CABLES AND ARCHES

Cables and arches often form the main load-carrying element in many types of structures, and in this chapter
we will discuss some of the important aspects related to their structural analysis. The chapter begins with a
general discussion of cables, followed by an analysis of cables subjected to a concentrated load and to a
uniform distributed load. Since most arches are statically indeterminate, only the special case of a three-
hinged arch will be considered. The analysis of this structure will provide some insight regarding the
fundamental behavior of all arched structures.

CABLES

Cables are often used in engineering structures for support and to transmit loads from one member to
another. When used to support suspension roofs, bridges, and trolley wheels, cables form the main load-
carrying element in the structure. In the force analysis of such systems, the weight of the cable itself may be
neglected; however, when cables are used as guys for radio antennas, electrical transmission lines, and
derricks, the cable weight may become important and must be included in the structural analysis. Two cases
will be considered in the sections that follow: a cable subjected to concentrated loads and a cable subjected to
a distributed load. Provided these loadings are coplanar with the cable, the requirements for equilibrium are
formulated in an identical manner.

When deriving the necessary relations between the force in the cable and its slope, we will make the
assumption that the cable is perfectly flexible and inextensible. Due to its flexibility, the cable offers no
resistance to shear or bending and, therefore, the force acting in the cable is always tangent to the cable at
points along its length. Being inextensible, the cable has a constant length both before and after the load is
applied. As a result, once the load is applied, the geometry of the cable remains fixed, and the cable or a
segment of it can be treated as a rigid body.

CABLES SUBJECTED TO CONCENTRATED LOADS

When a cable of negligible weight supports several concentrated loads, the cable takes the form of several
straight-line segments, each of which is subjected to a constant tensile force. Consider, for example, the cable
shown. Here specifies the angle of the cable’s cord AB, and L is the cable’s span. If the distances and the
loads and are known, then the problem is to determine the nine unknowns consisting of the tension in each of
the three segments, the four components of reaction at A and B, and the sags and at the two points C and D.
For the solution we can write two equations of force equilibrium at
each of points A, B, C, and D. This results in a total of eight
equations. To complete the solution, it will be necessary to know
something about the geometry of the cable in order to obtain the
necessary ninth equation. Another possibility, however, is to specify
one of the sags, either or instead of the cable length. By doing this,
the equilibrium equations are then sufficient for obtaining the
unknown forces and the remaining sag. When performing an
equilibrium analysis for a problem of this type, the forces in the cable
can also be obtained by writing the equations of equilibrium for the
entire cable or any portion thereof.

EXAMPLE:

Determine the tension in each segment of the cable shown. Also, what is the dimension h?