6.1 Pile Foundations 2013

Foundation Engineering
1

Pile Foundations

Carsten H. Floess, PE
Deep Foundations
Driven Piles
Drilled Piles
Drilled Piers (Drilled Shafts;
Caissons)
Deep Foundations: Applications
1. To transmit loads through weak soils to
deeper competent soils
2. To transmit foundation loads below scour
level
3. To provide support in areas where shallow
foundations are impractical; e.g.,
waterfront structures
4. To provide uplift resistance and/or lateral
load capacity
Pile Foundations: History
Used for more than 2000 years
Alexander the Great - City of Tyre, 330 BC

Romans used piles extensively

Chinese bridge builders - Han Dynasty,
200 BC to 200 AD
Pile Drivers: Early Builders
from Chellis
Pile Drivers: Middle Ages
from Chellis
Pile Drivers: Wheel Power
from Chellis
Pile Driving: Modern
Montgomery
County
Pile Foundations: Definitions
Driven Piles: Piles that are driven into the ground
Low Displacement Piles e.g., H-pile, open end pipe pile
Displacement Pile e.g., closed end pipe pile; precast
concrete pile; timber pile
End Bearing Pile: Pile that develops most of its resistance
from bearing on its end. Example pile on bedrock
Friction Pile: Pile that develops most of its resistance from
friction along its length. Example pile in uniform sand or
clay
Pile Capacity
Structural Capacity
Soil Capacity
Design Procedure: Soil Capacity
Static Analysis (Desk top)
Load Test in Field
Driving Resistance
Static Load Test
Dynamic Load Test
Static Analysis
Q
friction

Q
tip
Q
ultimate
Static Analysis
Q
ult
= Q
tip
+

Q
friction

Q
ult
= (q
ult
! A
tip
)

+

(f ! A
surface
)

where, q
ult
= ultimate tip bearing
capacity
A
tip
= area of pile tip
f = unit friction factor = "
H
tan #
A
surface
= surface area of pile

Static Analysis
Methods:

1. DM-7
2. Corps of Engineers
3. Meyerhof (Granular Soil)
4. Nordlund (Granular Soil)
5. Tomlinson (Cohesive Soil) $ method
6. % method (Granular & Cohesive Soil)
Static Analysis: Granular Soils
Pile Tip Resistance:

q
ult
= & D N
q
+ ! & B N
&
(Bearing Capacity Equation)

B is small; therefore, ignore the B term

q
ult
= & D N
q

Note: N
q
values for driven piles are higher than N
q

values for footings because the soil around the pile
tip is compacted by installing the piles.
Side Friction (ultimate):

f = "
H
tan # = K "
V
tan #

where, K = coefficient of lateral pressure
"
V
= vertical effective stress
# = angle of interface friction
between pile and soil

Total Friction = ' K "
V
tan # A
surface

Lateral Earth Pressures:
Lateral Earth Pressures are determined using a
Coefficient of Lateral Earth Pressure, K:

K = "
H
/"
V
or, "
H
= K "
V

where, "
H
= lateral effective earth pressure
"
V
= vertical effective pressure

Lateral Earth Pressures:
Three general conditions:

At-rest, K
o
(no lateral movement)
Active, K
a
(movement away from soil)
Passive, K
p
(movement toward soil)
At-Rest Conditions
K
o
refers to case where there is no lateral
movement or strain

Examples:
In the ground (level ground surface)
A stiff, unyielding wall

K
o
= 1-sin( J. Jaky (1948)
K
a
" 0.5
At-Rest Conditions: Example
What is lateral earth pressure 10 below ground surface?
"
V
= 1200 psf

"
H
= 480 psf
10
Sand
& = 120 pcf
( = 37
"
V
= "
V
= 10 ! 120 pcf = 1200 psf
K
o
= 1 sin 37 = 0.398
"
H
= "
H
= 0.398 ! 1200 psf = 480 psf
At-Rest Conditions: Example (cont)
What if water table is at ground surface?

("
V
)
total
= 10 ! 120 pcf = 1200 psf
"
w
= 10 ! 62.4 pcf = 624 psf

"
V
= 10 ! (120-62.4) pcf = 576 psf
or, "
V
= 1200 psf 624 psf = 576 psf

"
H
= K
o
! "
V
= 0.398 x 576 = 229 psf

At-Rest Conditions: Example (cont)
What is lateral earth pressure 10 below ground surface?
"
V
= 576 psf
"
w
= 624 psf
"
H
= 229 psf
"
w
= 624 psf
10
Sand
& = 120 pcf
( = 37
Active Conditions
K
a
refers to the case where a wall moves away from
the retained earth. The soil will move downward
and outward. Lateral earth pressure will decrease to
a minimum value known as the active state.
Failure zone
Failure surface
(approximately a plane) wall
movement
45 + (/2
K
a
" 0.3
Passive Conditions
K
p
Refers to the case where a wall moves toward the
retained earth. The soil will move upward and
inward. Lateral earth pressure will increase to a
maximum value known as the passive state.
Failure zone
Failure surface
(generally not a plane)
wall
movement
45 - (/2
K
p
" 3
Active & Passive Pressures
Active
Pressure
Passive
Pressure
Movement
Values of K for pile analysis:

Installing piles displaces soil outward away
from the pile. This displacement
(squeezing) tends to increase lateral
pressures against the pile. The
magnitude of the lateral pressure against
the pile is a function of the volume of soil
displaced by the pile.

Generally, K ) 1 to 2 (i.e., between at-rest
and passive conditions)
Lateral Pressures Limiting Value:
Lateral pressures against the sides of piles
have been found to increase to a limiting
value.

pressure
depth
"
V
= & z

"
H

limiting value
of "
H

limiting depth ) 20 pile
diameters
General Procedure:

1. Compute "
V
as a function of depth. Assume
"
V
remains constant below a depth of ) 20 B.
(Actual depth varies, depending on analysis
method)
2. Determine K for the given pile type
3. Determine tan # for the given pile & soil type
4. Determine ultimate tip bearing capacity factor,
N
q
Static Analysis: DM-7, Granular Soils
Earth Pressure
Coefficients
K
HC
& K
HT
:

Pile Type K
HC
K
HT
Driven H-Pile 0.5 1.0 0.3-0.5
Driven
Displacement Pile
1.0-1.5 0.6-1.0
Driven
Displacement
Tapered Pile
1.5-2.0 1.0-1.3
Drilled Pile
<24
0.7 0.4
Friction
Angle #:

Pile Type #
Steel 20
Concrete 3/4(
Timber 3/4(
Note: Limiting Depth for analysis = 20B
Bearing Capacity Factor N
q
:

(
degrees
26 28 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40
N
q
Displacement
pile
10 15 21 24 29 35 42 50 62 77 86 120 145
N
q
Drilled pile

5 8 10 12 14 17 21 25 30 38 43 60 72
Static Analysis: COE, Granular Soils
Earth
Pressure
Coefficients
K
C
& K
T
:

Soil Type K
C
K
T
Sand 1.00 to 2.00 0.5 to 0.7
Silt 1.00 0.5 to 0.7
Friction
Angle #:

Pile Material #
Steel 0.67( to 0.83(
Concrete 0.90( to 1.0(
Timber 0.80( to 1.0(
Note: Limiting Depth for analysis:
D
c
= 10B Loose sand
D
c
= 15B Medium dense sand
D
c
= 20B Dense sand


Bearing Capacity
Factor N
q
is
presented in chart
format as a
function of (
Static Analysis:
Meyerhof, Granular Soils

Tip Resistance:

q
tip
= 0.4(N
1
)D/b < q
lim

where: q
tip
= ultimate tip resistance, tsf
N
1
= blow count, corrected
D = pile embedment into bearing stratum, ft
b = pile diameter, ft
q
lim
= limiting point resistance = 4 N
1
(sand)
= 3 N
1
(silt)

Note: N
1
represents the corrected blow count within
about 3 pile diameters below the pile tip
Static Analysis:
Meyerhof, Granular Soils

Unit Side Friction Resistance:

f

= N
1
/50 < q
l
displacement pile
f

= N
1
/100 < q
l
non-displacement pile (H-pile)

Where: f

= ultimate skin friction, tsf
N
1
= blow count, corrected
q
l
= limiting skin friction = 1 tsf for driven pile

Note: N
1
represents soil along the pile shaft in the
bearing zone. Subdivide into layers as needed.
Static Analysis:
$ Method, Cohesive Soils
Pile Tip Resistance:

q
tip
= c N
c
(net ultimate bearing capacity)

Adhesion along side of pile:

adhesion = $ ! c
where, $ = adhesion factor
c = undrained shear strength
$ values, DM-7
38
$ values, COE
39
40
$ values,
Tomlinson
Static Analysis:
Ultimate Pile Capacity:

Q
ult
= (c N
c
A
tip
) + #($ ! c ! A
surface
)

Static Analysis:
General Procedure:

1. Delineate soil profile into layers and determine
the undrained shear strength for each layer
2. For each layer, compute the unit shaft resistance
= $ ! c
3. Sum the shaft resistances for each layer
4. Add the tip resistance = c N
c
A
tip

Static Analysis:
Notes:

1. N
c
is usually taken to be 9 for deep foundations
(i.e., 5.14 times correction factors for shape and
embedment)
2. Shaft resistance in cohesive soils often exceeds
80 to 90 percent of the total pile capacity
3. Movement required to mobilize tip resistance is
typically greater than the movement required to
mobilize side friction. Therefore, tip resistance
is sometimes ignored, except in hard soils.
Static Analysis:
% Method, All Soils
Side friction
f = "
H
tan # = K "
V
tan #

f = % "
V

where, % = K tan #
"
V
= average effective stress along pile shaft
# = interface friction between pile and soil
K = lateral earth pressure coefficient
f = unit shaft resistance
Static Analysis:
% Method, All Soils

Tip resistance

q
t
= N
t
p
t

where, N
t
= toe bearing capacity coefficient
p
t
= effective pressure at pile toe
q
t
= unit toe resistance

Note: Analysis based on effective stress
Static Analysis:
% Method, All Soils

Soil Type ( % N
t
Clay 25-30 0.23-0.40 3-30
Silt 28-34 0.27-0.50 20-40
Sand 32-40 0.30-060 30-150
Gravel 35-45 0.35-0.80 60-300
Approximate range of % and N
t
coefficients (FHWA, Fellenius)

Piles on Rock
Piles bearing on rock can normally carry high loads.

Piles on rock of fair to excellent quality (RQD > 50%)
will support high loads, generally exceeding the
structural capacity of the piles.

Piles on soft, weathered rock, such as shale, or rock
of very poor to poor quality (RQD <50%), should
be designed on the basis of load tests or local
experience.
Pile Design Procedure
1. Assume pile length
2. Compute capacity (static analysis)
3. Compare with required capacity
4. Re-analyze again, if necessary. Plot data
Q
ult

length
H-Piles: Which Surface Should be Used?
H-Piles: Which Surface Should be Used?
Use block circumference for computing side
friction.

Use block tip area in cohesive soils (assumes a
dense soil plug is formed at the tip)

Use steel tip area (or partial plug) in coarse
cohesionless soil.
Strain Compatibility
The equation for ultimate pile capacity assumes that
both the pile tip and the pile shaft have moved
sufficiently relative to the soil to simultaneously
develop shaft friction and toe resistance.
Generally, the displacement needed to mobilize shaft
resistance is smaller that that required to mobilize tip
resistance.
Nevertheless, this simple approach is commonly
used for all but very large diameter piles.

6.1 Pile Foundations 2013

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