Licensed Spectrum sharing, Unlicensed Spectrum

sharing and Secondary Spectrum Access

Rafi Ullah Khan, Naeem Aslam, Motsaim Sohail
The department of Telecommunication Engineering
The Islamia University of Bahawalpur (BWP)
Bahawalpur , Paistan
Engr.rafi18@gmail.com
Naeemaslam14@gmail.com
Somig7@gmail.com
Abstract!now a day there is lots of work is happening on
the sharing of spectrum. First of all we have to know about
that what is spectrum sharing and how we can share
spectrum. Sharing of spectrum is the most critical part of
the telecommunication society and if we or someone else
want to use licensed spectrum sharing then we have to pay
for it. In licensed spectrum sharing there is some bands that
are defined by the international telecommunication union
(ITU. The ne!t type of spectrum sharing is the unlicensed
spectrum sharing in which is unlicensed spectrum of
fre"uency is used and whoever want can use that portion of
fre"uency. The use of unlicensed spectrum is free of cost
and there is no rules and regulation for the unlicensed
spectrum. The ratio of #$F%U$F wideband is used for the
secondary spectrum access candidate& which is also named
as T# white spaces.
'eywords()icensed spectrum sharing& Unlicensed
spectrum sharing& F** (federal communication
commission& Sectoring& $A+ (home area network&
+eighbour area network (+A+& ,istribution area network
(,A+& #ery high fre"uencies (#$F& Ultra $igh
Fre"uency (U$F
1 L!ENSE" S#E!$RUM

%or more than &' (ears )roa*)an* mo)ile net+or,s are
*e-elo.e* /sing license* or *e*icate* s.ectr/m.
!ommerciall( all cell/lar net+or,s are assigne* s.ectr/m
)an*s to o.erators in *e*icate* )loc,s. $hese *e*icate*
fre0/enc( )an*+i*ths are often assigne* )( com.etiti-e
a/ctions. "e-ices o.eration in the license* s.ectr/m o.erates
in the .ortion of that ra*io s.ectr/m +hich is *esigne* )(
%!!. $hat s.ectr/m is for those organi1ations +hich ha-e
)o/ght or +hich are grante* )( the licenses ot ra*io s.ectr/m.
2a-ing the rights of license, a ra*io s.ectr/m /ser o.erates
+itho/t interference of ra*io channels or fre0/encies an* also
+itho/t cro+*ing in the ra*io s.ectr/m. La+ enforcement an*
legal .rotection is .ro-i*e* )( %!! +hen other o.erators
transmit o-er the similar fre0/enc( an* +ithin the similar
geogra.hical area. %!! .re-ents them from /sing someone
else3s s.ectr/m. An organi1ation has legal rights to /se the
fre0/encies allotte* to that organi1ation +ith in the same area
after ./rchasing the license.
!omm/nications in these )an*s ha-e .o+er limitations an*
also /se carrier of single fre0/enc( so in fact the ten*enc( of
these comm/nications is ./rel( narro+ )an* )( nat/re +ise.
"/e to e4cellent ratio of signal an* noise 5S6N7, license*
s.ectr/m ha-e clear a*-antages o-er /n*e*icate* fre0/enc(
or /nlicense* fre0/enc( s.ectr/m.
#otentiall(, strong le-el of signals is almost 1' to 1'' times
more .o+erf/l than /n*e*icate* s.ectr/m of fre0/encies
+hen central collector is /se in the s(stem. nstea*, ha-ing
m/lti.le of miles )et+een en* /sers, +ireless net+or, can
transmit /. to &' miles )et+een them easil(. License*
s.ectr/m altho/gh ha-e m/lti.le a*-antages o-er /nlicense*
s.ectr/m, it is scarce reso/rce +hich is *iffic/lt to manage
an* e4.ensi-e to a*o.t. Limite* a-aila)ilit( of fre0/enc(
)an*+i*th can )e an iss/e to *eal +ith.
$he onl( %!! license* comm/nication net+or, is Senses
%le4 Net s(stem +hich is *esigne* .artic/larl( for /tilities of
+ater, electric an* gas. $his s(stem ac0/ire* .rotecte*
s.ectr/m to sol-e the iss/es of +ater, gas an* electric an* ai*s
their c/stomers to o-ercome the iss/es +hich their c/stomers
faces. $hese iss/es are o-ercome )( /sing 8&9 ,21
)an*+i*th along +ith the highest R% .o+ers.
A +orl*+i*e e4am.le of license* s.ectr/m is sho+n in the
follo+ing fig/re1.
License* s.ectr/m e4am.les are /se of the harmoni1e* E!S
)an*s 57:';8<& M21, 88';:19 M21, :&9;:<' M21, 171';
1789 M21, 18'9;188' M21, 1:&';1:8' M21, &11';&17'
M21, &9'';&<:' M21, an* 84'';88'' M217 +hich are /se*
for the .ro-ision of electronic comm/nication ser-ices. n
s/ch cases, res.onsi)ilit( to .rotecting the license* /ser
against interference is ta,en )( the reg/lator an* it also
.ro-i*es a legal )asis for ens/ring a certain 0/alit( of ser-ice
5=oS7.
Another e4am.le of s.ectr/m allocation or license*
s.ectr/m for . )ase* net+or,s s/ch as 2ome Area Net+or,
52AN7, Neigh)orhoo* Area Net+or, 5NAN7 an* "istri)/tion
Area Net+or, 5"AN7 is gi-en in the follo+ing ta)le.
& UNL!ENSE" S#E!$RUM
Unlicense* s.ectr/m )an*s are those fre0/enc( )an*s
that ha-e technical s.ecifie* r/les for )oth har*+are an*
soft+are, )/t the n/m)er of /sers are not s.ecifies, it has
limitless /sers. An( /ser +hich ha-e certifie* e0/i.ment from
fe*eral comm/nication commission 5%!!7, he can /se
/nlicense* s.ectr/m )an*s at an( time either it is ./)licall(
./r.ose or .ri-ate ./r.oses. $here is one e4.ecta)le /sage for
the /ser is that he nee*s no .rotection against the interference
li,e in the license* s.ectr/m )an*s. $he r/le that is s.ecifie*
from the fe*eral comm/nication commission for the >i;%i
./r.oses are calle* 8'&.11 .rotocols so the( can minimi1e the
error of interference.
$he histor( of /nlicense* s.ectr/m the la+ +hich is
o)e(e* )( the /sers is #AR$ 19. After that the national
telecomm/nication an* information a*ministration 5N$A7
.artici.ate for the limitations of /nlicense* s.ectr/m
fre0/enc( )an*s. $he recent technologies are s.rea*
s.ectr/m, >i;%i, soft+are;*efine*;ra*io 5S"R7, /ltra;
+i*e)an* etc. $he )an*s that are /nlicense* significantl( are
gi-en )elo+ an* the( are s.ecifie* )( the fe*eral
comm/nication commission?
8.< @21 58<9';87'' M217
<1 @21 597;<4 @217
1:&';1:8' M21
:'&;:&8 M21
&.4 @21
$he 0/estion +hich is raise* in all the rea*ers min*s that
+h( +e nee* /nlicense* s.ectr/m )an*sAA $he ans+er for
that 0/estion is to sa-e the license* )an*s an* other ser-ices
that ma( ca/se to *o *amage to the license* s.ectr/m )an*s
an* also to .rotect higher fre0/enc( )an*s.
$he 0/alit( of ser-ice in )et+een the license* an* the
/nlicense* s.ectr/m )an*s are that, ho+ m/ch facilitate the
/sers an* eas( access of the s.ectr/m is. n com.arison +ith
the license*, /nlicense* s.ectr/m .ro-i*es )etter ser-ices,
technolog( an* *e-ices. %or )etter ser-ices +e nee* to )/il* a
strong infrastr/ct/re an* high )eam antennas that reall(
increase )oth of the recei-e* an* the transmitte* .o+er an* in
this +a( +e can minimi1e the interference. n the case of
license* share s.ectr/m it +ill )e m/ch more com.le4 to
han*le an* to sol-e the .ro)lems, an* the cost of license*
s.ectr/m is -er( m/ch high B&CB8C.
&.1 !2ARA!$ERS$!S
$he time re0/ire* +ill )e less
$he )an*+i*th nee*s
$he re0/ire* fre0/enc( limit for the ser-ice
&.& >2D >E NEE" S#E!$RUM S2ARN@
$he +ireless comm/nication is )ecoming the ,e( .art of
an( t(.e of comm/nication, )eca/se it is chea.er, eas( to
maintain. n e-er( *e.artment of o/r life the comm/nication
is )ac,)one for it. $he +ireless comm/nication .ro-i*ing /s
ca.acit( an* mo)ile )roa*)an*. >e /se* the conce.t of
ESE!$FRN@G in +ireless comm/nication. n the sectoring
+e *i-i*e the +hole cell +ith an angle of 8<' *egree aro/n*
an* into smaller slices, these slices are )asicall( calle*
sectors, if +e a** these sectors the it +ill com.lete a cell.
n fi4e* sector, the +ireless facilities can )e .ro-i*e
remotel(, )/t in the case of mo)ile sectoring the cells are
)ecome small */e to increasing the cell ca.acit(. $he /se*
+ireless cell/lar net+or,s are increasing *a( )( *(, so the
scientists sho/l* ha-e to *e-elo. a metho* that to increase
*ata rates an* n/m)er of /sers in a fi-es sectors +ith res.ect
to the recommen*ation of international telecomm/nication
/nion, this can )e achie-e* )( t+o +a(s.
Shrin,ing of cell
Using more s.ectr/m
%ig & A !ell Sectoring.
&.8 S2ARN@ F% UNL!ENSE" S#E!$RUM
$he maHor .ro)lem of /nlicense* s.ectr/m is that
there are m/lti.le interfaces an* the s(stems on a same .lace,
*/e to these .ro)lems the sit/ation +ill )e arise +hich +ill )e
inefficient for the +hole enter.rise. $o remo-e the .ro)lems
of inefficient sharing in the /nlicense* s.ectr/m +e ha-e to
)/il* the enforcing .rotocols that reall( s/it the sit/ation. $he
first ste. is that first of all +e +ill *o the all .ossi)le
res.onses. >e ha-e to ma,e scenario +here there are m/lti.le
s(stems are e4ist at the same .lace, in the /r)an *ense areas
the .rotocols +hich e /se* for the +i;fi ./r.oses is 8'&.11
net+or,s, an* the sharing of s.ectr/m is e4ist li,e SM
/nlicense* s.ectr/m sharing. n the /nlicense* s.ectr/m
sharing /s )/il* a la+ that has onl( one goal is to increase the
s.ectr/m efficienc(.
$o increase s(stem efficienc(, *ata rates, an* the
)an*+i*th +hich is com.ati)le for the single s(stemA a
reso/rce;allocation is the self;enforcing metho* +itho/t
minimi1ing the s(stem .erformance. >e can /se* the .o+er
transmit limit, this +ill minimi1e* the amo/nt of interference.
%or efficient reso/rce allocation +e ma,e some sit/ations
accor*ing to the scenario. $he /se /nlicense* s.ectr/m is
*e.en*s /.on some technical con*ition, li,e +e *isc/ss
earlier that )( transmitting lo+ .o+er that +ill hel. to
minimi1e the amo/nt of interference.
Unlicense* s.ectr/m sharing +ill )e m/ch more
efficient, relia)le for onl( lo+ traffic sit/ations if the traffic is
high then the contention can arise, for that reason +e /se
carrier sense m/lti.le access. No access co*es are
im.lemente* in the /nlicense* s.ectr/m sharing, this ca/se
large interference )eca/se if there are no .ass+or*s then the
/ser +ill )e ma4im/m an* if /ser +ill )e ma4im/m then the
traffic +ill )e higher an* contention can arise that +ill ca/se
the interference. f +e ignore the *iffic/lties arising the in the
/nlicense* s.ectr/m sharing it is -er( /sef/l in the increase of
/sers an* the co-erage area B1C.
8 SE!FN"ARD S#E!$RUM A!!ESS

$he ratio of I2%6U2% +i*e)an* is /se* for the
secon*ar( s.ectr/m access can*i*ate, it is also calle* $I
+hite s.aces B4CB9CB<C, it has )een in-ente* in recent times.
J/t the effect of the interference +hich has )een a**e* from
the near)( channels, that interference has not )een /n*er
consi*eration, the interference from the entire channels
com)ine an* a**e* to the .ath. $he secon*ar( s.ectr/m
o..ort/nities for mo)ile an* .orta)le *e-ices +hich com)ine
+ith *ata)ase of geo;locations. $he e-al/ate* o..ort/nities in
ma4imal secon*ar( /sers that can reach the E$I +hite s.aceG
at the same time. $here is a s.ecial )an* is gi-en to the
em.hasis to .rotect the $I recei-er from the interference
ca/se* from the a*Hacent channel an* the channel .ath itself
so that the transmission of the tele-ision is not effecte* from
the interference. S/ffering from the less n/m)er of /sers at the
*ifferent locations, )( /sing the .rocess of o.timi1ation +e
can increase the n/m)er of secon*ar( s.ectr/m access /sers at
t+o *ifferent locations -er( easil( .f +e loo, o/t to the
characteristic of the interference in *e.th +e can easil(
i*entifie* that the a*Hacent channel ca/ses the reall( )ig threat
in the .rocess of $I channels an* s.eciall( for those channels
that has lo+ transmitte* .o+er .f +e reall( s/ccee*e* in the
.rotection from the interference then the $I channels
secon*ar( s.ectr/m access can )e im.lemente* to the -er(
+i*er geogra.hical area at the *ifferent locations.
$o*a( +e are reall( ,no+n -er( +ell a)o/t that the
/se of +ireless net+or, is ra.i*l( increasing an* the +ireless
net+or, .ro-i*ers are in the searching to increase the mo)ile
an* the )roa*)an* traffic. n the secon*ar( s.ectr/m +e *on3t
reall( nee* -er( large s.ectr/m an* it is also /n*er;license*
an* can )e efficientl( /se* an* it attracts the /sage in the
in*/str( an* for the e*/cation ./r.oses. $he U2%6I2% $I
)an* are mostl( consi*ere* as the secon*ar( s.ectr/m access
can*i*ates. $he secon*ar( /sers are in /n*er consi*erations to
the scientists, *esigning )oth o.timi1e* sol/tions an* he/ristic
B8CB:C algorithm an* o.timi1e* sol/tionsB1'CB11C for the
transmitting of .o+er from the *ifferent locations. $hose
researches are reall( stan* /s to calc/late the interference an*
ho+ to minimi1e* that interference )( o.timi1ing, ho+e-er
the main aim of the scientists to minimi1e the co;channels
interference for the $I secon*ar( s/)scri)er at the *ifferent
locations an* at the -er( long *istances from the so/rce
channel.
$he $I recei-er +hich can )e -er( effecte* to
a*Hacent channel interferences 5A!7 , this effect of co;
channel interference can reall( *o *amage if the secon*ar(
s/)scri)er transmitting to the .o+er of the -ictim. $he effect
of the co;channels interference can )e scenario )ase* if the
.orta)le *e-ice an* the secon*ar( s/)scri)er are in the *ense
.o./late* areas +here that the co;channels are locate* -er(
close to each other an* the effect of the co;channel
interference +ill )e ma4im/m. $he scientists are *oing for the
+or, of ho+ +e can com)ine the effect of these t+o t(.es of
interference is still in /n*er .rocesses. $he .henomena of
co;channel interference an* a*H;cha interference is sho+n in
the follo+ing fig/re 8.1, fig/re 8.&, fig/re 8.8 an* fig/re 8.4
)elo+.
%ig/re 8.1
%ig/re 8.&
%ig/re 8.8
%ig/re 8.4
A7 #RMARD SDS$EM
$errestrial $I net+or, )roa*casting that station can go
a)o/t to the area of ra*i/s 8';9' ,m.$he range of terrestrial
s(stem +ill )e same either the $I recei-er has an in*oor
antenna or the roofto. antenna. $o a-oi* the interference
)et+een the t+o co;channels the near)( $I recei-er has to )e
connecte* to the *ifferent s/)set of the channels to a-oi* the
m/t/al interference B<CB1'CB14C. 2o+e-er the( are .ro-i*e*
for secon*ar( re/se.
J7 SE!FN"ARD SDS$EM
n the commercial .oint for re/se of 3$I>S3 are in
/n*er lies in the scenario to the hea-il( .o./late*
im.lemente* short;range or other in*oor s(stem. So, the
secon*ar( s(stem is in /n*er st/*( in the .orta)le an* mo)ile
*e-ices, to the lo+ transmit .o+er. $he >i;%i s(stem is the
)est e4am.le of this s(stem. Secon*ar( /ser can )e
im.lemente* to either in*oor or o/t*oor secon*ar( s(stem,
transmitting +ith limite* fi4e* .o+er.
c7 !FEKS$EN!E "E#LFDMEN$ S!ENARFS
$he s(stem +hich are *escri)e* earlier 5.rimar( an*
secon*ar( s(stem7 in the fig +e can seen the .ortion A,J can
)e easil( i*entifie*, recei-er of $I is lin,e* the in*oor
antenna. >e can see in the fig/re clearl( that the effect of co;
channel interference +ill )e greater on the .ortion A, ho+e-er
the recei-er of )oth $I stations are locate* in*oor. f +e loo,
o/t to the recei-er .art of +hich is connecte* to the roof;to.
antenna. $he lin,s are free from .enetration loss of in*oor
+alls. $he common channel interference is locate* at the roof;
to. so it +ill e4hi)it lo+ interference as com.are* to the .art
), )eca/se in the .re-io/s case )oth the antenna an* the
recei-er locate* insi*e the height of the cl/tters.
!FN!LUSFN
Unlicense* s.ectr/m )an*s ha-e s.ecifie* r/les for
sharing )/t there is no limit of the /sers in /nlicense*
s.ectr/m sharing. $here are t+o .ossi)le techni0/es to
increase the s(stem ca.acit( for the /nlicense* s.ectr/m
sharing +hich is in t/rn are Reso/rce Allocation an* the Self;
Enforcing metho*s. Joth metho*s increase the s(stem
efficienc(, )an*+i*th, *ata rates +hich s/its the s(stem
com.ati)ilit( an* the s(stem enhancement. License* s.ectr/m
incl/*es the sharing of *e*icate* fre0/enc( )an*s. Lenience
of limite* fre0/enc( )an* is allocate* to the organi1ations
+hich ./rchase them in )i**ing. $he *e*icate* )an* of
fre0/enc( is onl( .ermitte* to )e /se* )( the concerne*
organi1ation or /ser. License* s.ectr/m is more sec/re an*
)eneficent to /se than /nlicense* ha-ing less interference an*
sec/re comm/nication. n secon*ar( s.ectr/m access +e /se*
t+o fre0/encies /ltra;high fre0/encies an* the -er( high
fre0/encies to get the s(stem s.ectr/m access. >e /se* co;
channel interference techni0/e in the secon*ar( s.ectr/m
access +hich is a*Hacent channel interference to increase the
/se of same fre0/encies in the a*Hacent channels an* +e *o
not re0/ire the larger )an*+i*th in the secon*ar( s.ectr/m
access. Using this, the maHor effect of interference +ill )e
minimi1e.
RE%REN!ES
B1CUnlicense* S.ectr/m S/)committee Re.rt,Lan/ar( <, &'1'
B&C M. Ne,o-ee, E=/antif(ing the A-aila)ilit( of $I >hite
S.aces !og; niti-e Ra*io F.eration in UK,G in EEE
nternational !onference on !omm/nications >or,ho.s, L/n.
&'':.
B8C K. 2arrison, S. Mishra, an* A. Sahai, E2o+ m/ch +hite;
s.ace ca.acit( is .resentA,G in EEE nternational S(m.osi/m
on "(namic S.ectr/m Accesses Net+or,s 5"(S#AN7, A.r.
&'':.
B4C %e*eral !omm/nications !ommission, En the Matter of
Unlicense* F.eration in the $I Jroa*cast Jan*s? Secon*
Memoran*/m F.inion an* Fr*er,G Se.t. &'1'. BFnlineC
A-aila)le? htt.?66+++.fcc.go-.
B9C Ffcom, "igital "i-i*en*? @eolocation for !og; niti-e
Accesess,G No-. &'':, BFnlineC. A-aila)le?
htt.?66sta,ehol*ers.ofcom.org./,6cons/ltations6cogaccess6.
B<C E!! Re.ort 19:, G$echnical an* F.erational
Re0/irements for the #ossi)le F.eration of !oginiti-e Ra*io
S(stems in the >hite S.aces of the %re0/enc( Jan* 47';
7:'M21,G Lan. &'11, BFnlineC. A-aila)le? htt.?66+++.ero.*,.
B7C E!! Re.ort 148, GMeas/rements on the #erformance of
"IJ;$ Recei-ers in #resence nterference from Mo)ile
Ser-ice 5Es.eciall( from L$E7G, Lan. &'1', BFnlineC.
A-aila)le? htt.?66+++.ero.*,.
B8C L. -an *e Jee,, L. RiihiHar-i, A. Acht1ehn, an* #. Mahonen,
E$I >hite S.ace in E/ro.e,G EEE $ransactions on Mo)ile
!om./ting, -ol. 11, no. &, ... 178 M188, %e). &'1&.
B:C R. Lantti, L. Kertt/la, K. Ko/fos, an* K. R/tti,, EAggregate
nterference %!! an* E!! >hite S.ace Usage R/les? !ase
St/*( in %inlan*,G in EEE nternational S(m.osi/m on
"(namic S.ectr/m Access Net; +or,s 5"(S#AN7, Ma( &'11.
B1'C K. R/tti,, K. Ko/fos, an* R. LNantti, EMo*eling of the
Secon*ar( S(stem3s @enerate* nterference, St/*(ing of ts
m.act on Secon*ar( S(stem "esign ,G Ra*io Engineering,
-ol. 18, no. 7, ... 1&71M1&78, "ec. &'1'.
B11C D. SelOen, L. Kronan*er, EF.timi1aing #o+er Limits for
>hite S.ace "e-ices /n*er a #ro)a)ilit( !onstraint on
Aggregate* nteference,G s/)mitte* to the EEE nternational
S(m.osi/m on "(namic S.ectr/m Accesses Net+or,s
5"(S#AN7, &'1&.
B1&C E. F)regon, L. Shi, L. %errer, an* L. Pan*er,
EE4.erimental IeriQcation of n*oor $I >hite S.ace
F..ort/nit( #re*iction Mo*el,G the %ifth nternational
!onference on !ogniti-e Ra*io Friente* >ireless Net+or,s
!omm/nications 5!RF>N!FM7, L/n. &'1'.
B18C 2. Karimi, E@eolocation "ata)ases for >hite S.ace
"e-ices in the U2% $I Jan*s? S.eciQcation of Ma4im/m
#ermitte* Emissions Le-els,G in EEE S(m.osi/m on Ne+
%rontiers in "(namic S.ectr/m Access Net+or,s 5"(S#AN7,
Ma( &'11.
B14C Ericsson, &'18. Ericsson Mo)ilit( Re.ort. A-aila)le at?
htt.?66+++.ericsson.com6mo)ilit(;re.ort6