Maths formulae List for CAT

By morgan February 23, 2008 Post a omment

0!"#0"2002
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2#3 -f an e4uation 2i0e f25360 3 ontains all 7ositi8e o%e9ients of any 7o:ers
of 5 , it has no 7ositi8e roots then;
eg0 5<!=35<2=25=>60 has no 7ositi8e roots ;
223 For an e4uation , if all the e8en 7o:ers of 5 ha8e some sign oe9ients
an? all the o?? 7o:ers of 5 ha8e the o77osite sign oe9ients , then it has
no negati8e roots ;
233/ummarising @'/CA)T'/ ),L' (F /-A./0
For an e4uation f25360 , the ma5imum number of 7ositi8e roots it an ha8e is
the number of sign hanges in f253 B an? the ma5imum number of negati8e
roots it an ha8e is the number of sign hanges in f2%53 ;
&ene the remaining are the minimum number of imaginary roots of the
e4uation2/ine :e also Cno: that the in?e5 of the ma5imum 7o:er of 5 is the
number of roots of an e4uation;3
2!3 Com7le5 roots our in 7airs, hene if one of the roots of an e4uation is
2=3i , another has to be 2%3i an? if there are three 7ossible roots of the
e4uation , :e an onlu?e that the last root is real ; This real roots oul? be
foun? out by Dn?ing the sum of the roots of the e4uation an? subtrating
22=3i3=22%3i36! from that sum; 2More about Dn?ing sum an? 7ro?uts of
roots ne5t time 3
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0E"#0"2002 T&'()* (F '+,AT-(./
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2#3 For a ubi e4uation a5<3=b5<2=5=?6o
sum of the roots 6 1 b"a
sum of the 7ro?ut of the roots taCen t:o at a time 6 "a
7ro?ut of the roots 6 %?"a
223 For a bi4ua?rati e4uation a5<!=b5<3=5<2=?5=e 6 0
sum of the roots 6 1 b"a
sum of the 7ro?ut of the roots taCen three at a time 6 "a
sum of the 7ro?ut of the roots taCen t:o at a time 6 %?"a
7ro?ut of the roots 6 e"a
233 -f an e4uation f2536 0 has only o?? 7o:ers of 5 an? all these ha8e the
same sign oe9ients or if f253 6 0 has only o?? 7o:ers of 5 an? all these
ha8e the same sign
oe9ients then the e4uation has no real roots in eah ase2e5e7t for 560
in the seon? ase;
2!3 Besi?es Com7le5 roots , e8en irrational roots our in 7airs; &ene if
2=root233 is a root , then e8en 2%root233 is a root ;
2All these are 8ery useful in Dn?ing number of 7ositi8e , negati8e , real
,om7le5 et roots of an e4uation 3
To?ayFs /etion0
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08"#0"2002
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2#3 -f for t:o numbers 5=y6C26onstant3, then their P)(@,CT is MAG-M,M if
56y26C"23; The ma5imum 7ro?ut is then 2C<23"! ;
223 -f for t:o numbers 5Hy6C26onstant3, then their /,M is M-.-M,M if
56y26root2C33; The minimum sum is then 2Hroot2C3 ;
233 I5I = IyI J6 I5=yI 2II stan?s for absolute 8alue or mo?ulus 3
2,seful in sol8ing some ine4uations3
2!3 Pro?ut of any t:o numbers 6 Pro?ut of their &CF an? LCM ;
&ene 7ro?ut of t:o numbers 6 LCM of the numbers if they are 7rime to
eah other ;
#3 For any regular 7olygon , the sum of the e5terior angles is e4ual to 3>0
?egrees
hene measure of any e5ternal angle is e4ual to 3>0"n; 2 :here n is the
number of si?es3
223 -f any 7arallelogram an be insribe? in a irle , it must be a retangle;
233 -f a tra7eKium an be insribe? in a irle it must be an isoseles
tra7eKium 2i0e obli4ue sies e4ual3;
2!3 For an isoseles tra7eKium , sum of a 7air of o77osite si?es is e4ual in
length to the sum of the other 7air of o77osite si?es ;2i0e AB=C@ 6 A@=BC ,
taCen in or?er3 ;
2L3 Area of a regular he5agon 0 root233H3"2H2si?e3H2si?e3
#3 For any 2 numbers aJb
aJAMJAMJ&MJb 2:here AM, AM ,&M stan? for arithmeti, geometri ,
harmoni menasa res7eti8ely3
223 2AM3<2 6 AM H &M
233 For three 7ositi8e numbers a, b ,
2a=b=3 H 2#"a=#"b=#"3J6M
2!3 For any 7ositi8e integer n
2N6 2#=#"n3<n N63
2L3 a<2=b<2=<2 J6 ab=b=a
-f a6b6 , then the e4uality hol?s in the abo8e;
2>3 a<!=b<!=<!=?<! J6!ab?
2E3 2nO3<2 J n<n 2O for fatorial3
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This is for 2#"#0"2002
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2#3 -f a=b==?6onstant , then the 7ro?ut a<7 H b<4 H <r H ?<s :ill be
ma5imum
if a"7 6 b"4 6 "r 6 ?"s ;
223Consi?er the t:o e4uations
a#5=b#y6#
a25=b2y62
Then ,
-f a#"a2 6 b#"b2 6 #"2 , then :e ha8e inDnite solutions for these e4uations;
-f a#"a2 6 b#"b2 NJ #"2 , then :e ha8e no solution for these e4uations;2NJ
means not e4ual to 3
-f a#"a2 NJ b#"b2 , then :e ha8e a uni4ue solutions for these e4uations;;
233 For any 4ua?rilateral :hose ?iagonals interset at right angles , the area
of the 4ua?rilateral is
0;LH?#H?2, :here ?#,?2 are the lenghts of the ?iagonals;
2!3 Problems on loCs an be taCle? as assuming t:o runners going roun? a
irle , one #2 times as fast as the other ; That is ,
the minute han? ?esribes > ?egrees "minute
the hour han? ?esribes #"2 ?egrees "minute ;
Thus the minute han? ?esribes L2#"23 ?egrees more than the hour han? 7er
minute ;
2L3 The hour an? the minute han? meet eah other after e8ery >L2L"##3
minutes after being together at mi?night;
2This an be ?eri8e? from the abo8e3 ;
#3-f n is e8en , n2n=#32n=23 is ?i8isible by 2!
223-f n is any integer , n<2 = ! is not ?i8isible by !
233Ai8en the oor?inates 2a,b3 2,?3 2e,f3 2g,h3 of a 7arallelogram , the
oor?inates of the meeting 7oint of the ?iagonals an be foun? out by sol8ing
for
P2a=e3"2,2b=f3"2Q 6P 2=g3"2 , 2?=h3"2Q
2!3Area of a triangle
#"2HbaseHaltitu?e 6 #"2HaHbHsinC 6 #"2HbHHsinA 6 #"2HHaHsinB 6 root2sH2s%
a3H2s%b3H2s%33 :here s6a=b="2
6aHbH"2!H)3 :here ) is the C-)C,M)A@-,/ of the triangle 6 rHs ,:here r is
the inra?ius of the triangle ;
2L3-n any triangle
a6bHCosC = HCosB
b6HCosA = aHCosC
6aHCosB = bHCosA
2>3-f a#"b# 6 a2"b2 6 a3"b3 6 RRRR;; , then eah ratio is e4ual to
2C#Ha#= C2Ha2=C3Ha3=RRRR;;3 " 2C#Hb#= C2Hb2=C3Hb3=RRRR;;3 , :hih
is also e4ual to
2a#=a2=a3=RRRR;"b#=b2=b3=RRR;3
2E3-n any triangle
a"/inA 6 b"/inB 6"/inC62) , :here ) is the irumra?ius
osC 6 2a<2 = b<2 1 <23"2ab
sin2A 6 2 sinA H osA
os2A 6 os<22A3 1 sin<2 2A3
#3 5<n %a<n 6 25%a325<2n%#3 = 5<2n%23 = RR;= a<2n%#3 3 RRSery useful for
Dn?ing multi7les ;For e5am7le 2#E%#!63 :ill be a multi7le of #E<3 1 #!<33
223 e<5 6 # = 253"#O = 25<23"2O = 25<33"3O = RR;;to inDnity
22a3 2 N e N 3
233 log2#=53 6 5 1 25<23"2 = 25<33"3 1 25<!3"! RRRto inDnity P .ote the
alternating sign ; ;Also note that the ogarithm is :ith res7et to base e Q
2!3 -n a AP the 7ro?ut of any t:o terms e4ui?istant from a term is al:ays
onstant ;
2L3 For a yli 4ua?rilateral , area 6 root2 2s%a3 H 2s%b3 H 2s%3 H 2s%?3 3 , :here
s62a=b==?3"2
2>3 For a yli 4ua?rilateral , the measure of an e5ternal angle is e4ual to the
measure of the internal o77osite angle;
2E3 2m=n3O is ?i8isible by mO H nO ;
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U- ha8e miles to go before - slee7
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02"##"2002
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2#3 -f a 4ua?rilateral irumsribes a irle , the sum of a 7air of o77osite
si?es is e4ual to the sum of the other 7air ;
223The sum of an inDnite AP 6 a"2#%r3 , :here a an? r are res7; the Drst term
an? ommon ratio of the AP ;
233The e4uation :hose roots are the rei7roal of the roots of the e4uation
a5<2=b5= is 5<2=b5=a
2!3 The oor?inates of the entroi? of a triangle :ith 8erties 2a,b3 2,?3 2e,f3
is22a==e3"3 , 2b=?=f3"33 ;
2L3 The ratio of the ra?ii of the irumirle an? inirle of an e4uilateral
triangle is 20# ;
2>3 Area of a 7arallelogram 6 base H height
2E3APP(LL(.-,/ T&'()'M0
-n a triangle , if A@ be the me?ian to the si?e BC , then
AB<2 = AC<2 6 22A@<2 = B@<23 or 22A@<2 = @C<23 ;
TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT
#3 for similar ones , ratio of ra?ii 6 ratio of their bases;
223 The &CF an? LCM of t:o nos; are e4ual :hen they are e4ual ;
233 Solume of a 7yrami? 6 #"3 H base area H height
2!3 -n an isoseles triangle , the 7er7en?iular from the 8erte5 to the base or
the angular bisetor from 8erte5 to base bisets the base;
2L3 -n any triangle the angular bisetor of an angle bisets the base in the
ratio of the
other t:o si?es;
2>3 the 4ua?rilateral forme? by Voining the angular bisetors of another
4ua?rilateral is
al:ays a retangle;
2E3 )oots of 5<2=5=#60 are #,:,:<2 :here #=:=:<260 an? :<36#
2 IaI=IbI 6 Ia=bI if aHbJ60
else IaI=IbI J6 Ia=bI
2M3 2N6 2#=#"n3<n N63
2#03 W-.' an? WAT') formula0
-f + be the 8olume of a 8essel
4 4ty of a mi5ture of :ater an? :ine be remo8e? eah time from a mi5ture
n be the number of times this o7eration be ?one
an? A be the Dnal 4ty of :ine in the mi5ture
then ,
A"+ 6 2#%4"+3<n
2##3 Area of a he5agon 6 root233 H 3 H 2si?e3<2
2#23 2#=53<n X 2#=n53 if 5NNN#
2#33 /ome 7ythagorean tri7lets0
3,!,L 23<26!=L3
L,#2,#3 2L<26#2=#33
E,2!,2L 2E<262!=2L3
8,#L,#E 28<2 " 2 6 #L=#E 3
M,!0,!# 2M<26!0=!#3
##,>0,># 2##<26>0=>#3
#2,3L,3E 2#2<2 " 2 6 3L=3E3
#>,>3,>L 2#><2 "2 6 >3=>L3
20,2#,2M2'GC'PT-(.3
2#!3 A77olonius theorem oul? be a77lie? to the ! triangles forme? in a
7arallelogram;
2#L3 Area of a tra7eKium 6 #"2 H 2sum of 7arallel si?s3 H height 6 me?ian H
height
:here me?ian is the line Voining the mi?7oints of the obli4ue si?es;
2#>3 :hen a three ?igit number is re8erse? an? the ?iYerene of these t:o
numbers is taCen , the mi??le number is al:ays M an? the sum of the other
t:o numbers is al:ays M ;
2#E3 A.y funtion of the ty7e y6f25362a5%b3"2b5%a3 is al:ays of the form
56f2y3 ;
2# Let W be any 7oint insi?e a retangle ABC@ ;
Then
W@<2 = WB<2 6 WC<2 = WA<2
2#M3 Let a be the si?e of an e4uilateral triangle ; then if three irles be ?ra:n
insi?e
this triangle touhing eah other then eahFs ra?ius 6 a"22H2root233=#33
2203 Let Z5F be ertain base in :hih the re7resentation of a number is Zab?F ,
then the ?eimal 8alue of this number is aH5<3 = bH5<2 = H5 = ?
L3 For a yli 4ua?rilateral , area 6 root2 sH 2s%a3 H 2s%b3 H 2s%3 H 2s%?3 3 ,
:here s62a=b==?3"2
&ere are some neat shortuts on /im7le"Com7oun? -nterest;
/hortut [#0
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We all Cno: the tra?itional formula to om7ute interestR
C- 6 PH2#=)"#003<. 1 P
The alulation get 8ery te?ious :hen .J2 2more than 2 years3; The metho?
suggeste? belo: is elegant :ay to get C-"Amount after Z.F years;
*ou nee? to reall the goo? olF PasalFs Triange in follo:ing :ay0
Co?e0
.umber of *ears 2.3
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# #
2 # 2 #
3 # 3 3 #
! # ! > ! #
; # R; R; R R #
'5am7le0 P 6 #000, )6#0 \, an? .63 years; What is C- ] Amount^
/te7 #0 #0\ of #000 6 #00, Again #0\ of #00 6 #0 an? #0\ of #0 6 #
We ?i? this three times bFos .63;
/te7 20
.o: Amount after 3 years 6 # H #000 = 3 H #00 = 3 H #0 = # H # 6 )s;#33#"%
The oe9ents 1 #,3,3,# are lifte? from the 7asalFs triangle abo8e;
/te7 30
C- after 3 years 6 3H#00 = 3H#0 = 3H# 6 )s;33#"% 2lea8ing out Drst term in
ste7 23
-f . 62, :e :oul? ha8e ha?, Amt 6 # H #000 = 2 H #00 = # H #0 6 )s; #2#0"%
C- 6 2 H #00 = #H #0 6 )s; 2#0"%
This metho? is e5ten?able for any Z.F an? it a8oi?s alulations in8ol8ing
higher 7o:ers on Z.F altogetherO
A 8ariant to this short ut an be a77lie? to Dn? ?e7reiating 8alue of some
7ro7erty; 2'5am7le, A 7ro7erty :orth #00,000 ?e7reiates by #0\ e8ery
year, Dn? its 8alue after Z.F years3;
/hortut [20
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2i3 When interest is alulate? as C-, the number of years for the Amount to
?ouble 2t:o times the 7rini7al3 an be foun? :ith this follo:ing formula0
P H . X E2 2a77ro5imately e4ual to3;
'5am7e, if )6>\ 7;a; then it taCes roughly #2 years for the Prini7al to
?ouble itself;
.ote0 This is Vust a a77ro5imate formula 2:hen ) taCes large 8alues, the error
\ in formula inreases3;
2ii3 When interest is alulate? as /-, number of years for amt to ?ouble an
be foun? as0
. H ) 6 #00 ; BTW this formula is e5atO
A??ing to :hat ZPeebsF sai?, this shortut ?oes :orC for any P".");
Basially if you looC losely at this metho?, :hat - ha? 7oste? is atually
?eri8e? from the Binomial e57ansion of the 7olynomial $ 2#=r"#003<n but in
a more Ue?ible_ format ?igestable by usO
BTW hereK one shortut on reurring ?eimals to frations R-ts more easier
to e57lain :ith an e5am7le;;
'g0 2;38!38!38! R;
/te7 #0 sine the 3 ?igits F38!` is reurring 7art, multi7ly 2;38! by #000 6 so
:e get 238!;
.e5t F2` is the non reurring 7art in the reurring ?eimal so subtrat 2 from
238! 6 2382;
-f it ha? been 2;38!8!8!;;, :e :oul? ha8e ha? 238! 1 23 6 23>#; &a? it been
2;38!!!!;; .) :oul? be 238! 1 238 6 2#!> an? so on;
We no: Dn? ?enominator 7art RR;
/te7 30 -n ste7 # :e multi7lie? 2;38!38!R by #000 to get 238!, so 7ut that
Drst;
/te7 !0 ne5t sine all ?igits of the ?eimal 7art of reurring ?eimal is
reurring, subtrat # from ste7 3; &a? the reurring ?eimal been 2;38!8!8!,
:e nee? to subtrat #0; -f it ha? been 2;38!!!!!, :e nee?e? to ha8e
subtrate? #00 ;;an? so onR
&ene here, @) 6 #000 1 # 6 MMM
&ene fration of the )eurring ?eimal is 2382"MMMOO
/ome more e5am7les R;
#;L>E8E8E8 R 6 2#L>E8 1 #L>3 " 2#0000 1 #003 6 #LL22"MM00
23;>E8M8M8MR 6 223>E8M 1 23>E3 " 2#0000 1 #003 6 23!!22"MM00
#2!;!L!L!LR 6 2#2!!L 1 #2!3 " 2#00 1 #3 6 #232#"MM
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