BROMINE

Brom (Greek: , brmos - smelling o !rine", is # $%emi$#l elemen&

in &%e 'erio(i$ &#ble &%#& %#s &%e s)mbol Br #n( #&omi$ n!mber *+, Elemen&s o
&%is %#logen $%emi$#l series o re( li-!i( #& room &em'er#&!re #n( %#s #
re#$&i.i&) be&/een $%lorine #n( io(ine, In li-!i( orm, &%is s!bs&#n$e is $orrosi.e
&o %!m#n &iss!e #n( !mes $#!se irri&#&ion &o e)es #n( &%ro#&, In &%e orm o
g#ses, bromine is &o0i$,
Bromine is &%e onl) li-!i( nonme&#lli$ elemen&, I& is # member o &%e
%#logen gro!', I& is # %e#.), .ol#&ile, mobile, (#ngero!s re((is%-bro/n li-!i(,
1%e re( .#'o!r %#s # s&rong !n'le#s#n& o(o!r #n( &%e .#'o!r irri&#&es &%e e)es
#n( &%ro#&, I& is # ble#$%ing, 2%en s'ille( on &%e skin i& 'ro(!$es '#in!l sores, I&
is # serio!s %e#l&% %#3#r(, #n( m#0im!m s#e&) 're$#!&ions s%o!l( be &#ken
/%en %#n(ling i&,
1#ble: b#si$ inorm#&ion #bo!& #n( $l#ssii$#&ions o bromine,
N#me: Bromine
4)mbol: Br
5&omi$ n!mber: *+
5&omi$ /eig%&: 67,789 (:"
4&#n(#r( s&#&e: li-!i( #& ;7< =
>54 Regis&r) I?: 66;@-7+-@
Gro!' in 'erio(i$ &#ble: :6
Gro!' n#me: A#logen
Berio( in 'erio(i$ &#ble: 9
Blo$k in 'erio(i$ &#ble: '-blo$k
>olo!r: re(-bro/n, me&#lli$ l!s&re /%en soli(
>l#ssii$#&ion: Non-me&#lli$
ISOLATION
Isol#&ion: bromine is #.#il#ble $ommer$i#ll) so i& is no& norm#ll) ne$ess#r)
&o m#ke i& in &%e l#bor#&or), Bromine #lso o$$!rs in se#/#&er #s &%e so(i!m s#l&
b!& in m!$% sm#ller -!#n&i&ies &%#n $%lori(e, I& is re$o.ere( $ommer$i#ll) &%ro!g%
&%e &re#&men& o se#/#&er /i&% $%lorine g#s #n( l!s%ing &%ro!g% /i&% #ir, In &%is
&re#&men&, bromi(e is o0i(i3e( &o bromine b) &%e $%lorine g#s, 1%e 'rin$i'le o
o0i(#&ion o bromi(e &o bromine is s%o/n b) &%e #((i&ion o # li&&le $%lorine /#&er
&o #-!eo!s sol!&ions o bromi(e, 1%ese be$ome bro/n #s elemen&#l bromine
orms,
;Br
-
C >l
;
D ;>l
-
C Br
;
4m#ll #mo!n&s o bromine $#n #lso be m#(e &%ro!g% &%e re#$&ion o soli(
so(i!m bromi(e, N#Br, /i&% $on$en&r#&e( s!l'%!ri$ #$i(, A
;
4O
9
, 1%e irs& s&#ge is
orm#&ion o ABr, /%i$% is # g#s, b!& !n(er &%e re#$&ion $on(i&ions some o &%e
ABr is o0i(i3e( b) !r&%er A
;
4O
9
&o orm bromine #n( s!l'%!r (io0i(e, 1%is
re#$&ion (oes no& /ork /i&% &%e $orres'on(ing $%lori(es #n( l!ori(es,
N#Br (s" C A
;
4O
9
(l" D ABr (g" C N#A4O
9
(s"
;ABr (g" C A
;
4O
9
(l" D Br
;
(g" C 4O
;
(g" C ;A
;
O (l"
CHLORINE
>%lorine is # greenis% )ello/ g#s /%i$% $ombines (ire$&l) /i&% ne#rl) #ll
elemen&s, >%lorine is # res'ir#&or) irri&#n&, 1%e g#s irri&#&es &%e m!$o!s
membr#nes #n( &%e li-!i( b!rns &%e skin, 5s li&&le #s *,+ ''m $#n be (e&e$&e( #s
#n o(o!r, #n( :888 ''m is likel) &o be #&#l #&er # e/ (ee' bre#&%s, I& /#s !se(
#s # /#r g#s in :7:+, I& is no& o!n( in # ree s&#&e in n#&!re, b!& is o!n(
$ommonl) #s N#>l (soli( or se#/#&er",
Table: basic information about and classifications of chlorine.
Name: Chlorine
Symbol: Cl
Atomic number: !
Atomic "ei#ht: $%.&%$ '() *see
notes # m+
Standard state: #as at (,- .
CAS Re#istry I/: !!-(0%10%
2rou3 in 3eriodic table: !
2rou3 name: Halo#en
4eriod in 3eriodic table: $
5loc6 in 3eriodic table: 30bloc6
Colour: yello"ish #reen
Classification: Non0metallic
Isolation
Isolation: it is rarely necessary to make chlorine in the laboratory as it
is readily available commercially in cylindes. Chlorine is found largely
in seawater where it exists as sodium chloride. It is recovered as a
reactive, corrosive, pale green chlorine gas from brine (a solution of
sodium chloride in water) by electrolyis. lectrolysis of molten salt,
!aCl, also succeeds, in which case the other product is sodium metal
rather than sodium hydroxide.
!a
"
" Cl
#
" $
%
& D !a
"
"
'
(
%
Cl
%
"
'
(
%
$
%
" &$
#
In the laboratory under carefully controlled conditions, chlorine can be
made by the action of an oxidi)ing agent such as manganese dioxide,
*n&
%
, upon concentrated hydrochloric acid # the same reaction used
by +cheele in ',,- when discovering chlorine.
*n&
%
" -$Cl D *nCl
%
" Cl
%
" %$
%
&
IO/INE
Io(ine is # bl!is%-bl#$k, l!s&ro!s soli(, I& .ol#&ilises #& #mbien&
&em'er#&!res in&o # 're&&) bl!e-.iole& g#s /i&% #n irri&#&ing o(o!r,
I& orms $om'o!n(s /i&% mos& elemen&s, b!& is less re#$&i.e &%#n &%e o&%er
%#logens, /%i$% (is'l#$e i& rom io(i(es, Io(ine e0%ibi&s some me&#lli$-like
'ro'er&ies, I& (issol.es re#(il) in $%loroorm, $#rbon &e&r#$%lori(e, or $#rbon
(is!l'%i(e &o orm be#!&i!l '!r'le sol!&ions, I& is onl) slig%&l) sol!ble in /#&er,
Io(ine $om'o!n(s #re im'or&#n& in org#ni$ $%emis&r) #n( .er) !se!l in me(i$ine
#n( '%o&ogr#'%), E#$k o io(ine is &%e $#!se o goi&re (?erb)s%ire ne$k", 1%e
(ee' bl!e $olo!r /i&% s&#r$% sol!&ion is $%#r#$&eris&i$ o &%e ree elemen&, I& is
#ssimil#&e( b) se#/ee(s rom /%i$% i& m#) be re$o.ere(, #n( is o!n( in
>%ile#n s#l&'e&re, $#li$%e, ol( s#l& brines, #n( s#l& /ells,
.he result of touching nitrogen triiodide (!I
/
)0 !itrogen triiodide is
dangerously percussion sensitive (only to be demonstrated by a
professionally 1ualified chemist following a legally satisfactory ha)ard
asessment). Improperly done, this reaction is dangerous0
Table: basic information about and classifications of iodine.
Name: Iodine
Symbol: I
Atomic number: %$
Atomic "ei#ht: (7.,1&&! '$)
Standard state: solid at (,- .
CAS Re#istry I/: !%%$0%70(
2rou3 in 3eriodic table: !
2rou3 name: Halo#en
4eriod in 3eriodic table: %
5loc6 in 3eriodic table: 30bloc6
Colour: 8iolet0dar6 #rey9 lustrous
Classification: Non0metallic
Isolation
Isolation: iodine is available commercially so it is not normally
necessary to make it in the laboratory. Iodine occurs in seawater but in
much smaller 1uantities than chloride or bromide. 2s for bromine, with
suitable sources of brine, it is recovered commercially through the
treatment of brine with chlorine gas and flushing through with air. In
this treatment, iodide is oxidi)ed to iodine by the chlorine gas.
%I
#
" Cl
%
D %Cl
#
" I
%
+mall amounts of iodine can be made through the reaction of solid
sodium iodide, !aI, with concentrated sulphuric acid, $
%
+&
-
. .he first
stage is formation of $I, which is a gas, but under the reaction
conditions some of the $I is oxidi)ed by further $
%
+&
-
to form iodine
and sulphur dioxide.
!aI (s) " $
%
+&
-
(l) D $I (g) " !a$+&
-
(s)
%$I (g) " $
%
+&
-
(l) D I
%
(g) " +&
%
(g) " %$
%
& (l)
Io(ine is one o &%e $%emi$#l elemen&s bersimbol I, (eri.e( rom &%e io(ine,
1%e im'#$& o e0$ess io(ine
:, 1%e e0is&en$e o &%)roi( enl#rgemen&
;, 1remors (s%#king %#n(s"
*, E#s) s/e#&ing, e.en in $ol( regions
9, Irri&#ble
+, Ais %e#r& be#& #s&er
Io(ine e0$ess (ise#se s!ere( onl) b) men F /omen #&er '!ber&) b#lig%, (i( no&
o$$!r in $%il(ren,
Im'#$& o l#$k Go(
:, 1%e e0is&en$e o &%)roi( enl#rgemen&
;, 4lee') e#s)
*, Ais %e#r& is /e#k
54151INE
.he longest#lived isotope,
%'3
2t, has a half#life of only 4./ hours.
.here are about %3 isotopes known, all of which are radioactive.
2statine is a halogen and possibly accumulates in the thyroid like
iodine.
Table: basic information about and classifications of astatine.
Name: Astatine
Symbol: At
Atomic number: -%
Atomic "ei#ht: * (1 +
Standard state: solid at (,- .
CAS Re#istry I/: !&&107-0-
2rou3 in 3eriodic table: !
2rou3 name: Halo#en
4eriod in 3eriodic table: 7
5loc6 in 3eriodic table: 30bloc6
Colour: metallic
Classification: Semi0metallic
This sample of uranite contains a vanishingly small amount of astatine. Image
adapted with permission from Prof James Marshall's (U. North Teas!
U"#$ Walking Tour of the elements %&.
Isolation
Isolation: astatine is radioactive and essentially unavailable in nature.
It is not possible to make other than in a nuclear reactor.
5ombardment of the bismuth isotope
%36
4/
5i with 7#particles (helium
nuclei,
-
%
$e) results in formation of shortlived astatine and neutrons.
.he bismuth target is cooled during irradiation to prevent the volatile
astatine disappearing.
%36
4/
5i "
-
%
$e D
%''
48
2t " %
'
3
n
.he
%''
2t isotope has a half life of 9ust over , hours so it is necessary
to work 1uickly with it0 2vailable 1uantities are of the order of 3.33'
mg.
$eating the bismuth target to /33#:33;C under !
%
results in a stream
of the elemental astatine that can be collected on a cold glass finger.