationary
load.
• For member with moving load
(bridge girder, crane gantry girder),
the maximum design force depends
on location of the load.
 In design of structure supporting moving load,
following questions may arise:
✓ In a simply supported beam (for example),
where to place the load (car) to get maximum
Introduction reaction at point A?
Where to place the car to get maximum moment
at the center of beam?
✓ In a truss, where to place the car to get
maximum axial force in member AB?
 Introduction

Note that
a. For member under stationary load: maximum design forces are easily determined.
b. For member with moving load (bridge girder, crane gantry girder), the maximum design force
depends on location of the load.
c. Determination of the location of the moving load that produces maximum design forces (N, V, M) is
through influence lines.
Using influence line, one could:
 Determine location of load which produce maximum effect on particular response function (N, V, M)
 Determine the maximum value of the function
 What is influence line?

 Is Graph of variation of a particular load effect (reaction, axial force, shear, moment, deflection etc.) at a
specific location as a unit load moves along the structure
 Is a graph that describes the effect of moving load to the Design Parameter of structure.
what is Design parameter?
Support reactions, Shear, Moment, etc.
Examples
Example 1
Construction the influence
line for the vertical
reaction at A of the beam
in the Figure below
Examples
Example 2
Construction the influence
line for the vertical
reaction at B of the beam
in the Figure below
Deflection of Beams
Chapter Three
Methods of Calculated Deflection
• Geometric / Classic method
• Double Integration Method
• Moment Area Method
• Conjugated beam Method
• Energy Method
• Virtual Work
Elastic Beam Theory
• In this Chapter we will develop two important differential
equations that relate the internal moment in a beam to the
displacement and slope of its elastic curve. These equations
form the basis for the deflection methods presented in this
chapter, and for this reason the assumptions and limitations
used in their development should be fully understood.
Elastic Beam Theory
• To derive these relationships, we will limit the analysis to the
most common case of an initially straight beam that is elastically
deformed by loads applied perpendicular to the beam’s X-axis
and lying in the x-y plane of symmetry for the beam's cross-
sectional area,
• Due to the loading, the deformation of the beam is caused by
both the internal shear force and bending moment. If the beam
has a length that is much greater than its depth, the greatest
deformation will be caused by bending, and therefore we will
direct our attention of Deflections caused by Bending.
Recall
• Elasticity
It’s the property of the material to region it’s original shape after the
removal of external force
as per the Hooke’s law : -
“ stress is directly proportional to the strain”
There for “ Elastic material”
 Recall
• Flexural formula ( bending Stress)
Understanding the stresses caused by bending is crucial
because materials fail faster under bending. Take for
example a biscuit, you don't pull it axially to break it, but
instead you bend it to break it. That's because bending
stress is greater than axial stress for the same force
magnitude applied.
Note:
M = is the internal bending moment
at the region of interest (units: Nm).
y = is the perpendicular distance
from the neutral axis (units: m or
mm)

I = is the moment of inertia about

the neutral-axis for the cross-section
(units: m* or mm^4)
Application of the Beam
Beam are
• Are used as structural members in a structure.
• Are transfer load from the superstructure ( slab) to the columns and
to the sub-soil foundation
• are used in bridges for the transportation of light as well as heavy
vehicles.
• are also as a strap beam in strap footing in of the foundations to
connect and transfer loads equally from the columns to avoid
Differential settlement.
Elastic Beam Theory
• The General formula will be
3.1 Double Integration Method
• Once M is expressed as a function of position x, then successive
integrations of first integration will be Slope and second integration
will be deflection For each integration it is necessary to introduce a
"constant of integration" and then solve for the constants to obtain a
unique solution for a particular problem.
Basic principles

• Differential equation is of second order The solution Must Contain 2

Constant of integration.
• They must be evaluated at Known Deflection and Slope Point based on
the boundary Condition.
3.1 Double Integration Method
Student should Know the Derivation of this formulas by using Double
integration Method.
1. Simple supported beam with Distribution load
2. Simple supported beam with point load
3. Cantilever beam with distribution load
4. Cantilever beam with point load at the end
3.2. Moment Area Method
• The initial ideas for the moment-area theorems were developed by
Otto Mohr and later stated formally by Charles E. Greene in 1873.
These theorems provide a semi graphical technique for determining
the slope of the elastic curve and its deflection due to bending.
3.2. Moment Area Method
• Theorem 1
The first moment area theorem is that the change in the slope of a
beam between two points is equal to the area under the curvature
diagram between those two points. Recall that the curvature is just
equal to M/EI,
• Theorem 2
The vertical deviation of a point A on an elastic curve with respect to
the tangent which is extended from another point B equals the
moment of the area under the M/EI diagram between those two
points (A and B).
3.2. Moment Area Method
Student should Know the Derivation of this formulas by using Moment
Area Method.
1. Simple supported beam with Distribution load
2. Simple supported beam with point load
3. Cantilever beam with distribution load
4. Cantilever beam with point load at the end
Problems
PROBLEMS 1
A beam 6 m long, simply supported at its ends, is carrying a point load of 50 KN at its
centre. The moment of inertia of the beam is 78 x 106 mm4. If E for the material of the
beam = 2.1 X105 N/mm2.
calculate deflection at the centre of the beam and slope at the supports?
 GIVEN DATA:
L=6m
W = 50 KN = 50 X 103 N
I = 78 X 106 mm4
E = 2.1 X 105 N/mm2
SOLUTION:
DEFLECTION AT THE CENTRE OF THE BEAM,

Y max=

= 50000 X 60003 / ( 48 X 2.1 X 105 X 78 X 106 )

= 13.736 mm.
SLOPE AT THE SUPPORTS,

ϴA = ϴB = -
= 50000 X 60002 / (16 X 2.1 X 105 X 78 X 106 )
= 0.06868 radians.
Problems
PROBLEMS 2
A beam carries 4 m long simply supported at its ends, carries a point load W at its centre. If
the slope at the ends of the beam is not to exceed 1° , find the deflection at the centre of
the beam. EI =2x106Nm
 GIVEN DATA:
L=4m
Changing degree to Radians will be
ϴA = ϴB = 1° = 1° *. = 0.01745 radians.
SOLUTION:
1. DEFLECTION AT THE CENTRE OF THE BEAM,
ϴA = ϴB = -
0.01745 = -
W= 349N
yc =

= 349*40003/ 48 *20*109
= 23.26 mm
Problems
PROBLEMS 3
A beam 3 m long, simply supported at its ends, is carrying a point load W at the centre. If
the slope at the ends of the beam should not exceed 1° , find the deflection at the centre of
the beam.
 GIVEN DATA:
L = 3 m =3000mm
ϴA = ϴB = 1° = 1 X (π /180) = 0.01745 radians.
SOLUTION:
1.DEFLECTION AT THE CENTRE OF THE BEAM,

ϴA = ϴB = -

W=

W=3.1*10-8 EI
yc =

yc =
= 17.45 mm.
Good Luck