TEACHING AND LEARNING MODULE

SEKOLAH BERASRAMA PENUH

BIOLOGY
MODULE 4

CHEMICAL
COMPOSITION
OF THE CELL
STUDENTS NAME :
FORM :
TEACHERS NAME :

CONCEPTUAL MAP
CHEMICAL
COMPOSITION

CHEMICAL
COMPOUND

ELEMENT

MAJOR
ORGANIC

NON-ORGANIC
TRACE

CARBOHYDRATE

FIBRE

LIPID
WATER
VITAMIN

PROTEIN
GENERAL
CHARACTERISTIC
NAMING
CLASIFIYING
ENZIM

SITES OF PROTEIN
SYNTHESIS

FACTOR AFFECTING
ENZYME
MECHANISM OF
ENZYME ACTION
DEFINITION
USES OF ENZYME IN DAILY
LIFE AND INDUSTRY

MINERAL SALTS

ULTRATRACE

THEME: INVESTIGATE CELL AS A UNIT OF LIFE

CHAPTER 4 : CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF THE CELL
4.1 UNDERSTANDING THE CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF THE CELL
4.1.1 ELEMENT IN THE CELL
(C.K. PB01)

CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF THE CELL

CHEMICAL
COMPOUNDS

ELEME
NT

MAJOR

TRACE

ULTRATRACE

NON ORGANIC

WATER

MINERAL
SALT

Main Element needed by cell to build chemical compound in the cell.

All the element in the form of ions.
Remark: Nucleic acid will be discuss in chapter 5.

ORGANIC

CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF THE CELL

Complete the table below

N
O
1
2

CHEMICAL COMPOUND
CARBOHYDRATE

PROTEIN

LIPID

MAJOR ELEMENT

C,H,O

C,H,O,N,S,P

C,H,O

BASIC UNIT

GLUCOSE, FRUCTOSE,
GALACTOSE

AMINO ACID

FATTY ACID &

GLYCEROL

GROUP OF AMINO ACIDS:

I. ESSENTIAL AMINO ACIDS
2 NON-ESSENTIAL AMINO ACIDS

*GLUCOSE IS ALSO A
MONOMER FOR
CARBOHYDRATE

* AMINO ACIDS IS ALSO A

MONOMER FOR PROTEIN

1. 1 GLYCEROL + 1
FATTY ACID
MONOGLYCERIDE
II. 1 GLYCEROL + 2
FATTY ACIDS
DIGLYCERIDE
III. 1 GLYCEROL + 3
FATTY ACID
TRIGLYCERIDE

TYPES

SOURCE

IMPORTANCE/
FUNCTION

STRUCTURE

CEREAL

MILK

ANIMAL FAT

I GLUCOSE:

PROTEIN STRUCTURE

LIPIDS STRUCTURE

I. PRIMARY

I. MONOGLYCERIDE

II. SECONDARY

II DIGLYCERIDE

II STARCH

III CELLULOSE

III.TERTIARY

IV GLYCOGEN

IV QUARTERNARY

III TRIGLYCERIDE

*TIPS USE 2 DIFFERENT COLOUR

FOR THE QUARTERNER
STRUCTURE

STRUCTURAL
FORMATION
PROCESS

I. GLUCOSAE + GLUCOSE

AMINO ACID + AMINO ACID

MALTOSE + AIR

1 GLYCEROL + 3
AMINO ACIDS

DIPEPTIDE + WATER

PROCESS:

PROCESS:

II

II

PROCESS:

PROCESS:

TRIGLYCERIDE +
3 WATER

III

PROCESS:
IV

PROCESS:

*REMARK:

I.
2

Definition of condensation is a process which involves the removal of a water molecule when
a bond is formed between two molecules.
Experiment refer chapter 7

CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF THE CELL

NO
CHEMICAL COMPOUND
WATER
1

MAIN ELEMENT

SOURCE

IMPORTANCE
/FUNCTION

FIBRE

VITAMIN

MINERAL SALTS

REFER TABLE

REFER TABLE

II

III

* Remark: C.K. KB03&KB04 Experiment to identify the water content in the young leaf and mature leaf.

6
KARBOHIDRAT

THE IMPORTANCE AND CONSEQUENCES OF DEFICENCY OF VITAMIN

VITAMIN

SOURCE

IMPORTANCE

DEFICIENCY

A
B
C
D
E
K

ACTIVITY 1: Conceptual map to help student give a definition of vitamin using all the information given. Fill in all the facts in
the given space and write a definition of vitamin.
VITAMIN CONCEPTUAL MAP
FUNCTION
___________________
___________________
___________________

TYPE
JenisOF
sebatian
COMPOUND
_____________

VITAMIN
AMOUNT NEEDED
________________
________________

SOURCE
_______________
_______________
sumber
_______________

DEFINATION OF VITAMIN : ____________________________________________________________________

THE IMPORTANCE AND CONSEQUENCE OF DEFICIENCY OF MINERAL

SALTS
MINERAL
SALT
Calcium

SOURCE

IMPORTANCE/
FUNCTION

DEFICIENCY

Magnesium
Sodium
Phosphorus
Sulphur
potassium
Ferum/ iron
iodine

ACTIVITY 2 : EVALUATING
Table below shows mineral content in the several types of meat.
Types of meat
chicken
duck
cow
goat
rabbit

Mineral %
1.1
1.1
0.9
1.0
1.5

Write a simple report about the judgement of the contents of mineral in the types of meat
given in the table. This report should be able to guide the housewife to choose the suitable
meat for the growth and healthiness of the family.
Scheme:

1. able to state the chosen meat.

2 reason why choose that meat.
3 able to relate the mineral content with the growth and health.
4 explain why other meat is not suitable to be chosen.

CHEMICAL COMPOSITION
4.2

SYNTHESIZING THE CONCEPT OF ENZYME

C.K - KNOWLEDGE
ENZYME

BASIC CONCEPT OF
NAMING ENZYME ASE
Example: amylase,

CHARACTERISTIC
OF ENZYME

CLASS
OF
ENZYME

INTRACELLULAR

EXTRACELLULAR

Definition:

Definition;

Example:

Example:

4.2.1 THE INVOLVEMENT OF SPECIFIC ORGANELLES IN THE

PRODUCTION OF ENZYME
A List all the organelles involved in the production of extra cellular enzyme

1 ..
2 ..
3..
4..
5 ..

1
2
3
4
5
6

nucleus
ribosomes
Rough endoplasmic
reticulum
Golgi body
secretory vesicle
transport vesicle

6..

Write the sequence of formation and secretion of extra cellular enzyme in the
spaces given.

The instruction for making

the extracellular enzyme is
transcribed from DNA to
RNA in the nucles

nucleus

Golgi body

RNA

ribosomes

Transport vesicle

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

FIGURE 1
Secretory vesicle

Draw a figure to show the sequence of formation and secretion of

extra cellular enzymes.

*REMARKS: REFER TO FIGURE OF FORMATION AND SECRETION OF

EXTRACELLULAR ENZYMES IN CHAPTER 2

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4.2.2 FACTORS AFFECTING ENZYME ACTIVITY

1.

1.

List all the factors affecting enzyme activity

I

Ii

Iii

Iv

..

Draw graph of all the factors affecting enzyme activity..

ii

explain each of the graph.

Temperature

Graph explanation

pH

Graph explanation

11

3 Enzyme concentration

4 Substrate concentration

Graph explanation

Graph explanation

Table below shows the result of experiment to investigate the effect of

temperature on enzyme-catalyzed reactions.

Test tube

Enzyme concentration

Time taken for

complete hydrolysis
( minute)

(minute -1 )

(%)
A
B
C
D
E
F

16.7
33.3
50.0
66.7
83.3
100.0

Reaction rate, 1/t

1/ time

6.0
3.0
2.0
1.5
1.5
1.5

TABLE : SHOW THE RESULT OF EXPERIMENT EFFECT OF ENZYME

CONCENTRATION ON ENZYME REACTION RATE.

I.

Complete the above table.

12

Ii

Draw graph enzyme reaction rate against enzyme concentration according to the
above table.

* use graph paper.

iii.
According to the above graph, explain how enzyme concentration affect
rate of reaction.

..
..
Teachers guide:
P1- as the concentration of enzyme increases (16.7%- 50.0%) , rate of
reaction increases (0.17 -0.50 minute-1 )
P2- until its maximum level ( 0.5 mint -1)
P3- after maximum level rate of reaction remain constant where substrate is
limiting.

13

4.2.3 MECHANISM OF ENZYME ACTION

1.
Enzyme action is a ____________________________because there were
____________________whose shape is complementary to the enzyme known as ____.

2.

Complete the mechanism of enzyme action.

(LOCK AND KEY HYPHOTESIS )

Enzyme

Substrate

Teachers guide:
1. Make sure the
shape of the substrate
is complementary to
the enzyme.
2. Make sure enzyme
is in its original shape
after the reaction.

Enzyme-substrate complex

Enzyme

Product

14

3. Explain how pH, temperature, enzyme concentration and substrate

concentration effect the mechanism of enzyme action .
Factors

Mechanism of enzyme action

Temperature

pH

4. Example of biochemical reaction.

Enzyme action

Biochemical reaction

Enzyme

Intracellular

Cell respiration

ATP sintetase

Extracellular

5.

State the definition of enzyme

..
scheme: Enzyme are proteins which act as biological catalysts. They speed up
biochemical reaction in the cell.

15

4.2.4 THE USES OF ENZYMES IN DAILY LIFE AND INDUSTRY

APPLICATION ENZIM
Dairy industry

USAGE

Rennin
Lactase

Brewing
industry
Biological
detergents
Baking
industry

Protease,
amylase,
cellulose
Protease,
lipase,
amylase
Amylase
Protease
Glucose
oxidase

Meat industry

Protease,
papain

Textile industry Amylase

Leather
industry

Protease

Paper industry

ligninase

16

4.3

REALISING THE IMPORTANCE OF THE CHEMICAL COMPOSITION IN

CELLS.

Chemical
compound
Carbohydrate

Effect of deficiency

No cell respiration without glucose

Protein

No production of enzyme

Lipid

Effect the formation/ production of cells

Nucleic acid

There are no chromosome in the cells

Water

Effect the cell metabolisme process.

17

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