Professional Documents
Culture Documents
part
1
At
A2
level
you
are
guaranteed
to
get
a
titration
calculation
question,
probably
in
the
transition
metals
topic.
OCR
A
tend
to
get
them
in
the
last
question
of
F325
worth
quite
a
few
marks,
AQA
get
off
lightly
usually
with
a
few
simple
marks
in
Unit
5
and
for
Edexcel,
the
difficulty
varies
quite
a
bit
in
Unit
5.
Examiners
really
like
to
use
thiosulfate
and
iodine
titrations
in
Edexcel
and
OCR
A
papers.
The
other
common
one
is
titrating
acid
with
base.
Titration
calculations
arent
too
dissimilar
to
some
of
the
pH
calculations
in
the
acid
and
base
topic
and
you
can
learn
a
format
to
answer
them.
Even
in
the
harder
questions,
you
can
still
get
most
of
the
marks
by
doing
the
same
easy
steps
that
you
learned
at
GCSE.
If
you
are
a
bit
unclear
on
titrations,
I
would
have
a
look
at
the
titration
tutorials
in
the
AS
section.
Ionic
Equations
Before
we
look
at
the
calculations,
a
big
part
of
this
topic
is
being
able
to
write
out
ionic
equations.
You
must
have
an
equation
to
get
the
ratios.
Its
not
only
for
titration
questions,
it
is
useful
to
be
able
to
do
for
other
questions
too.
This
means
you
need
to
be
able
to
balance
half
equations.
The
first
thing
to
look
out
for
are
the
conditions:
are
they
acidic
or
alkaline?
When
you
learned
to
balance
half-equations
at
AS,
you
will
have
done
them
all
under
acidic
conditions.
The
ones
where
you
add
H2O,
then
H+
and
finally
add
electrons
(or
the
other
way
round).
Remember?
balance
the
number
of
atoms
and
balance
the
charge
There
is
a
good
explanation
how
to
do
this
in
the
AS
redox
part
3
tutorial.
Classic
example:
Alkaline
conditions
At
A2,
you
might
get
asked
to
balance
a
half
equation
under
alkaline
conditions.
This
means
you
need
to
add
OH-
instead
of
H+.
You
will
have
seen
this
in
hydrogen-oxygen
fuel
cells
but
you
can
learn
those
half
equations.
It
could
also
appear
as
a
stand
alone
question
or
along
with
titrations.
For
example,
to
balance
the
following
under
alkaline
conditions:
Fe2O3
FeO42-
I
have
found
that
students
struggle
with
this
as
they
are
so
used
to
adding
H+.
But
what
you
can
do
is
balance
it
as
you
would
normally
under
acidic
conditions
to
give
the
following:
Fe2O3
+
5H2O
2FeO42-
+
10H+
+
6e-
Then
change
the
H+
into
OH-
and
then
swap
the
OH-
with
the
H2O
and
it
balances
perfectly:
Fe2O3
+
10OH-
2FeO42-
+
5H2O
+
6e-
Remember
that
the
ionic
equation
is
the
combination
of
two
half
equations,
so
you
would
need
another
half
equation
to
go
along
with
the
one
above
(usually
a
simpler
equation):
Cl2
+
2e-
2Cl-
You
can
then
add
the
two
half
equations
together
by
cancelling
electrons:
Fe2O3
+
10OH-
2FeO42-
+
5H2O
+
6e-
Cl2
+
2e-
2Cl-
(multiply
by
3)
3Cl2
+
6e-
6Cl-
Full
or
ionic
equation:
Fe2O3
+
10OH-
+
3Cl2
2FeO42-
+
5H2O
+
6Cl-
Make
sure
you
can
do
this
otherwise
you
will
be
throwing
away
some
guaranteed
easy
marks.
Titration
Question
1
Below
is
a
very
standard
titration
question
to
calculate
the
percentage
purity.
Determine
the
percentage
purity
of
a
sample
of
sodium
sulphite.
A
student
dissolves
0.720g
of
impure
sodium
sulphite
in
water.
The
solution
is
made
up
to
100cm3.
The
student
then
titrates
25cm3
of
this
solution
with
0.02
moldm-3
KMnO4
under
acidic
conditions.
The
volume
required
to
reach
the
end-point
is
26.2cm3.
2MnO4-
+
6H+
5SO32-
2Mn2+
+
5SO42-
+
3H2O
1.
always
start
by
working
out
the
number
of
moles
of
the
species
that
you
are
titrating
with.
You
are
looking
for
the
species
with
the
volume
and
concentration
values
given.
In
this
case,
KMnO4.
This
is
an
easy
mark:
n
=
c
x
v
0.02
x
26.2/1000
=
5.24
x
10-4
moles
2.
Use
the
equation
to
work
out
the
moles
of
the
species
you
are
trying
to
work
out
(the
unknown).
In
this
case
it
is
sodium
sulphite,
which
in
the
equation
above
is
the
SO32-.
Its
an
ionic
equation
so
the
sodium
isnt
needed.
Just
look
at
the
ratio
of
the
species
you
have
just
worked
out
in
part
1
to
the
species
you
dont
know:
2MnO4-
:
5SO32-
(a
2:5
ratio)
Therefore
multiply
the
moles
from
part
1
by
5/2
1.31
x
10-3
moles
3.
always
look
to
see
if
they
took
a
sample
from
the
original
solution
to
titrate
with.
In
this
question,
they
took
a
25cm3
sample
from
the
original
100
cm3.
So
they
only
titrated
a
quarter
of
the
original
solution,
therefore
we
need
to
multiply
the
value
in
part
2
by
4
to
get
the
number
of
moles
we
originally
had:
4
x
1.31
x
10-3
5.24
x
10-3
moles
4.
answer
the
question.
You
are
always
trying
to
work
out
the
number
of
moles
in
every
single
question.
At
this
point
all
you
do
is
convert
moles
to
whatever
they
are
asking
for.
They
want
a
%,
therefore
we
need
grams
of
sodium
sulphite.
Multiply
the
value
in
part
3
by
the
molecular
weight
of
sodium
sulphite: